Work Lawin

American Society

Carolina Academic PressLaw Casebook Series

Advisory Board

❦

Gary J. Simson, ChairmanCornell Law School

Raj K. BhalaUniversity of Kansas School of Law

John C. Coffee, Jr.Columbia University School of Law

Randall CoyneUniversity of Oklahoma Law Center

John S. DzienkowskiUniversity of Texas School of Law

Paul FinkelmanUniversity of Tulsa College of Law

Robert M. JarvisShepard Broad Law Center

Nova Southeastern University

Vincent R. JohnsonSt. Mary’s University School of Law

Michael A. OlivasUniversity of Houston Law Center

Kenneth PortWilliam Mitchell College of Law

Michael P. ScharfCase Western Reserve University Law School

Peter M. ShaneMoritz College of Law

The Ohio State University

Emily L. SherwinCornell Law School

John F. Sutton, Jr.Emeritus, University of Texas School of Law

David B. WexlerUniversity of Arizona College of Law

Work Lawin

American Society

Kenneth M. CasebeerProfessor of Law

University of Miami School of Law

Gary MindaProfessor of Law

Brooklyn Law School

Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina

Copyright © 2005Kenneth M. Casebeer and Gary MindaAll Rights Reserved

ISBN 0-89089-704-2LCCN 2004114667

Carolina Academic Press700 Kent StreetDurham, North Carolina 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

Kenneth Casebeer dedicates this book to his family:his parents, Harry and Marjorie Casebeer,

his partner, Marnie Mahoney,his children, Gwendolyn and Karl Casebeer.

Gary Minda dedicates this book toNancy and Maddie.

Dorothea Lange, Library of Congress, F34-9328 MB

Arthur Rothstein, SWOC, Aliquippa, Pa. 1938, Library of Congress, LCUSF 33 02837

Contents

Preface xxiii

Table of Cases xxvii

I. Work, the State, and the Market for Labor 3

A. Work Law 3

B. Work and the Changing Nature of Work 5

C. Profiles of Workers in the United States 13

D. The State and the Market 13

Collins v. City of Harker Heights 13

Lyng v. International Union, United Auto Workers 16

Intern. Broth. of Teamsters, etc. v. Daniel 18

Local 1330, United Steel Workers of America v. U. S. Steel 20

E. Power and Social Organization 29

Statute of Labourers of Edward III 29

An Act Concerning Servants and Slaves 31

Respublica v. Keppele 33

Commonwealth v. Morrow 36

Commonwealth v. Hunt 39

H.G. Wood, A Treatise on the Law of Master and Servant 40

Payne v. The Western & Atlantic Railroad Co. 42

In Re Debs 44

Vegelahn v. Guntner 47

Coppage v. Kansas 52

Hitchman Coal and Coke Co. v. Mitchell 58

West Coast Hotel v. Parrish 67

NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Co. 72

ix

II. Legal Forms of Production and Work 85

A. Paid/Unpaid Labor 85

1. Peonage: Thirteenth Amendment 86

Pollack v. Williams 86

United States of America v. Booker / United States of America v. Rollins 91

2. Fourteenth Amendment 95

Plyler, Superintendent of the Tyler Independent School District and Its Board of Trustees et al. v. AJ. and R. Doe et al. / Texas v. Certain Named and UnnamedUndocumented Alien Children et al. 95

3. Statute and Common Law 101

Bureerong, et al. v. Uvawas, et al. 101

B. Unpaid and Unowned Household Services 108

J. Schouler— Law of the Domestic Relation 108

Borelli v. Brusseau 112

Personal Responsibility and Work OpportunityReconciliation Act of 1996 118

U.S. v. City of New York, 2004 WL 260771, ___ F.3d ___, 93 FairEmpl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 359 (2004) 118

N.B. v. Sybinski 119

C. Independent Contractors and Employees 125

Restatement of the Law — Agency 2nd 125

United States v. Silk 126

City Cab Company of Orlando, Inc. v. National LaborRelations Board 129

Yellow Taxi Company of Minneapolis v. National LaborRelations Board 133

National Labor Relations Board v. Health Care & Retirement Corporation of America 139

D. Worker Ownership 147

Massachusetts General Laws, Title XXII. Corporations,Chapter 157A. Employee Cooperative 148

Wirtz v. Construction Survey Cooperative 150

Fort Vancouver Plywood Company and Local Union No. 3-3,International Woodworkers of America, AFL-CIO 154

Wiley v. International Ass’n of Machinists and Aerospace Workers 166

Sutton v. Weirton Steel Div. of Nat. Steel Corp. 172

E. Contingent Workforces 175

x CONTENTS

1. Common Law Employees 176

Vizcaino v. Microsoft Corporation 176

2. Individual Employment Contracts 185

Holloway v. Fisher, Inc. 185

Magnuson v. Peak Technical Services, Inc., et al. 193

3. Collective Bargaining 204

Dunkin’ Donuts Mid-Atlantic Distribution Center, Inc. v. N.L.R.B. 204

III. Compensation and Risk Allocation 209

A. Wages, Hours and Deferred Compensation 209

Wages and Hours: FLSA 210

1. Eligibility: Who Is Covered? 210

Dalheim v. KDFW-TV 211

2. Minimum Wage and Overtime 216

McLaughlin v. Dial America Marketing, Inc. 216

Donovan v. McKissick Products Co. 220

3. Child Labor 223

Thirsty’s, Inc. v. U.S. Dept. of Labor 223

Martin v. Funtime, Inc. 224

B. Equal Pay Act 227

Corning Glass Works v. Brennan 227

AFSCME v. State of Washington 233

C. Unemployment Compensation 237

Florida Statutes — Title XXXI. Labor — Chapter 443.Unemployment Compensation 237

1. Eligibility 244

Department of Industrial Relations v. Robert O. Henry 244

Dubkowski v. Administrator, Unemployment Comp. Act 246

Aluminum Company of America v. Walker 248

Local 730 United Association of Journeyman and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry et al. v.Unemployment Compensation Board of Review 256

Mohler v. Department of Labor et al. 260

Aladdin Industries, Inc. v. Scott 263

Sanchez v. Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board 264

2. Coverage 269

Kentucky Cottage Industries, Inc. v Glenn 269

CONTENTS xi

Wimberly v. Labor and Indus. Relations Comm’n 271

D. Employer Provided Health and Retirement Benefits Plans: ERISA 274

Varity Corporation v. Howe 276

Moench in his own right and on behalf of those similarly situated,and on behalf of the Statewide Bancorp. Employee StockOption Plan v. Robertson 279

McDowell v. Krawchison 290

E. Family and Work Responsibilities:The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 291

Whitaker v. Bosch Braking System Div.of Robert Baking Bosch Corp. 292

F. Allocation of Health and Safety Risk at Work 297

1. Work Hazards and the Right Not to Work 297

United States Code, Title 29. Chapter 15 —Occupational Safety and Health 297

2. Right to Know Hazards 299

United Steel Workers of America, AFL-CIO v. Auchter 299

3. Self-Help 302

Whirlpool Corporation v. Marshall 302

G. Workers Compensation 306

Cameron v. Merisel, Inc. 307

Market and State 310

IV. Constructing Market Structure: At-Will Employment 311

A. Power within the Form of the At-Will Employer-Employee Relationship 311

1. Legal Construction of Internal Labor Markets —“Freedom” of At-Will Contracts 313

Demarco v. Publix Supermarkets, Inc. 314

Muller v. Stromberg Carlson Corp. 315

Watson v. Zep Mfg. Corp. 317

2. Exceptions to At-Will Employment 318

a. Public Policy 318

Tameny v. Atlantic Richfield Co. 318

Gantt v. Sentry Insurance 323

Murphy v. American Home Products 330

b. Whistle Blowing 334

Baiton v. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. 334

Winter v. Houston Chronicle Publishing Company 336

xii CONTENTS

c. Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 343

Monge v. Beebe Rubber Co. 343

Fortune v. National Cash Register Co. 345

d. Contract and Handbook Exceptions 348

Woolley v. Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. 348

Scribner v. Worldcom, Inc. 358

De Petris v. Union Settlement Ass’n, Inc. 364

e. Promissory Estoppel 366

Worley v. Wyoming Bottling Co., Inc. 366

f. Due Process Exceptions: Public Employees 368

Bishop v. Wood 368

3. How Exceptions Remain Controlled by the ‘At-Will Rule’ 372

Thompson v. St. Regis Paper Co. 372

Foley v. Interactive Data Corporation 378

4. Reinforcing Constitutional Values 389

Novosel v. Nationwide Insurance Company 389

5. Preemption 394

Lingle v. Norge Division of Magic Chef, Inc. 394

Wisconsin Department of Industry, Labor and Human Relations v. Gould Inc. 397

B. Restructuring At-Will Markets: Just Cause 399

1. Legislation 399

Uniform Law Commissioner’s Model Termination Act 1991 399

Wrongful Discharge From Employment Act 405

2. Montana Cases 408

Koepplin v. Zortman Mining, Inc. 408

Krebs v. Ryan Oldsmobile 411

3. Federal Statute 414

Brock v. Roadway Express, Inc. 414

C. Just Cause and Fair Dealing: Reversing the Rule/Exception Distinction 415

Restatement Contracts 2d 415

1. Administrative Proceedings 415

Stejskal v. Department of Administrative Services 415

2. Contract Benefits 418

Hilligoss v. Cargill Inc. 418

3. Employee Handbooks 420

McIlravy v. Kerr-McGee Corporation 420

CONTENTS xiii

4. Protections under the Employment Contract 423

Ricci v. Corporate Express of the East, Inc. 423

5. Protections under the Collective Bargaining Agreement 426

Wholesale Produce Supply Co. v. Teamsters Local Union, No. 120 426

National Labor Relations Board v. Inter. Broth.of Electrical Workers, Local 1229 429

6. First Amendment 434

Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle 434

V. Worker Discipline and Worker Rights 439

A. The Idea of Worker Rights 440

1. Public Employees and Procedural Due Process 440

Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth 440

2. Free Speech and Private and Public Employees 444

Edmondson v. Shearer Lumber Products 444

Connick v. Myers 447

Rankin v. McPherson 452

3. Union Members 454

Abood v. Detroit Board of Education 454

Turner v. Air Transport Lodge 1894 of International Associationof Machinists and Aerospace Workers, AFL-CIO 462

B. Worker Rights and Employer Prerogative 463

1. Drug Testing: Public Sector 463

National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab 463

2. Drug Testing: Private Sector 469

AFL-CIO v. Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board 469

Poulos v. Pfizer, Inc. 474

3. Personal Conduct 479

Rulon-Miller v. International Business Machines Corporation 479

Kurtz v. The City of North Miami 486

4. Confidential Information — Monitoring 488

K-Mart Corporation Store No. 7441 v. Trotti 488

Vega-Rodriguez, et al. v. Puerto Rico Telephone Company 492

VI. The Anti-Discrimination Principle 497

A. Basic Principles of Title VII 498

1. Disparate Impact 499

xiv CONTENTS

2. Disparate Treatment 501

Wards Cove Packing Co., Inc. v. Antonio 503

B. Gender 506

Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. 506

Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins 507

City of Los Angeles v. Manhart 512

C. Religion 518

Best v. California Apprenticeship Council (San Diego CountyElec. Joint Apprenticeship Training Committee) 518

D. National Origin 521

Fragante v. City and County of Honolulu 521

E. Bona Fide Occupational Qualification 525

Wilson v. Southwest Airlines Co. 525

Crystal Chambers, in her own Behalf and in behalf of herminor daughter, Ruth v. The Omaha Girls Club, Inc. 529

F. Other Forms of Employment Discrimination 533

1. Sexual Orientation 533

Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. 533

Shahar v. Bowers 534

2. Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) 539

Hazen Paper Company v. Biggins 540

Marks v. Loral Corporation 542

3. Disability, Disease and the Americans with Disability Act of 1990 543

Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers v. Am. Cyanamid Co. 543

International Union, UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc. 549

Cronan v. New England Telephone Company 555

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 558

Sutton v. United Air lines, Inc. 559

Toyota Motors Mfg., Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams 570

US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett 575

VII.Collective Worker Action 583

A. Mutual Aid and Concerted Protection: The Group-Based Modelof Federal Labor Law 583

1. Concerted Activity and Mutual Aid 584

NLRB v. Washington Aluminum Co. 584

Allen Family Foods, Inc. 588

CONTENTS xv

Molon Motor and Coil Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board 590

Audubon Health Care Center 593

Timekeeping Systems, Inc. and Lawrence Leinweber 596

Gateway Coal Co. v. UMW 604

2. The Doctrine of “Constructive Concerted Activity” and the Link to Individual-Based Rights 612

NLRB v. City Disposal Systems, Inc. 612

National Labor Relations Board v. Weingarten, Inc. 617

B. Worker Self-Organization and the Right to Picket 622

1. Right to Be Protected against Retaliation for Union Activities 622

National Labor Relations Board v. TransportationManagement Corp. 622

Bird Engineering and Keith Main, an Individual 624

2. The Right to Picket 626

Thornhill v. State of Alabama 626

C. Property and Collective Action 631

Republic Aviation Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board 631

Eastex, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board 634

Lechmere Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board 640

Technology Service Solutions and International Brotherhoodof Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO, Local 111 647

D. Initiation 653

1. Recognition 654

Republic Steel Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board(Steel Workers Organizing Committee) 654

J. P. Stevens & Co., Inc v. National Labor Relations Board 659

NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co. 663

2. Majority Rule and the Meaning of Labor Contract 673

J. I. Case Co. v. NLRB 673

VIII. Economic Weapons and Other Bargaining:The Struggle for Workplace Control 677

Strikes and Refusals to Work in the Early History of Work Law 677

A. The Right to Strike 678

1. Employer Responses to the Right to Strike 679

NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co. 679

Phelps-Dodge Corp. v. NLRB 683

National Labor Relations Board v. Erie Resistor Corporation 686

xvi CONTENTS

NLRB v. Great Dane Trailers, Inc. 691

2. Unprotected Conduct 694

National Labor Relations Board v. Fan-Steel Metallurgical Corp. 695

Coronet Casuals, Inc. and Upper South Department,International Ladies Garment Workers Union, AFL-CIO 702

Clear Pine Mouldings and International Woodworkers of America,Local No. 3-200, AFL-CIO 706

Ford Motor and John Ellis 710

3. “Work to Rule” and Retaliation 718

Caterpillar Inc. and International Union,United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Workersof America and its Local 974 718

In re Elk Lumber Company and Lumber and SawmillWorkers Union Local No. 3063 (AFL) 729

4. Wildcat Strikes 731

N.L.R.B. v. Bridgeport Ambulance Service 731

Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Reis 735

5. Sympathy Strikes 737

Standard Concrete Products Inc. v. General Truck Drivers,Office, Food, and Warehouse Union, Local 952 737

6. Employer Lockouts 742

International Association of Metal Workers, Iron Shipbuilders,Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers, AFL-CIO, Local 88 v.National Labor Relations Board 742

International Paper Co. v. National Labor Relations Board 749

7. Union Discipline in Strikes 752

Pattern Makers’ League of North America, AFL-CIO v.National Labor Relations Board 752

B. Plant Closings and Run-Away Shops 758

NLRB v. Adkins Transfer 758

Textile Workers Union v. Darlington Mfg. Co. 761

Vico Products Co., Inc. v. N.L.R.B. 764

C. Secondary Boycotts 774

Common Construction Sites 776

Local 761, International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers, AFL-CIO v. National Labor Relations Board 777

D. Handbilling, Consumer Picketing and Corporate Campaigns 784

NLRB v. Fruit & Vegetable Packers & Warehousemen Local 760 (Tree Fruits) 785

CONTENTS xvii

DeBartolo v. Florida Gulf Coast Building and ConstructionTrades Council 791

Robert Bruno “Alternatives to the Strike As a Model of Resistance” 797

Local No. P-9, United Food and Commercial Workers Unionand Geo. A. Hormel & Co. 801

George A. Hormel Company v. National Labor Relations Board 804

Hanson, Trustee of Local Union P-9 United Food and CommercialWorkers, International Union, AFL-CIO & CLC v. Guyette,Suspended President of Local Union P-9 808

George A. Hormel & Company 809

E. Civil and Criminal Penalties 813

1. Employers: Criminal: Murder 813

State v. Roe 813

2. Employees Criminal Conduct 819

State of Iowa v. Lacey 819

3. RICO 821

Buck Creek Coal, Inc. v. United Mine Workers of America 821

United States of America v. DeFries 827

IX. Workplace Governance 833

A. Workplace Governance of Organized Workplaces under the NLRA — Union Representation and Organization —The External Legislative Regime 833

1. Appropriate Bargaining Units 834

Mallincrodt Chemical Works, Uranium Divisionand International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers,Local # 1, AFL-CIO, Petitioner 834

American Hosp. Ass’n v. N.L.R.B. 838

2. The Principle of Exclusivity of Representation 843

Emporium Capwell Co. v. WACO 843

Black Grievance Committee v. National Labor Relations Board 851

3. Fairness in Representation: Duty of Fair Representation 855

Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co. 855

Douglas v. United Steelworkers of America 858

Vaca v. Sipes 872

4. Delimiting Representation: Decertification 873

National Labor Relations Board v. Flex Plastics 873

Exxel/Atmos, Inc. v. N.L.R.B. 876

xviii CONTENTS

National Labor Relations Board v. Great Western Coca-Cola Bottling Company 880

B. Workplace Governance of Internal Labor Markets:Private Governance of Collective Bargaining Regimes 884

1. Duty to Bargain 885

Coronet Casuals, Inc. and Upper South Department,International Ladies Garment Workers Union, AFL-CIO 885

Rivera-Vega v. Conagra, Inc. 890

2. Employer Prerogatives and the Core/Periphery Distinction:Entrepreneurial Control 902

Fibreboard Products Inc. v. NLRB 902

Oak Cliff-Golman Baking Company and Bakeryand Confectionary International Union of America,AFL-CIO, Local No. 111 909

First National Maintenance Inc. v. NLRB 911

Dubuque Packing Company, Inc. and United Foodand Commercial Workers International Union, AFL-CIO,Local No. 150A 916

3. Grievance Arbitration: Workplace Governance by Private Agreement 930

United Steelworkers of America v. American Manufacturing Co. 930

United Steelworkers of America v. Warrior and Gulf Navigation 932

United Steelworkers of America v. Enterprise Wheel and Car Corp. 936

Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Company 939

Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp. 943

DeGroff v. Mascotech 950

4. Workplace Governance through Contract Enforcement 957

The Boys Market, Inc. v. Retail Clerks Union, Local 770 957

Buffalo Forge v. United Steelworkers of America 963

C. Workplace Governance of New Employment Relationships:Worker Participation Plans 967

Electromation Incorporated v. National Labor Relations Board 968

X. Capital and Labor Mobility: Reconstructing the Market for Labor 985

A. Capital Mobility 987

1. The Doctrine of Entrepreneurial Prerogatives 987

Allen v. Diebold 989

Ansoumana v. Gristede’s Operating Corp. 991

2. NLRA 993

CONTENTS xix

In re Vons Grocery Company and United Food & Commercial Workers Union, AFL-CIO, Local 770 993

Milwaukee Spring Division of Illinois Coil Spring Companyand International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace& Agricultural ImplementWorkers of America, (UAW)and its Local 547 998

Bingham v. Boeing Co. 1002

3. WARN 1005

Carpenters District Council of New Orleans v. DillardDepartment Stores, Inc. 1006

Local Union 7107, United Mine Workers of America,District 28 v. Clinchfield Coal Company 1011

4. Trade Adjustment Assistance 1013

Former Employees of Pittsburgh Logistics Systems, Inc. v.U.S. Secretary of Labor 1014

5. Pension and Severance Benefits 1020

Allied Chemical and Alkali Workers v. Pittsburg Plate Glass Co. 1020

Withers v. Teachers Retirement System of the City of New York 1028

Lardy v. United States Testing Company, Inc. 1035

Toledo Typographical Union v. NLRB 1037

6. Mergers, Acquisitions and Successor Employers 1040

Fall River Dying and Finishing Corp. v. NLRB 1041

Howard Johnson Co., Inc. v. Detroit Joint Executive Board,Hotel and Restaurant Employees, BartendersInternational Union, AFL-CIO 1048

Allentown Mack Sales and Service, Inc. v. N.L.R.B. 1053

7. Plant Closings 1063

Local 461 and District III of the International Union of Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers, AFL-CIO v. Singer Company 1063

8. Bankruptcy 1068

Wheeling-Pittsburg Steel v. United Steelworkers of America,AFL-CIO 1068

Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. v. LTV Corp. 1078

9. State Right to Work Laws 1085

Florida Constitution— 1968 RevisionArticle I — Declarationof Rights 1086

Florida Statutes Annotated, Title XXXI. Labor, Chapter 447.Labor Organizations 1086

xx CONTENTS

New Mexico Federation of Labor, United Food and Commercial Workers Union Local 1564 v. City of Clovis, N.M. 1086

B. Labor Mobility 1088

1. Post-Employment Restraints 1088

Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Ingram 1088

Rehabilitation Specialists, Inc. v. Koering 1095

2. Trade Secrets 1099

SI Handling Systems, Inc. v. Heisley 1099

3. Flexible Workplaces 1113

Donovan v. Dialamerica Marketing, Inc. 1113

4. Unemployment Insurance and Displaced Workers 1119

Reep v. Commissioner of Dept. of Employment and Training 1119

5. Community Alliances 1121

Charter Township of Ypsylanti v. General Motors Corporation 1121

Poletown Neighborhood v. The City of Detroit 1126

XI. Internationalization of Work Law 1129

A. Transnational Worker Solidarity 1129

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1130

Organization of American States Charter 1130

1. Union Cooperation across Borders 1130

International Longshoreman’s Association v. National Labor Relations Board 1130

International Longshoremen’s Ass’n v. Allied International 1135

Labor Union of Pico, Korea, Ltd. v. Pico Products Inc. 1139

2. Immigration and Labor Mobility:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 1139

Hoffman Plastics Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB 1140

3. Migratory Workers 1143

Charles v. Burton 1143

Mendoza v. Zirkle Fruit Co. 1151

Sugar Cane Growers Co-op. of Florida, Inc. v. Pinnock 1155

B. Transnational Worker Rights 1162

C. NAFTA/Maqiladoras 1164

Canada-Mexico-United States: North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation 1164

CONTENTS xxi

Complaint Filed by the Union of Telephone Workersof the Republic of Mexico with the National AdministrativeOffice of the United States of Mexico 1167

LCF, Inc. d/b/a La Conexion Familiar and Sprint Corporation 1170

LCF, Inc., d/b/a La Conexion Familiar and Sprint Corporationand Communications Workers of America, District Nine and Local 9410, AFL-CIO 1171

D. International Labor Organization 1177

Doe v. Unocal Corp. 1177

Estate of Lacarno Rodriguez v. Drummond Co., Inc. 1190

E. Extraterritorial Work Law Regulation and the Future of Work Law 1193

Asplundh Tree Expert Co. v. N.L.R.B. 1194

Statutory Appendix 1203

Index 1225

xxii

xxiii

Preface

This book is purposefully different— a casebook that focuses on law and legal powerin our society. It is meant to facilitate student speculation on the many relationships oflegal practices within democratic action. As we enter the next century, there is a clearconnection between freedom and the division of labor, of communities and democracy.It is meant to place in discussion and realistically test the role of power in any differencebetween the law as described, and the law in action. This book leads the student to seelaw in a new frame, from the standpoint of social organization, and therefore to under-stand law and the practices of law in a way which will add to his or her abilities andchoices. While most other law texts emphasize a bundle of legal relations, this bookbrings to the student the contemporary legal reality of workers and work within a par-ticular historic type of social development —namely, early twenty-first century democ-ratic capitalism. The law of work provides a most appropriate subject from which toview law and practice in this way, because work affects us all, and in affecting us al l,cross-cuts virtually all aspects of our lives.

The book also takes seri o u s ly the pre s ent historical con text in wh i ch we live . Thu s , i tis Am erican as well as gl ob a l . It is Work ra t h er than labor, given pre s ent low union den-s i ty in the work force . It is Law as a som ewhat auton omous forum of con test over theterms of or ga n i z a ti on ; it is Dem oc ra tic in the form requ i red of the State ; and it is Ca p i-talist Soc i ety as a disti n ct type of s ocial ra ti on a l i ty in the or ga n i z a ti on of c ivil tasks. Butit is also Am erican Work Law as more than the sum of the words in the ti t l e . Ta ken as awhole the materials of the book portray a holistic cultu re in wh i ch the con tract formcannot be unders tood to give com p l ete shape to a divi s i on of l a bor. Un equal distri bu-ti on of the risks of reprodu cti on by gen der, and the con s tru cti on of gen der and race andori gin and differen ce as sys tems with their own force and ra ti on a l i z a ti on , rei n force ap a rticular econ omy of s ocial practi ce s . The pre s en t a ti on of work law in this manner wi llbe a disti n ct ch a ll en ge to those who disagree with these assu m pti ons wh et h er the skepti-cism rests on trad i ti onal union labor law, con s erva tive ex p l a n a ti ons of po l i tical econ-omy, propon ents of m a r ginal ra ti on a l i ty, or po s t - m odern ex a m i n a ti on of d i s co u rs e .

As the book focuses on the su b s t a n ce of work and con fli cts over work i n g, s tu dents wi lll e a rn procedu ral and ad m i n i s tra tive requ i rem ents within the con texts of s pec i fic lega ls tra tegies of p a rties seeking legal power over their interests within pre s ent social or ga n i z a-ti on . Thu s , s tu dents wi ll see different ju ri s d i cti ons and different legal form s— federal ands t a te statute s , ad m i n i s tra tive dec i s i on s , and co u rt cases—a ll within each area of con fli ct .

The book’s first chapter examines the historical relationship between the structure ofwork and the structure of the State. The following three chapters illustrate how the reg-ulation of employees in seemingly wildly different legal doctrines, and legal media suchas statutes, administrative decisions, and adjudication, and legal jurisdictions, nonethe-less simultaneously constructs a market structure of labor force and labor market orga-

xxiv PREFACE

nization. At the same time the market form of organization is established, the seg-mented character of actual organization contributes to the social construction of gen-der, race, and class identity and legalized inequality. As well, many other social issuessuch as those of environmental risk associated with production and consumption areoften translated into aspects of the definition of work relations, often with the objectiveof forcing workers to internalize these social burdens. The fifth and sixth chapters ex-amine individual rights as a basis for shaping the labor market. The seventh chapterdemonstrates the interrelationship between the development of the political aims ofworkers and the possibilities of collective action around the conditions of work. Eighth,we examine economic bargaining leverage. The ninth chapter follows the state delega-tion of governance authority to a cooperative corporatism of organized labor and man-agement for the discipline of the work place, and the joint enforcement of rational workrules. This is distinguishable from the related tenth chapter on the reconstruction oflabor and capital under conditions of increasing capital mobility, and resulting shifts ofcosts of dislocation to labor as a factor of production. These dislocations affect bothworkers and others in the community in profound ways, which may simultaneouslypoint to new organizational alliances connecting labor to its communities. The finalchapter adds the dimension of the internationalization of the economy through the ve-hicle of particular national labor problems (which is not to assert that any interests ofworkers or the construction of social organization can be isolated from the interna-tional dimension). This choice is made on the assumption that, no matter how power-ful the influence of the New World Order, its functioning is neither fully determinednor able to escape the continuing power of national organization.

The content of the book is presented from the viewpoint of the ways in which the in-terests of workers and citizens become legally embedded in the inescapable historicalprocess of making our society. This approach raises labor market topics explicitly fromthe perspective of worker/citizen interests. In our modern world and in our global mar-ket, it is literally inconceivable that any way of making a living does not depend on theinterdependence of each of us upon others required by the price discipline of supplyand demand. In the same manner, every wealth earner relies upon market organizationand regulation determined by some form of political government. In part, all our socialrelationships reflect legal power. In part, our social relationships provide the content oflaw, or at least the need for legal process. Trying to discover a specific priority betweenthese intuitions seems initially less important than the recognition that in our lives weexpect to find law as an integral form of the various social interconnections which inpart express the meaning of any experience.

Yet the meanings of our social relations seem profoundly contested to each of us,and the conditions associated with modern life often seem alienating. While the socialfunction of law attempts to mediate the different interests brought to legal institutions,we know the outcome will always create winners and losers as a result. What is less in-vestigated is that any particular legal contest will not end the conditions which sepa-rated the parties, but simply channel those contests into another time, place, and form.Thus, whether the consequences of any particular legal decision are pro-labor, pro-indi-vidual, pro-capital, or pro-management, the possibilities of work taken for granted andlimited as if natural within the prevailing discourse of the dispute (the consciousnessproblem), and the refl ection of inequalities of power in the rationalization of anepisode of contest (the material problem), are usually of more profound importance.

Only by looking at the law of work within a system of legal action and social func-tioning can these deeper problems of our society’s legitimacy be considered. The law

PREFACE xxv

student will be a direct agent in the ongoing making of our social possibilities, andtherefore should be self conscious of the accompanying responsibility. Also important,the masking of power by the arbitrary categorization of the standard legal curriculumneeds to be examined and justified by the internal criteria for the acceptance of any ruleof law— the articulated rationalization of just why do we do business this way? Whowins and who loses?

This is also meant to be a book with a viewpoint, committed to the values of authen-tic, participatory democracy, as shaped by the critical insights of legal realism, law andsociety, the critical legal studies movement and feminist legal thought. Such a democra-tic practice ultimately depends upon an equality of substantive conditions of politicalagency and principles of non-domination in social relations necessary to production. Itshould come as no surprise that American law should functionally reproduce our soci-ety, and that the legal structure of work should favor the accumulation and protectionof capital within the welfare and governance constraints of a liberal, representationalconstruction of public politics. The assumptions of the appropriately “private” and“public” presuppose and require each other. It should neither be surprising or shockingthat workers generally and employees specifically often are disfavored by the twin for-mal set of terms of this governance. But this reality of power is also neither uniform norunchallenged. Even a tilted social construction process is continuously challenged andbetter and worse options for social change fought through. This book tries therefore tocapture both the domination and the emancipation potential of present law.

What makes this book significantly different is not only its focus on the relation oflaw and social construction, and on legal meaning as a contested arena of the terms ofsocial organization, but also its textual assumptions. Wherever possible, cases have beenchosen to illustrate the legal issues workers currently encounter. This will often requireexamining somewhat tortured and hoary central precedents to unpack their distributiveassumptions, following cases that show how the interests in contest are currently ap-pearing in surprising new contexts or formulations. In short, where is the struggle now?It will also lead to showing how the formal legal decision is often only part of the de-ployment of power within a community. In short, what is the social context of struggle?The student will investigate by showing the stakes of legal mediation of worker interests,the difficulty of achieving a more legitimate and democratic society will be demon-strated to the prospective lawyer, and possible alternatives revealed to her. As a lawyer,she must especially bear the inescapable responsibility of all citizens to face the questionof what is to be done? This book has been written with a purpose and a hope to makeapparent everyone’s self interest in the question of the quality of freedom in that nowand future vision.

The authors wish to thank numerous research assistants over the years, most impor-tantly: Rebecca Lawrence, Kelley Cartus, Nancy Jerman, and Gary McClendon.

xxvii

Table of Cases

Aaron Brothers, 665Abbott v. Donovan, 1017Abood v. Detroit Board of Ed., 454Adair v. United States, 53, 56, 63, 312Adams v. Florida Power Corp., 542Adams v. George W. Cochran & Co., Inc.,

327Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, 70Adler v. American Standard Corp., 338AFSCME v. State of Washington, 233Aguilera v. Pirelli Armstrong Tire Corp.,

691Aimable v. Long & Scott Farms, 1145Air Products and Chemicals v. Johnson,

1105Airstream, Inc. v. NLRB, 980Aladdin Industries, Inc. v. Scott, 263Alaska Barite Co., 643Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 515Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co., 848,

943, 946Alexander v. Kay Finlay Jewelers, Inc., 425ALF/CIO v. Unemployment Insurance

Appeals Board, 469Alleluia Cushion Co., 616Allen Family Foods, Inc., 588Allen v. Adage, Inc., 1036Allen v. Diebold, 989Allentown Mack Sales and Service, Inc. v.

NLRB, 1053Allied Chemical and Alkali Workers v.

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., 1020Allright Auto Parks, Inc. v. Berry, 1091,

1093

Aluminum Co. of America v. Walker, 252Amalgamated Transit Union, Local v.

Jefferson Partners, 427Amarnare v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner

& Smith, Inc., 196American Hospital Assn. v. NLRB, 838American Nurses Assn. v. Illinois, 236American Postal Workers Union v. United

States Postal Serv., 494American Radio Assn. v. Mobile S.S.

Assn., 1137American Ship Building Co. v. NLRB,

620, 742, 744, 900American Steel Foundries v. Tri-City

Council, 630Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co.,

219Ansonia Board of Education v.

Phillbrook, 518Ansoumana v. Gristede’s Operating

Corp., 991Antenor v. D & S Farms, 1145Anthony v. Jersey Cent. Power & Light,

356Antonio Independent School Dist. v.

Rodriguez, 96, 98Aquamar S.A. v. Del Monte Fresh

Produce, N.A., 1193Armour & Co., 929Arnett v. Kennedy, 371, 450Aroostook County Regional

Ophthalmology Center v. NLRB, 695Arroyo v. Scottie’s Professional Window

Cleaning, 309

xxviii TABLE OF CASES

Asplundh Tree Expert Co. v. NLRB, 1194Associated Dairies, Inc. v. Ray Moss

Farms, Inc., 1092, 1094Auciello Iron Works, 1062Audubon Health Care Center, 593Auxton Computer Enterprises, Inc. v.

Parker, 1097Avco Corp. v. Aero Lodge, 959Avigliano v. Sumitomo Shoji America,

Inc., 527Bailey v. Alabama, 87–88, 93Baiton v. Carnival Cruise Lines, 334Baldwin v. Sisters of Providence in

Washington, Inc., 361Barrentine v. Arkansas-Best Freight

System, Inc., 946Barrett v. ASARCO, Inc., 405Bartels v. Birmingham, 1117Barth v. Gelb, 579Bates v. Hunt, 536Bd. of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth,

440Bee v. Local 719, United Auto Workers,

168Beidler v. W.R. Grace, Inc., 352Bell v. Burson, 441Bell v. Home Life Ins. Co., 522Benz v. Compania Naviera Hidalgo, 1136Berg v. Hudesman, 361Berke v. Ohio Dept. of Public Welfare,

522Best v. California Apprenticeship Council,

518Beth Israel Hospital v. NLRB, 644, 1063Bettcher Mfg. Corp., 722Betts Cadillac Olds, Inc., 744Beverly California Corp. v. NLRB, 141Billings v. Atkinson, 489Bingham v. Boeing Co., 1002Bird Engineering and Keith Mann, 624Bishop v. Wood, 368Black Grievance Committee v. NLRB, 851Blankenship v. Boyle, 1033

Blassie v. Kroger Co., 1023Boddie v. Connecticut, 441Bolling v. Sharpe, 442Borelli v. Brusseau, 112Borkowski v. Valley Central School Dist.,

579Borse v. Piece Goods Shop, Inc., 394Borucki v. Ryan, 495Bostick v. Rappleyea, 196Bouwens v. Centrilift, 367Bowen v. Gilliard, 121Bowers v. Hardwick, 537Boyle v. Vista Eyewear, 326, 329, 340Boys Market, Inc. v. Retail Clerks Union,

Local 770, 957Braden v. Braden, 117Bragdon v. Abbott, 562Bratt v. International Business Machines,

556Brock v. Roadway Express, Inc., 414Brockley v. Lozier Corp., 417Brockmeyer v. Dun & Bradstreet, 326,

375Brohm v. JH Props, Inc., 293Brooks v. Brooks, 113, 883Brotherhood of R.R. Trainmen v. Chicago

River & Ind. R. Co., 961Broward County v. LaPointe, 1159Brown v. Board of Education, 98Brown v. Motor Inns, 308Brown v. Porcher, 271–72Buck Creek Coal v. United Mine Workers

of America, 821Buckley v. Valeo, 460Buenrostro v. Collazo, 493Buffalo Forge v. USWA, 963Bulman v. Safeway, Inc., 378Bunting v. Oregon, 68Bureerong v. Uvawas, 101Burk v. K-Mart Corp., 326Bussmann Mfg. Co. v. Industrial

Commission of Missouri, 245Butler v. Perry, 1187

xxviii

C.K. v. New Jersey DHHS, 123C.K. v. Shalala, 122–24Cabot Carbon, 975–76Cadbury Beverages, Inc. v. NLRB, 770California Dept. of Human Resources

Development v. Java, 255Camara v. Municipal Court of San

Francisco, 467Cameron v. Merisel, Inc., 307Carino v. University of Oklahoma, 522Carpenters District Council, 796, 820,

1006Carpenters’ District Council of New

Orleans v. Dillard Department Stores,Inc., 1006

Carter & Sons Freightways, 772Castaneda v. Partida, 533Caster v. Hennessey, 352Catania v. Eastern Airlines, Inc., 348Caterpillar, Inc. and United Automobile,

Aerospace, and Agricultural Workers,718

C-E-I-R, Inc. v. Computer DynamicsCorp., 1097

Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v.Ingram, 1088

Central Hardware Co. v. NLRB, 645Central Union Trust Co. v. Garvan, 441Cf. Bandag, Inc. v. NLRB, 772Cf. Board of Comm’rs, Wabaunsee Cty. V.

Umbehr, 536Cf. Communications Workers of America

v. U.S. Sec’y of Labor, 1017Chaiffetz v. Robertson Research Holding,

Ltd., 1193Chamber of Commerce of U.S. v. Reich,

683Charland v. Norge, a Division of Borg-

Warner, 19Charles Dowd Box Co. v. Courtney, 959Charles v. Burton, 1143Charter Township of Ypsilanti v. General

Moters Corp., 1121Chavez v. Manville Products Corp., 338

Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural ResourcesDefense Council, Inc., 646, 793, 840

Chicago Rawhide Mfg. Co. v. NLRB, 979Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. Co. v.

McGuire, 68Chin v. American Tel. & Tel. Co., 352Churchill’s Restaurant, 602Cincinnati Cordage & Paper Co., 896Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, 953City Cab Co. of Orlando v. NLRB, 136City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living

Center, 121City of Los Angeles v. Manhart, 512Clear Pine Mouldings and Inter.

Woodworkers of America, 706Cleary v. American Airlines, Inc., 375,

379, 423, 484Cleveland Board of Ed. v. Loudermill, 448Cloutier v. Great Atlantic & Pac. Tea Co.,

325–26Clyatt v. United States, 86–88Cole v. Burns Int’l Sec. Servs., 954Coleman v. Jiffy June Farms, Inc., 223Collins v. Harker Heights, 13Collins v. Womancare, 1185, 1193Collyer Insulated Wire, a Gulf and

Western Systems Co., 910Coman v. Thomas Mfg. Co., Inc., 325Comfort & Fleming Ins. Brokers, Inc. v.

Hoxsey, 361Commonwealth v. DeCotis, 347Commonwealth v. Hunt, 39, 50Commonwealth v. Morrow, 36Commonwealth v. Perry, 48Commonwealth v. Tate, 394Commonwelath v. Noffke, 821Community Counselling Service, Inc. v.

Reilly, 1097Complete Auto Transit v. Reis, 735Connecticut v. Teal, 505Connell Constr. Co. v. Plumbers and

Steamfitters Local Union No. 100, 784Connick v. Myers, 446–47

TABLE OF CASES xxix

Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB, 1055Contractors’ Labor Pool v. NLRB, 686Cooper Tire & Rubber Co. v. St. Paul Fire

& Marine Ins. Co., 285Coppage v. Kansas, 52, 58, 63, 312, 317Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, 227Coronet Casuals and Upper South Dept.,

ILGWU, 702, 708, 885Coronet Foods, Inc. v. NLRB, 773Cort v. Bristol-Myers Co., 556Crea v. FMC Corp., 445Cronan v. New England Telephone Co.,

555Crown Central Petroleum Corp. v. NLRB,

722Crystal Chambers v. The Omaha Girls

Club, 529Cumberland Shoe Corp., 664Cummins v. EG & G Sealol, Inc., 325Cutaiar v. Marshall, 174Dabbs v. Cardiopulmonary Management

Services, 327–28Dalheim v. KDFW-TV, 211Dandridge v. Williams, 100, 123Daniel v. Magma Copper Co., 375Davies & Davies Agency, Inc. v. Davies,

1091, 1093Davis v. Davis, 367–68, 495Davis v. Wyoming Medical Center, 368De Petris v.Union Settlement Assn., Inc.,

364Deerhurst Estates v. Meadow Homes,

Inc., 426Degen v. Investors Diversified Servs. Inc.,

352DeGroff v. Mascotech, 950DelCostello v. Int’l Brotherhood of

Teamsters, 1003Deluth Bottling Assn., 744Delaware Coca-Cola Bottling Co. v. Gen-

eral Teamster Local Union 326, 741Demarco v. Publix Super Markets, Inc.,

314Dennis v. Sparks, 1185

Dennis v. United States, 469Denny v. Westfield State College, 237Dept. of Agriculture v. Moreno, 17Dept. of Industrial Relations v. Chapman,

245Dept. of Industrial Relations v. Henry,

244Dept. of Navy v. Egan, 468Destileria Serralles, Inc., 1061Di Deeland v. Colvin, 1091, 1093–94Diaz v. Pan American World Airways,

Inc., 527Dicomes v. State, 338Doe v. Belleville, 534Doe v. Islamic Salvation Front, 1192Doe v. Unocal Corp., 1177Donovan v. Brown Equipment and

Service Tools, Inc., 222Donovan v. Cunningham, 287–88Donovan v. Dialamerica Marketing, Inc.,

1113Donovan v. McKissick Products Co., 220Donovan v. Sureway Cleaners, 1115Dorchy v. Kansas, 678Dothard v. Rawlinson, 525, 532, 552Douglas Foods Corp. v. NLRB, 207Douglas v. United Steelworkers of

America, 858Doyon v. Home Depot U.S.A., 476, 478Drago v. Buonagurio, 332Drivers Union v. Meadowmoor Dairies,

Inc., 722Dubkowski v. Administrator, Unemp.

Comp. Act 239, 246Dubuque Packing Co., Inc. and United

Food and Commercial Workers Inter.Union, 768, 916

Dudewicz v. Norris-Scmid, Inc., 343Duggin v. Adams, 203Dunkin’ Donuts Mid-Atlantic

Distribution Center, Inc. v. NLRB, 204Dunlop v. Davis, 226Durtsche v. American Colloid Co., 422

xxx TABLE OF CASES

EarthWeb, Inc. v. Schlack, 1095East Chicago Rehabilitation Center, Inc. v.

NLRB, 733East Line & R.R. Co. v. Scott, 339Eastex v. NLRB, 686Eckles v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 579Edmonson v. Shearer Lumber Products,

444Edward J. Debartolo Corp. v. Florida Gulf

Coast Building and ConstructionTrades Council, 791

Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. NLRB, 792EEOC v. Arabian American Oil Co., 1193,

1196EEOC v. Clay Printing Co., 541EEOC v. Luce, Forward, Hamilton, and

Scripps, 949EEOC v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 236EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc., 948Electrical Workers v. NLRB, 603, 811,

842, 847Electromation, Inc. v. NLRB, 968Ellex Transportation, Inc., 882Elrod v. Burns, 391Emery Realty, Inc. v. NLRB, 820Emporium Capwell Co. v. WACO, 843English v. General Elec. Co., 340Epilepsy Foundation of N.E. Ohio v.

NLRB, 621Estate of Rodriguez v. Drummond Co.,

Inc., 1190Estate of Sonnicksen, 113–14Estate of Winston Cabello v. Fernandez-

Larios, 1191–92Excelsior, 653, 662, 1096Extendicare of West Virginia, 841Exxel/Atmos, Inc. v. NLRB, 876F.W. Woolworth Co., 725, 930, 1177F/W/ PBS, Inc. v. City of Dallas, 534Fall River Dyeing & Finishing Corp. v.

NLRB, 1054Farmers Reservoir & Irrigation Co. v.

McComb, 153Fast Food Merchandisers, Inc., 773

Feliciano v. Rhode Island, 579Fernandez v. Wynn Oil, 524, 527–28Fibreboard Products, Inc. v. NLRB, 902Firestone Textile Co. Div. v. Meadows,

326First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti,

392First National Maintenance, Inc. v.

NLRB, 911Fischer v. Maloney, 332Flamingo Hilton-Laughlin v. NLRB,

206–7Flick v. Johnson, 1188Foley v. Interactive Data Corp. 315, 378Ford Motor and John Ellis, 710Ford Motor Co. v. EEOC, 949Ford Motor Co. v. Huffman, 175, 847Former Employees of Barry Callebaut v.

Herman, 1014Former Employees of Pittsburgh

Logistics Systems, Inc. v. U.S. Sec. ofLabor, 1014

Forrest Paschal Machinery Co. v.Milholen, 1095

Fort Vancouver Plywood Co. and LocalUnion No. 3-3, International Woodworkers of America, 154

Fortune v. National Cash Register Co.,345, 375

Four Seasons Nursing Center, 841Fragante v. City and County of Honolulu,

521Frampton v. Central Indiana Gas Co., 334Franks Bros. Co. v. NLRB, 670Frierson v. Sheppard Building Supply Co.,

1092–93G.M. Leasing Corp. v. United States, 493Gallagher v. Neil Young Freedom Concert,

1185Gantt v. Sentry Insurance, 323Garcia v. Rockwell Inter. Corp., 327Gardner v. Evans, 446Garibaldi v. Lucky Food Stores, 340

TABLE OF CASES xxxi

Garment Workers v. Quality Mfg. Co.,618

Gates v. Life of Montana Ins. Co., 352,375

Gateway Coal Co. v. United Mine Workers, 941

Geary v. United States Steel Corp., 390Geduldig v. Aiello, 515General Electric Co. v. Gilbert, 512, 515George A. Hormel & Co. v. NLRB, 804George v. Pacific-CSC Work Furlough,

1185George W. Kistler, Inc. v. O’Brien, 1095Giboney v. Empire Storage & Ice Co., 789Gill v. Snow, 489Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp.,

943, 951Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated

School Dist.,m 449Glenn v. Clearman’s Golden Cock Inn,

320Goldberg v. Kelley, 442Goldberg v. Whitaker House Cooperative,

1116Golden State Bottling Co. v. NLRB, 205,

1045Goluszek v. H.P. Smith, 534Gompers v. Bucks Stove & Range Co., 64Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 205–6, 362Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v.

Whiteman Tire, Inc., 362Graham Oil Co. v. ARCO Products Co.,

954Graham v. Richardson, 96Gray v. Superior Court, 327Green Tree Financial Corp.-Alabama v.

Randolph, 956Greenwood v. State Police Training

Center, 426Griffin v. International Union, United

Automobile A. & A.I.W., 870Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 499, 505, 514Groves Truck & Trailer, 602–3Grusendorf v. City of Oklahoma City, 487

Hagadone v. Kirkpatrick, 251Hague v. C.I.O., 628Hamid v. Price Waterhouse, 1184Hansen v. Guyette, 808Harless v. First National Bank of

Fairmont, 339Harris Corp., 602Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 506, 533Harris v. McRae, 124Haywood v. Barnes, 1148Hazelwood School District v. United

States, 501Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins, 543, 989Heideck v. Kent Gen. Hosp. Inc., 352Heltzel v. Commonwealth

Unemployment Compensation Boardof Review, 251

Henderson v. Dept. of Industrial Relations, 244

Hennessey v. Hennessey, 352, 477Hentzel v. Singer Co., 325, 328Hill v. J.C. Penney, Inc., 361Hilligoss v. Cargill, Inc., 418Hindle v. Morrison Steel Co., 349Hines v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc., 1003Hirabayashi v. United States, 96, 469Hitchman Coal and Coke Co. v. Mitchell,

58Hodgson v. Griffin & Brand of McAllen,

Inc., 1147Hoffman Plastics Compounds, Inc. v.

NLRB, 1140Hoffman v. Robinson, 1159Hogan v. Bergen Brunswig Corp., 1092Holden v. Hardy, 56, 68Holloway v. Fisher, 185, 290Holy Trinity Church v. United States, 788Howard Johnson Co., Inc. v. Detroit Joint

Executive Board, Hotel and RestaurantEmployees, Bartenders Inter. Union,1048

Hoyt v. Hoyt, 1093Hudgens v. NLRB, 630, 820

xxxii TABLE OF CASES

Hughes Tool Co., 848Hughes v. Superior Court, 791Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois, 1152In Re Chateaugay Corp., 1081In Re Debs, 44, 48In Re Elk Lumber and Lumber Sawmill

Workers Union, 729In Re Marriage of Dawley, 113In Re Marriage of Higgason, 113In Re Marriage of Rabie, 113–14In Re Odyssey Capital Group L.P. III, 587In Re Vons Grocery Co. and United Food

& Commercial Workers Union, 993Industrial Foundation of the South v.

Texas Industrial Accident Board, 490Ingle v. Glamore Motor Sales, 365Inland Trucking Co. v. NLRB, 744INS v. National Center for Immigrants’

Rights, Inc., 1141Int’l Bhd. Of Elec. Workers Local 1466 v.

NLRB, 879Int’l Brotherhood of Electrical Workers

Local 387 v. NLRB, 739Intel Corp. v. Hamidi, 604Inter. Longshoremen’s Assn. v. Allied

International, 1135Inter. Longshoremen’s Assn. v. NLRB,

1130Inter. Union of Electrical, Radio, and

Machine Workers v. Singer Co., 1063Inter-Collegiate Press, Graphic Arts Div.

v. NLRB, 744International Assn. of Machinists v.

Cutler-Hammer, Inc., 931International Brotherhood of Teamsters v.

United States, 501International Brotherhood of Teamsters,

etc. v. Daniel, 18International Paper Co. v. NLRB, 749Iwanowa v. Ford Motor Co., 1189J.I. Case v. NLRB, 673J.P. Stevens & Co., Inc. v. NLRB, 659Jacobs v. Petrino, 1162Jankovsky v. Halladay Motors, 367

Jean Country, 642–43, 645–46Jefferson v. Hackney, 100, 122John Wiley & Sons v. Livingston, 1050Johnson v. National Beef Packing Co., 352Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v.

McGrath, 442Jones v. Reid, 109Jostens, Inc. v. National Computer

Systems, 1098Joy Silk Mills, Inc. v. NLRB, 665Kadic v. Karadzic, 1183, 1191Kaiser v. Dixon, 352Kalman v. The Grand Union Co., 340Katz v. Dole, 201Kellogg v. City of Gary, 123Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc., 331Kentucky Industries, Inc. v. Glenn, 269Kimbro v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 182Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents, 539King v. Massarweh, 1186King v. Preferred Tech. Group, 296K-Mart Corp. Store 7441 v. Trotti, 488K-Mart Corp. v. Ponsock, 423Knevelbaard Dairies v. Kraft Foods, Inc.,

1152Knight v. American Guard & Alert, Inc.,

338Knoxville Iron Co. v. Harbison, 68Knutson v. Daily Review, Inc., 1154Koehrer v. Superior Court, 327Koepplin v. Zortman Mining Inc., 408Korematsu v. United States, 469Koveleskie v. SBC Capital Markets, Inc.,

951Kreamer v. Earl, 327Krebs v. Ryan Oldsmobile, 411Krouse v. Graham, 114Kuper v. Quantum Chem. Corp., 286Kurtz v. City of North Miami, 486Labor Union of Pico, Korea, Ltd. V. Pico

Products, Inc., 1139Laborer’s Local Union No. 204 v. NLRB,

820

TABLE OF CASES xxxiii

Laidlaw Waste Systems, Inc., 1059Lardy v. United States Testing Co., Inc.,

1035Lasser v. Grunbaum Bros. Furniture Co.,

374LCF, Inc. and Sprint Corp., 1170LCF, Inc. and Sprint Corp. and CWA,

1171Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB, 640Levi Strauss & Co., 669Levitz Furniture Co. of the Pacific, 883Lingle v. Norge Division of Magic Chef,

Inc., 394Litton Business Systems, 773Local 1330, United Steel Workers of

America v. U.S. Steel, 20Local 238 Inter. Bro. of Teamsters v.

Cargill, Inc., 428Local 24, Int’l Teamsters, etc. Union v.

Oliver, 1025Local 65 Wholesale, Retail and Clerical

Workers v. Nixon, 29Local 761, Inter. Union of Electrical,

Radio, and Machine Workers v. NLRB,777

Local 777, Seafarers Int’l Union v. NLRB,129, 131–32, 137–38

Local P-9 United Food and CommercialWorkers Union and Geo. Hormel &Co., 801

Lochner v. New York, 56, 58, 209, 312Lord v. Goldberg, 383Lord v. Swire Pacific Holdings, Inc., 445Los Angeles Mem. Coliseum Commission

v. NFL, 405Los Angeles Soap Co., 770Loving v. Virginia, 537Lubcke v. Boise City/Ada County

Housing Authority, 446Luck v. Southern Pacific Transportation

Co., 473Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 1185Lyng v. International Union, United Auto

Workers, 16

M.B. Sturgis, Inc., 838M.S. Jacobs and Associates, Inc. v.

Duffley, 1093Machinists v. Street, 455MacNeil v. Minidoka Memorial Hospital,

445Magnuson v. Peak Technical Services,

Inc., 193Mallinckrodt Chemical Works and Inter.

Broth. of Electrical Workers, Local #1,AFL-CIO, 834

Maram v. Universidad Interamericana deP.R., 901

Marks v. Loral Corp., 542Marlene Industries, 595–96Marshall v. Hamburg Shirt Corp., 222Martin v. Funtime, Inc., 224Martin v. New York Life Ins. Co., 331Marvin v. Marvin, 117Maryland Metals, Inc. v. Metzner, 1097Masino v. United States, 467Mastro Plastics Corp. v. NLRB, 942Mau v. Omaha National Bank, 352Maus v. National Living Centers, Inc.,

339McAnally v. Person, 1092McAuliffe v. Mayor of New Bedford, 448McCabe v. Sharrett, 537McClendon v. Ingersoll-Rand Co., 337McDonald v. West Branch, 946McDonnel Douglas Corp. v. Green, 501McGilvry v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 420McGregor v. Greer, 494McLaughlin v. Dial America, Inc., 216McLean v. Arkansas, 68McQuary v. Bel Air Convalescent Home,

338, 340McQuown v. Lakeland Window Cleaning

Co., 1091McWilliams v. Fairfax County Board of

Supervisors, 534Mehinovic v. Vuckovic, 1192Mendoza v. Zirkle Fruit Co., 1151

xxxiv TABLE OF CASES

Merck v. Advanced Drainage Systems,Inc., 327

Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson,199, 506

Metcalf v. Intermountain Gas co., 445Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 843Metz v. Transit Mix, Inc., 541Meyer v. Nebraska, 442Microimage Display Div. of Xidex Corp.

v. NLRB, 880Middleboro Fire Apparatus, Inc., 1061Midgett v. Sackett-Chicago, Inc., 396Milk Wagon Drivers’ Union v. Lake Valley

Co., 961Miller v. Fairfield Communities, Inc., 327Miller v. SEVAMP, 203Miller v. Woods, 113Millison v. E.I. De Nemours & Co., 306Mills v. Alabama, 452Milwaukee Spring Div. of Illinois Coil

Spring Co. and IUUAAIW, 998Mistretta v. Sandia Corp., 223Moench v. Robertson, 279Mohler v. Dept. of Labor, 260Molon Motor and Coil Corp. v. NLRB,

590Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social

Services, 14Monge v. Beebe Rubber Co., 343, 375Montaivo v. Zamora, 320Moore v. City of East Cleveland, 124Morrison v. National Broadcasting Co.,

332Morrissey v. Brewer, 441Mt. Healthy School Dist. v. Doyle, 434Muller v. Oregon, 69Muller v. Stromberg Carlson Corp., 315Murphy v. American Home Products, 330N.B. v. Sybinski, 119National Coalition Govt. of the Union of

Burma v. Unocal, 1177National Mutual Ins. Co. v. Tidewater

Transfer Co., 441

National Treasury Employees Union v.Van Raab, 463

Nees v. Hocks, 320–21, 325, 331Nelson v. Southland Corp., 361New Beckley Mining v. UMWA, 823New Horizons for the Retarded, 725, 930,

1177New Mexico Federation of Labor, United

Food and Commercial Workers UnionLocal 1564 v. City of Clovis, 1086

New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary GroceryCo., 850

New River Industries, Inc. v. NLRB, 601New York Central R. Co. v. White, 68New York City Transit Authority v.

Beazer, 503New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 453Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock

Co. v. EEOC, 533Nielsen Lithographers Co., 896Niles-Bement-Pond Co., 879NLRB v. A. Lasaponara & Sons, Inc., 733NLRB v. Adkins Transfer, 758NLRB v. Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., 753,

755, 847NLRB v. American National Ins. Co.,

1038NLRB v. Ampex Corp., 975NLRB v. Babcock & Wilcox Co., 641–42,

644NLRB v. Bell Aerospace Co., 1059NLRB v. Bildisco & Bildisco, 1068NLRB v. Boeing Co., 755NLRB v. Bridgeport Ambulance Service,

731NLRB v. Brown, 744NLRB v. Burns Int’l Security Services,

1041NLRB v. Burns Sec. Servs., 205NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago, 793NLRB v. City Disposal Systems, Inc., 612NLRB v. Columbian Enameling &

Stamping Co., 1055

TABLE OF CASES xxxv

NLRB v. Curtis Matheson Scientific, Inc.,644

NLRB v. Denver Bldg. & Constr. TradesCouncil, 777

NLRB v. Drivers etc. Local Union, 786NLRB v. Electrical Workers, 603, 811,

842, 847NLRB v. Erie Resistor Corp. 622, 686NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp.

421, 695NLRB v. Fleetwood Trailer Co., 683NLRB v. Flex Plastics, 673NLRB v. Food & Commercial Workers,

642, 1083NLRB v. Fruit & Vegetable Packers &

Warehousemen Local 760, 785NLRB v. Fruit Packers, 785, 794NLRB v. G & T Terminal Packing Co.,

773NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co. 200, 660, 663NLRB v. Great Dane Trailers, Inc., 691NLRB v. Great Western Coca-Cola

Bottling Co., 880NLRB v. Health Care and Retirement

Corp., 139NLRB v. Illinois Tool Works, 720, 722NLRB v. International Rice Milling Co.,

775NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Co., 72NLRB v. Kentucky River Community

Care, Inc., 147NLRB v. Lake Superior Lumber Corp.,

643NLRB v. Laney & Duke Storage

Warehouse, 661NLRB v. Local 1229, Int’l Broth. Of

Electrical Workers, 429NLRB v. M & B Headwear Co., 724NLRB v. Mackay Radio and Telegraph

Co., 679NLRB v. Magnavox Co., 631, 848NLRB v. Pennco, Inc., 875NLRB v. Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co. of

Miami, 702

NLRB v. Remington Rand, 623NLRB v. Res-Care, Inc., 144NLRB v. Retail Store Employees, 795,

843, 1138NLRB v. S & H Grossinger’s, Inc., 643NLRB v. Southern California Edison Co.,

741NLRB v. Steinerfilm, Inc., 725NLRB v. Stowe Spinning Co., 642NLRB v. Streamway Div. Scott & Fetzer

Co., 980NLRB v. Texas Electric Cooperatives, Inc.,

661NLRB v. Thor Power Tool Co., 602NLRB v. Town & Country Electric, Inc.,

686NLRB v. Transportation Management

Corp., 591, 734NLRB v. Truck Drivers Union, 744NLRB v. Truitt Mfg. Co., 896NLRB v. United Mineral & Chemical

Corp., 771NLRB v. Warren, Co., 1142NLRB v. Washington Aluminum Co., 305,

584, 590, 621, 636, 853NLRB v. Weingarten, Inc., 617NLRB v. Wooster Div. of Borg-Warner

Group, 688, 896NLRB v. Yeshiva University, 146Northcrest Nursing Home, 144Novosel v. Nationwide Insurance Co., 389O’Bryan v. KTIV Television, 494O’Connor v. Ortega, 466, 493O’Dovero v. NLRB, 77273O’Rourke v. City of Birmingham, 628Oak Cliff-Golman Baking Co. and Bakery

and Confectionary Workers Inter.Union, 909

Occidental Life Ins. Co. of Cal. V. EEOC,949

Oil Chemical and Atomic Workers v.American Cyanide Co., 543

Oil, Chemical, & Atomic Workers, Int’lUnion v. Mobil Oil Corp., 1088

xxxvi TABLE OF CASES

Okeelanta Corp. v. Bygrave, 1156Oliver v. United States, 493Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services,

Inc., 533Ozark Trailers, 1000Ozolins v. Northwood-Kensett Cmty. Sch.

Dist., 296Paladino v. Avnet Computer Tech., 954Palmateer v. Inter. Harvester Co., 326Palmer v. Brown, 338–39Parker v. Borock, 331Parker v. United Airlines, Inc., 373, 376Park-Ohio Industries v. NLRB, 928Parnar v. Americana Hotels, Inc., 326,

375Pattern Makers’ League of North America

v. NLRB, 752Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 505Patterson v. The Bark Eudora, 68Paul v. Davis, 495Payne v. Rozendaal, 326Payne v. Western & Atlantic Railroad Co.,

42Pemberton v. Marshall, 1015Pemco Corp. v. Rose, 1095Pendarvis v. Xerox Corp., 293Penn v. Ryan’s Family Steakhouses, 953Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. v. LTV

Corp., 1078PepsiCo, Inc. v. Redmond, 1113Perez v. Globe Sec. Servs., 954Pernet v. Peabody Eng. Corp., 333Perry v. Sindermann, 436, 443, 453Petermann v. Inter. Brotherhood of

Teamsters, 320–21, 326Phelps-Dodge Corp. v. NLRB, 683Philco Corp. v. Unemployment

Compensation Board of Review, 258Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp., 528–29Phipps v. Clark Oil & Refining Corp.,

325–26Pickering v. Board of Education, 447,

449, 524

Piechowski v. Matarese, 349Pierce v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp.,

326, 350Pine River State Bank v. Mettille, 352, 375Pittsburgh Cut Wire Co. v. Sufrin, 1106Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. v. NLRB, 1024Pleasant v. Johnson, 308Plyler v. A.J. and R. Doe, 95Plymale v. Upright, 952Poletown Neighborhood v. City of

Detroit, 1126Pollack v. Williams, 86Pollard v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.,

499Poulos v. Pfizer, Inc., 474, 476–78Price v. City of Fort Wayne, 292Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 507, 523Prill v. NLRB, 616Professional Staff Management v. Dept. of

Employment Security, 192Public Service Corp. of New Jersey, 1024Pugh v. See’s Candies, 352, 374, 379, 393,

484Quiring v. Quiring, 445Radio Officers Union of Commercial

Telegraphers Union v. NLRB, 688–89Ragsdale v. Wolverine World Wide, Inc.,

296Railway Employees Dept. v. Hanson, 455Ramsey v. Mutual Supply Co., 1091Rankin v. McPherson, 452, 536Rankin v. McPherson, 452, 536Reed v. LePage Bakeries, Inc., 579Reed, Roberts Associates, Inc. v.

Bailenson, 1092Reep v. Commissioner of Dept. of

Employment and Training, 1119Regan v. Amerimark Building Products,

309Rehabilitation Specialists, Inc. v. Koering,

1095Reinforced Molding Corp. v. General

Electric Co., 1105Reno Hilton Resorts v. NLRB, 771

TABLE OF CASES xxxvii

Republic Aviation Corp. v. NLRB, 636,853

Republic Steel Corp. v. NLRB, 654Respublica v. Kepperle, 33Reuther v. Fowler & Williams, Inc., 390Ricci v. Corp. Express of the East, Inc.,

423Rivera-Vega v. Conagra, Inc., 890Rivers v. Roadway Express, 505Roberts v. United States Jaycees, 446, 534Roberts v. United States Jaycees, 446, 534Robins v. Pruneyard Shopping Center,

631, 821Rocky Mountain Hospital and Medical

Services v. Mariani, 329Rodriguez v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 114Roe v. Wade, 495, 813Roessler v. Burwell, 1092Ruff v. Charter Behavioral Health Sys. Of

Northwest Indiana, Inc., 951Rulon-Miller v. IBM Corp., 479Russello v. United States, 828Rutherford Food Corp. v. McComb, 152,

1115Sabetay v. Sterling Drug, 365Sabine Pilot Service, Inc. v. Hauck, 327,

337Safeway Stores v. Retail Clerks etc. Assn.,

328Salzhandler v. Caputo, 463San Diego Building Trades Council v.

Garmon, 398Sanchez v. Unemp. Insurance Appeals

Bd., 264Sanitary Farm Dairies, Inc. v. Wolf, 1097Savarese v. Pyrene Mfg. Co., 349Schenck v. United States, 469Schlenk v. Lehigh Valley R.R. Co., 350Schneller v. Hayes, 1095School Bd. of Nassau Cty. v. Arline, 563Schowengerdt v. United States, 494Schriner v. Meginnis Ford Co., 338Schroeder v. Dayton-Hudson Corp., 352

Scribner v. Worldcom, Inc., 358Seaman’s Direct Buying Service, Inc. v.

Standard Oil Co., 482SeaPAK v. Industrial, Technical &

Professional Employees, Div. of Nat’lMaritime Union, 1087

SEC v. Chenery Corp., 1059Secretary of Labor v. Lauritzen, 1148Seierkiewicz v. Sorema, 503Sequoia Insurance Co. v. Superior Court,

329Shahar v. Bowers, 534Shamrock Holdings, Inc. v. Polaroid

Corp., 165Shankle v. B-G Maint. Mgmt. of

Colorado, Inc., 954Shapiro v. Wells Fargo Realty Advisors,

327Shaw v. Kresge, 352Sheets v. Teddy’s Frosted Foods, 331, 339Shelden v. Shelden, 114Sheppard v. Beerman, 494Sherman v. Pfefferkorn, 1092Sherry v. Perkins, 48–49Shoemaker v. Myer, 325SI Handling Systems, Inc. v. Heisley, 1099Sida of Hawaii, Inc., 164Siderman de Blake v. Republic of

Argentina, 1184Sinclair Refining Co. v. Atkinson, 736,

957, 963Skinner v. Railway Labor Executive Assn.,

465Skyland Hosiery Mills, Inc., 889Slochower v. Board of Education, 442Smith v. Bates Technical College, 322Smith v. Maryland, 493Smyth v. The Pillsbury Co., 604Somerset Welding & Steel, Inc. v. NLRB,

207Sorensen v. Comm Tek, Inc., 445Southeast Gas Corp. v. Ahmad, 375Sprogis v. United Air Lines, 527

xxxviii TABLE OF CASES

St. Francis Hospital, 842St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 14St. Mary’s Honor Center v. Hicks, 503Standard Products Concrete, Inc. v.

General Truck Drivers, Office, Food,and Warehouse Union, Local 952, 737

Starcon v. NLRB, 686State of Iowa v. Lacey, 819State v. Cofield, 478State v. Elliston, 821State v. Groomes, 478State v. Mitchell, 478State v. Roe, 813State v. Torres, 477State v. Vargas, 477Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co., 855Stejkal v. Dept. of Administrative

Services, 415Sterling Drug, Inc. v. Oxford, 338Stevens v. Northwest Indiana Dist.

Council, 168Stiles v. Skylark Meats, Inc., 417Still v. Lance, 369Stokes v. Moore, 1092Struble v. New Jersey Brewery Employees’

Welfare Trust Fund, 284Sugar Cane Growers Co-op. of Florida,

Inc. v. Pinnock, 1155Sutton v. United Airlines, 559Sutton v. Weirton Steel Div. of Nat. Steel

Corp., 172Swint v. Pullman-Standard, 527Switchmen’s Union v. National Mediation

Board, 858Taft Broadcasting Co., 899Tameny v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 318,

323, 379, 482Tank v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co.,

363Taylor v. Georgia, 87–88Teamsters v. Lucas Flour Co., 395, 609,

959Technology Service Solutions and Inter.

Bro. of Electrical Workers, 647

Telautograph in Dresser Industries, 881Teleprompter Corp. v. NLRB, 898Tel-Oren v. Libyan Arab Republic, 1184Terry v. Ohio, 478Terry v. Pioneer Press, Inc., 367–68Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v.

Burdine, 511Texas Petrochemicals Corp., 1055Textile Workers Union v. Darlington Mfg.

Co. 17, 761, 913, 988Textile Workers v. Lincoln Mills, 395, 736,

848, 930, 933, 941, 947, 959–60Thirsty’s Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, 223Thomas Jefferson Univ. v. Shalala, 1060Thomas v. Coastal Industrial Services,

Inc., 1092Thompson v. Johnson County

Community College, 494Thompson v. Shell Petroleum Corp., 1161Thompson v. St. Regis Paper Co., 326,

352, 372Thornhill v. State of Alabama, 626Timekeeping Systems, Inc. and Lawrence

Leinweber, 596Toledo Typographical Union v. NLRB,

1037Touhy v. Ford Motor Co., 528Toussaint v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of

Mich., 352, 393Toyota Motor MFG. v. Williams, 570Trans World Airlines v. Hardison, 518,

579Trans World Airlines v. Thurston, 540Treasury Employees v. Von Raab, 463, 472Trollinger v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 1155Truax v. Raich, 64Truck Drivers & Helpers Union Local 748

v. Ulry-Talbert Co., 429Trustees of Masonic Hall and Asylum

Fund v. NLRB, 839Turbodyne Corp., 882Turner v. Inter. Assn. of Machinists and

Aerospace Workers, 462

TABLE OF CASES xxxix

Tyco Industries, Inc. v. Superior Court,327

U.S. Airways, Inc. v. Barnett, 575U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense

Council, Inc., 646, 793, 840UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 549UAW v. Michigan, 236UMWA v. Clinchfield Coal Co., 1011United Brotherhood of Carpenter Joiners

Local 1976 v. NLRB, 783, 1130United Federation of Postal Clerks v.

Blount, 678United Mine Workers Health and Retire-

ment Funds v. Robinson, 174United Mine Workers of America v. Basin

Cooperative Services, 1041United Paperworkers Int’l Union v.

Misco, Inc., 427United States Postal Service v. NLRB, 722United States v. Alfred Felix Alwyn Krupp

von Bohlen and Halbach, 1189United States v. Bibbs, 93–94United States v. Booker, Rollins, 91United States v. Broughton, 88United States v. Carl Krauch, 1188United States v. Carolene Products Co.,

96United States v. City of New York, 118United States v. Darby, 151United States v. DeFries, 827United States v. Drum, 1025United States v. Enmons, 826United States v. Friedrich Flick, 1188United States v. Gaskin, 88United States v. Horak, 829United States v. Ingalls, 93–94United States v. Matta-Ballesteros, 1184United States v. Mendenhall, 464United States v. Montoya de Hernandez,

466United States v. Moorman, 936United States v. Olson, 829United States v. Reynolds, 88

United States v. Robel, 468United States v. Rosenwasser, 152United States v. Shackney, 94United States v. Silk, 126, 129, 153United States v. Smith, 1191United States v. Taketa, 494United States v. Turkette, 828United Steelworkers of America v.

Auchter, 299United Steelworkers of America v.

American Mfg. Co., 930United Steelworkers of America v.

Enterprise Wheel & Car Corp., 936United Steelworkers of America v. North

Star Steel Co., 1009United Steelworkers of America v.

Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co., 607,937

United Wild Rice, Inc. v. Nelson, 1098Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 591,

1055Usery v. Tamiami Trail Tours, Inc., 528Vaca v. Sipes, 175, 848, 850, 869–70, 872,

1004Varity Corp. v. Howe, 276Vega-Rodriguez v. Puerto Rico Telephone

Co., 492Vegelahn v. Guntner, 47, 56Verduzco v. General Dynamics, Convair

Div., 327Vernon Manufacturing Co., 882Vico Products Co., Inc. v. NLRB, 764Vincent v. State of California, 114Virginia Elec. & Power Co. v. NLRB, 772Vizcaino v. Microsoft Corp., 176Volt Information Sciences, Inc. v., Board

of Trustees of Leland Stanford JuniorUniv., 949

Wadsworth Building Co., 780Wagenseller v. Scottsdale Memorial

Hospital, 326Wagner v. City of Globe, 338Walling v. A.H. Belo Corp., 222Walling v. Portland Terminal Co., 152–53

xl TABLE OF CASES

Ward v. Westland Plastics, 524Wards Cove Packing Co., Inc. v. San

Antonio, 503Waters v. Churchill, 536Watkins v. Watkins, 114Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust, 504Watson v. Zep, 317Waverly-Cedar Falls Health Center, Inc. v.

NLRB, 141Weeks v. Southern Bell Tel. & Tel. Co.,

527Weiner v. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 333, 352,

365Weisser Optical v. NLRB, 877West Coast Hotel v. Parrish, 67Western Airlines, Inc. v. Teamsters, 171Wetherton v. Growers Farm Labor Assn.,

320, 325Wexler v. Greenberg, 1112Whalen v. Roe, 495Wheeler v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 342Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel v. USWA, 1068Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshall, 302Whitaker v. Bosch Braking System, 292Whitaker v. Town of Scotland Neck, 308White Lighting Co. v. Wolfson, 381White v. Westinghouse Electric Co., 541Whittmer v. Peters, 532Wholesale Produce Supply Co. v.

Teamsters, 426Wieman v. Updegraff, 442Wiley v. Int’l Ass’n of Machinists and

Aerospace Workers, 166Wilkinson v. Times Mirror Corp., 472Wilko v. Swan, 933Williams v. General Motors Corp., 541

Wilmar, Inc. v. Liles, 1095Wilson v. Southwest Airlines, 525Wiltsie v. Baby Grand Corp., 338Wimberly v. Labor and Indus. Relations

Comm., 271Windward Shipping, Ltd. V. American

Radio Assn., 1137Winter v. Houston Chronicl Publishing

Co., 326Wirtz v. Construction Survey

Cooperative, 150Wisconsin Dept. of Industry v. Gould,

397Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 442Withers v. Teachers Retirement System of

the City of New York, 1028Woelke & Romero Framing, Inc. v.

NLRB, 784Wood v. Duff-Gordon, 333Woodland Park Hospital, 841Woodson v. Rowland, 308Woolley v. Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., 348Worley v. Wyoming Bottling Co., Inc.,

366Wright & Seaton, Inc. v. Prescott, 1161Wright Line, 591–93, 597, 623, 707, 723,

725, 770, 1175Wyandotte Savings Bank v. Retail Store

Employees Union, 843Yaindl v. Ingersoll-Rand Co., 390Yartzoff v. Democrat-Herald Pub. Co.,

375Yellow Taxi Co. of Minneapolis v. NLRB,

133Yordamlis v. Florida Industrial

Commission, 268Zap v. United States, 477

TABLE OF CASES xli