work on sports and patriotism

5/28/2018 Work on Sports and Patriotism

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UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA

FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

TOPIC

PATRIOTISM AND INTERNATIONAL SPORTS

FIESTA

A TERM PAPER

PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE COURSE: GSP 101

( USE OF ENGLISH)

BY

ONUOHA RAMSEY CHIBUZOR

REG NO:2013/

LECTURER: MR.W.O UGWUAGBO

MARCH, 2014


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TITLE PAGE

PATRIOTISM AND INTERNATIONAL SPORTS

FIESTA


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DEDICATION

To Almighty God


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I humbly wish to acknowledge my lecturer and all the members of my familyfor their advice and support in my academic pursuit.


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PREFACE

The write up is divided into four chapters, chapter one is the introduction

followed by definition of terms. The focus of chapter two is on patriotic spirit

during international sporting fiesta, it focused on players, patriotism, chapter three

is an examples of patriotism and international sporting events using Olympic

games as an example. While chapter four is the summary and conclusion.


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TABLE OF CONTENTSTITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................................................................... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................ iii

PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. iv

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................................................................ 2

1.1.1 Sports ........................................................................................................................................... 2

1.1.2 International Sports Fiesta .............................................................................................................. 3

CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 5

PATRIOTISM AND INTERNATIONAL SPORTS FIESTA .................................................................................... 5

2.1 Patriotism In International Sporting Event ......................................................................................... 5

Popular events like the football World Cup and other international sporting occasions are essential in

easing international tensions and releasing patriotic emotions in a safe way........................................... 5

2.2 Patriotic Emotions During International Sports Fiesta...................................................................... 6

2.3 Players, patriotism, and politics at the ancient Olympic Games......................................................... 6

CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 10

EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL SPORTS FIESTA AND PATRIOTISM ............................................................ 11

3.1 Olympics and Patriotic Spirit ................................................................................................................ 11

3.2 Economic and social impact on host cities and countries................................................................. 12

CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 14

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 14

4.1 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 14

Patriotism has been long been a key factor in international sportsathletes arent just competing for

their own satisfaction but for the glory of their country. ........................................................................ 14

4.2 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 15


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CHAPTER ONE

1.0INTRODUCTION

According to Gibson,( 2010). sport is all forms of usuallycompetitivephysical activity

which through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability

and skills while providingentertainment to participants, and in some cases, spectators. Hundreds

of sports exist, from those requiring only two participants, through to those with hundreds of

simultaneous participants, either inteams or competing as individuals.

Sport is generally recognised as activities which are based in physical athleticism or

physical dexterity, with the largest major competitions such as the Olympic Games admitting

only sports meeting this definition, and other organisations such as the Council of Europe using

definitions precluding activities without a physical element from classification as sports.

However, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition asmind sports.

The International Olympic Committee (through ARISF) recognises both chess and bridge as

bona fidesports, andSportAccord,the international sports federation association, recognises five

non-physical sports, although limits the amount of mind games which can be admitted as

sportsSports are usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair

competition, and allow consistent adjudication of the winner. Winning can be determined by

physical events such as scoringgoals or crossing a line first, or by the determination of judges
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athleticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexterityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_IOC_Recognised_International_Sports_Federationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportAccordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportAccordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_IOC_Recognised_International_Sports_Federationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexterityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athleticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition


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who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, including objective or subjective

measures such as technical performance or artistic impression, (Gibson, 2010). "

1.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.1.1 Sports

The precise definition of what separates a sport from other leisure activities varies

between sources. The closest to an international agreement on a definition is provided by

SportAccord, which is the association for all the largest international sports federations

(including association football, athletics, cycling, tennis, equestrian sports and more), and is

therefore the de factorepresentative of international sport.

SportAccord uses the following criteria, determining that a sport should: have an element of

competition

be in no way harmful to any living creature not rely on equipment provided by a single supplier (excluding proprietary games such as

arena football)

not rely on any "luck" element specifically designed into the sport

They also recognise that sport can be primarily physical (such as rugby orathletics), primarily

mind (such as chess or go), predominantly motorised (such as Formula 1 or powerboating),

primarily co-ordination (such as billiard sports), or primarily animal-supported (such as

equestrian sport). There has been an increase in the application of the term "sport" to a wider set
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportAccordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerboatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerboatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportAccord


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of non-physical challenges such as electronic sports, especially due to the large scale of

participation and organised competition, but these are not widely recognised by mainstream

sports organisations.

"Sport" comes from theOld French desportmeaning "leisure", with the oldest definition

in English from around 1300 being "anything humans find amusing or entertaining".Other

meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling; hunting; and games

and diversions, including ones that require exercise. Roget's defines the noun sport as an

"activity engaged in for relaxation and amusement" with synonyms including diversion and

recreation.(Buchanon, 2006).

1.1.2 International Sports Fiesta

International sports fiesta is defined as a physical activity involving large muscle

groups, requiring strategic methods, physical training and mental preparation and whose

outcome is determined within a framework, by skill not chance. Sports occur in an organised

structured and competitive environment where a winner is declared. 'Mind sports' is defined as a

game of mental skill, where training of muscles and skill in controlling them offer insignificant

advantage, and mental abilities are paramount. International and regional sports events are

defined as events that involve a sporting competition between teams, associations and / or

individuals representing at least a minimum of three (3) countries. These events include both

sports and mind sport activities. Cultural, Arts and Lifestyle Event Festivals, including music,

dance, comedy, fashion, visual arts, multi arts, culinary arts, heritage, ethnic and multicultural

performances and commercial music festivals. Performing arts, including theatre, musicals,

opera, ballet, classical and contemporary music and cross disciplinary performances. Event
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_sports


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Types International Events An international event: Generates significant direct economic, social,

and cultural, benefits to the country. Attracts a significant proportion of international participants

and spectators. Has national significance outside of the region in which it is being run. Generates

significant international media coverage in markets of interest including. The benefits that can be

realised from hosting international events include: Direct benefits such as the creation of

additional tourism revenue, new business opportunities, international exposure for country, the

enhancement of our reputation as a major events destination, (Charles,2002)

1.2 Definition of Patriotism

Cooper-Chen(2005) defined patriotism as a cultural attachment to one'shomeland or devotion

to one's country, although interpretations of the term vary with context,geography and

philosophy.It is a related sentiment tonationalism.Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence

to anational religion (acivil religion or even atheocracy). This is the opposite of theseparation

of church and state demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as

similar and opposed forces.Michael Billig andJean Bethke Elshtain have both argued that the

difference between patriotism and faith is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of

the one doing the labelling
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Billighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bethke_Elshtainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bethke_Elshtainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Billighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland


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CHAPTER TWO

PATRIOTISM AND INTERNATIONAL SPORTS FIESTA

2.1 Patriotism In International Sporting Event

Popular events like the football World Cup and other international sporting occasions are

essential in easing international tensions and releasing patriotic emotions in a safe way.



Patriotism is something that involves patriotic emotions, feeling and actions of people

who love his native land and are proud of it. Even though it is considered as a positive feature,

sometimes it causes to negative situations such as arguing, discorting among residents of

different countries. Nowadays the solution of this problem is the subject of discussion, for

example, some people think that worldwide events like the football World Cup, Olympic Games

and other international sporting occasions are essential in easing international tensions and

releasing patriotic emotions in a safe way. I totally agree with this statement but before drawing

a quick conclusion, it needs to be discussed.( Paul ,2002)


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2.2 Patriotic Emotions During International Sports Fiesta

In my opinion, the major function of international events is to assemble people from different

countries with various nationalty all over the world in one place for racing. In such famous

competitons the winners are always estimated for their personal qualities such as strength, force

or other abilities, not depending on their nationality. For instance, sportsmen from the enemy

countries forget their national problems with each other and concentrate only on competition and

to my mind, this way is absoluetly effective for releasing patriotic emotions and make stable

atmosphere. Although the number of the pros of international competitions is remarkebly more,

it is an undeniable fact that sometimes there can be some qwarrels, most times among the fans of

different teams. (Eassom, 1994)..

node 33240

2.3 Players, patriotism, and politics at the ancient Olympic Games

Patriotism has been long been a key factor in international sportsathletes arent just

competing for their own satisfaction but for the glory of their country. And this uneasy

relationship isnt just a modern affair, politics has had a huge role in sports since the ancient

Olympic Games.

For starters, you think its the taking part that counts, rather than the winning? Well, in

ancient Greece even just turning up was politically influential. The ruling classes of Greek cities

sought to attend the major athletic contests not only to watch the games, but also to engage in


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politics at a personal or state level. The attendance, and above all the wealth, of each citys

official delegation served as propaganda for community identity and interstate rivalry.

For example, after his election as general in Athens, prominent Athenian statesman

Alcibiades attended the 416 bce Olympic Games with the richest delegation so far. He also

rented seven charioteers and entered all his seven quadrigas in the chariot race of the Olympic

Games, winning the three first prizes and breaking the Spartan domination of the event. A few

months later, Alcibiades exploited his Olympic victories politically in the Athenian popular

assembly to gain support for his views in favour of the expedition against the powerful city of

Syracuse in Sicily.

There were also cases, however, in which a resplendent official representation achieved

exactly the opposite of what it was intended to do. In seeking to increase his fame among all the

Greeks, the tyrant of Syracuse, Dionysius I, sent a brilliant delegation to Olympia, including

rhapsodes to give public readings of his poems in order to win glory as a poet. At first, this

glamorous presence aroused the curiosity and admiration of the spectators. But as soon as the

rhapsodes began to read Dionysiuss very bad poetry, the audience began to laugh and mock

him. The Athenian orator Lysias urged the crowd not to accept the emissaries of a tyrant,

whereupon many of the spectators drove the Syracusans from Olympia.

Another very powerful means of exercising political influence at the Olympic Games was

via the emergence of victors. This need, however, often led ancient cities to use methods that

were not entirely legitimate.


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The athletes from Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, won twelve victories out of

twenty-seven Olympiads in the most important contest, the speed race. Modern scholars have

tried to interpret this phenomenon as manufacturing winners by using advanced diet and

training methods, like East Germany in the modern period. Others, however, see strong

circumstantial evidence that these Western Greeks recruited athletes from other cities and paid

them handsomely, (Eassom, 1994)..

The great desire for victory occasionally led the athletes themselves to indulge in

illegitimate practices. In 332 bce, the pentathlete Callippus was caught bribing his opponents.

The Athenians, refusing to pay the exorbitant fine, reacted by using a measure that resembles

events at the modern Olympiads of Moscow and Los Angeles: they threatened to boycott the

games and not send any athletes.

The games also played an important political role in the recognition of Greekness,

since only Greeks originally had the right to take part. For example, at the beginning of the fifth

century, King Alexander I of Macedonia decided to take part in the Olympic Games. Some of his

rivals sought to exclude him, arguing that only Greek athletes, not barbarians, were allowed to

enter. Alexander was able to prove that he was Greek through tracing his genealogy back to

Heracles, and was allowed to participate. This was of great political significance, since this

instance was the first time that Macedonia was accepted as part of the Greek world. Now that

Macedonia was established as part of Greece, Alexander the Great set about disseminating Greek

culture by starting athletic contests in all the lands he conquered.


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The Romans, on the other hand, looked upon athletic contests, with the exception of

chariot races, as an inferior activity. Several emperors supported the games, however, realising

that one of the best ways to control the various peoples in their vast empire was develop existing

institutions of a cohesive character.

In 212 bce, for example, Roman citizenship was granted to all inhabitants of the empire.

This meant that all the great athletes of the Mediterranean acquired the right to compete at the

Olympics, investing the games with a new, very important value: ecumenism.

As you can see, the Olympic Games have had an intense political character throughout their

1200 year long history. After all, there is a reason the games is the longest living institution of

civilization in the history of mankind!

Solidarity, fair play, and globalismthese utopian buzzwords are closely associated with the

Olympic games and the Olympic spirit that the games seek to uphold. The Olympic Charter

even defines the games as competitions between individuals and team events and not between

countries the goal is to celebrate athletic excellence, not to stroke national egos. But, like it or

not, the Olympics have long been a catalyst for intense patriotism, particularly when viewed

through the lens of national media coverage. Is this patriotism in media coverage compatible

with or antithetical to the purpose of the Olympics? (Wade, 2007). "

Last week, the sports news website Deadspin published an article analyzing NBCs Tuesday

night Olympic coverage they found that the United States accounted for 46.5% of all

participant mentions during the broadcast. The United States only won two of the 24 medals


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handed out on Tuesday and none of the gold medals, yet NBC chose to devote nearly half of its

coverage that day to American athletes. In a follow up article on Thursday Deadspin reported

similar trends in CBC coverage of Canadian athletes and BBC coverage of British competitors.

This nationalistic media focus makes a lot of sense on a commercial levelpatriotism sells.

Successful Olympic athletes often become celebrities in their home countries and bankable stars

for commentators to focus on. NBC is strategic to center their Olympic reporting on Shani Davis

and Sean Whitenames that are far more recognizable to American viewers than the

Netherlands Stefan Groothuis and Switzerlands Iouri Podladtchikov, despite the fact that

Groothuis and Podladtchikov beat Davis and White to the gold in Sochi. Most Olympic viewers

want to see and hear about athletes from their own countries, particularly when they come from

countries with a large delegations competing in the games like Canada, the United States, and

Russia in the Sochi Olympics. It can be argued that nationalistic Olympic reporting is simply

giving viewers what they want. (Findling ,2004)

CHAPTER THREE


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EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL SPORTS FIESTA AND PATRIOTISM

3.1 Olympics and Patriotic Spirit

The Olympics are a bit of a sports peculiarity in that they are comprised of sports

oddities. Think about it; when was the last time you watched a swim meet, amateur wrestling or

gymnastics? Unless youre the parent of a high school student, your answer is probably the last

time the Olympics were on. And those arent even close to the most esoteric competitions

curling, a sport widely mocked by most everyone who isnt Canadian, is an Olympic sport. But

when it comes to the Olympics, we watch anyway.What makes us tune in to watch sports we

dont ordinarily give a moments thought? In a word, patriotism. Well, vicarious patriotism. We

dont really care about what the competition is, we just know we want to win. We want the

glory, even if it isnt ours. We want that vicarious thrill of victory and superiority that can only

come from sitting on a couch watching people we dont know try to beat other people we dont

know at some sport weve heard of twice in our lives. We feel that way about almost all sports,

but the Olympics magnifies this beyond any other sporting event, except the World Cup.

In a sense, the Olympics are a substitute for other forms of international conflict, or at least

another form of it. The United States never engaged in warfare with the Soviet Union, but

vigorously competed against them in the Olympics. Theres a reason the Miracle on Ice is so

famous, and its not just because the United States were substantial underdogs. Girginov, 2005)

But at the same time, the Olympics are not war or a battle for economic superiority. They

dont have real consequences. Its a form of conflict we can invest ourselves in, knowing that


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the worst thing that could happen isnt really so bad. When we win, we can say we won

something that epitomizes the human spirit and the resiliency of our nation. When we lose, we

can brush it off by saying its just sports. Today, with egregious political divides, increasing

inequality, and international uncertainty as a result of the economic crisis, it wont hurt totake a

little time and distract ourselves with something that has the potential to lift spirits, not dash

them. (Schaffer, 2000).

This is why we watch the Olympics. Its why a man deadlifting 1,000 pounds with the aidof unpronounceable drugs that are 14 syllables long and wont be detectable for another

five years, is suddenly the measure of that mans character and the strength of his

country; not just a rather absurd and relatively uninteresting spectacle. And I think thats

great.

3.2 Economic and social impact on host cities and countries

Many economists are skeptical about the economic benefits of hosting the Olympic Games,

emphasizing that such "mega-events" often have large costs while yielding relatively few

tangible benefits in the long run. Conversely hosting (or even bidding for) the Olympics appears

to increase the host country's exports, as the host or candidate country sends a signal about trade

openness when bidding to host the Games Moreover, research suggests that hosting the Summer

Olympics has a strong positive effect on the philanthropic contributions of corporations

headquartered in the host city, which seems to benefit the local nonprofit sector. This positive

effect begins in the years leading up to the Games and might persist for several years afterwards,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy#Modern_vernacular_uses_of_the_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy#Modern_vernacular_uses_of_the_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy#Modern_vernacular_uses_of_the_word


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although not permanently. This finding suggests that hosting the Olympics might create

opportunities for cities to influence local corporations in ways that benefit the local nonprofit

sector and civil society. The Games have also had significant negative effects on host

communities; for example, the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions reports that the Olympics

displaced more than two million people over two decades, often disproportionately affecting

disadvantaged groups. The 2014 Winter Games in Sochi were the most expensive Olympic

Games in history, costing in excess of $50 billion. (Rose, 2011)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi


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CHAPTER FOUR

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Summary

Patriotism has been long been a key factor in international sportsathletes arentjust competing

for their own satisfaction but for the glory of their country.



Patriotism is something that involves patriotic emotions, feeling and actions of people

who love his native land and are proud of it..

In my opinion, the major function of international events is to assemble people from different

countries with various nationalty all over the world in one place for racing. In such famous

competitons the winners are always estimated for their personal qualities such as strength, force

or other abilities, not depending on their nationality..


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4.2 Conclusion

International sports fiesta offer something unique amongst major sporting events - the

opportunity to celebrate human sporting achievement on a global level. Fans of franchise and

college sports teams are often too wrapped up in the success and failure of their own team to

appreciate the athleticism and talent of their rivals. The Olympics are a rare chance to rise above

these biases and celebrate athletic achievement across domestic and international boundaries.


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REFERENCES

Gibson, Owen ( 2010). "Sainsbury's announces sponsorship of 2012Paralympics". The Guardian (London).

Buchanon, Ian; Mallon, Bill (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic

Movement. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press

Charles Blatberg, From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First,

Oxford University Press, 2000.

Cooper-Chen, Anne (2005). Global entertainment media. Mahwah, New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Eassom, Simon (1994). Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology. Ontario: The

Centre for Olympic Studies.

Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern

Olympic Movement. Westport CT: Greenwood Press..

Girginov, Vassil; Parry, Jim (2005). The Olympic Games Explained: A Student

Guide to the Evolution of the Modern Olympic Games. Routledge.

Paul Gomberg,(2002) Patriotism is Like Racism, in Igor Primoratz, ed.,

Patriotism, Humanity Books, 2002, pp. 105112.

Rose, A. K., & Spiegel, M. M. (2011). The Olympic Effect*. The Economic

Journal, 121(553), 652677.

Schaffer, Kay; Smith, Sidonie (2000). Olympics at the Millennium. New Jersey:

Rutgers University Press.

Wade, Stephen (2007). "No kidding: Teens to get Youth Olympic Games". USA

Today.


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Igor Primoratz, ed., Patriotism, Humanity Books, 2002.ISBN 1-57392-955-7. Daniel Bar-Tal and Ervin Staub, Patriotism, Wadsworth Publishing, 1999.ISBN 0-8304-1410-X. Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism, Oxford University

Press, 1997.

References[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573929557http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573929557http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573929557http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/083041410Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/083041410Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/083041410Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriotism&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriotism&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriotism&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriotism&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/083041410Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573929557


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