world english 2

www.elsolucionario.net


http://elsolucionario.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default

http://www.facebook.com/pages/EL-SOLUCIONARIO/185607668178277

http://twitter.com/#!/elsolucionario

http://www.elsolucionario.net/

NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC

H E I N L EC E N G A G E L e a r n i n g '

. l. al ì

Heinle ELT, a part of Cengage Learning, and National Geographic havepartnered to create English language learning materials which bring our worldand its different cultures to life. Through the new range oÍ titles created underthis initiative, we are together changing the way the world learns English.

Founded in 1888 to "inspire people to care about the planet", the NationalGeographic Society is one of the world! largest nonprofit scientific andeducational organizations. lt reaches more than 325 million people in morethan 34 languages through its magazines, books, T[ interactive media, maps,films, and music. Proceeds from these activities have funded more than 9,000scientific, conservation, and educational proiects around the world.

For more information on our National Geographic materials for learners ofEnglish, please visit elt.heinle.com/ng

Please also visit Nationalgeographic.com to learn more about how you canbecome involved with National Geographic.

National GeoBraphic's net proceeds support vital exploration,conservation, research, and education programs.


Scope and Sequence IVvi

21 2

3848

Get to Know YourWorldl

Unit 1 r-ood from the EarthVideo.Journal

Unit 4 The BodyVideo -iou rnal

Unit 7 LuxuriesVideo Journa

Unit 8 NatuVideo

Unit 9 Life inVideo

Unit 10 Travel

the Past

JOUrna

Journal

Video Journal

74B4

8696

98'108

1 1 0120

1 2 2132

134144

1461 5 0152

Unit l1 CareersVìdeo Journal

Unit 12 Celebrat ionsVídeo Journal

GlossarySki l s IndexCredÌts

Contents ii i


. Compare what peopleusua ly do w th whattheyare dorng now

. ldentify re!l onal staple foods

.Talk about traditlonafam y diShes

. Understand how a regionalfood becomes anintefnat ona dish

Verb tense Íeviewl\ mô ê nrê<ênr Ìên(ê

v5. pre5entcontìnuou5 tenseI eat n.e evety d]y.She'scooking frsh now.

Slmple past tense(Íegu ar and Ìrregu ar)

We leorned haw to

Geographlcaregions

C imate

Food staples

Focused isten ngAn lnterv ew:

rice faÍming

Comparlngt l F fp ron t renrnn<

discusslnq theÌrc Ìrnate andtheiÍ food

Linking sounds:finalconsonantfo owed by aVOWEI

'A 5 ce oÍ H story"

RespondÌng toan ema i l

. Communicate with peop etrom dlffeÍent cultures

. l\,4ake small talk wÌth newPeoPle

. Use sn'ìal ta k to b/edk the lce

. Learn how pÍofessionalsDreaktne rce

P r o c o n t n o r É o r t t o n c o

Hehastrcveled tomanycaunttìes.

Signa words: already,evet, yet

Haveyau ever seena gircfíe?

CultuÍe,comÌÌun caton,

Smal l ta lk

Listeninq for generaunqerslanotng

Conversatlonslsmal l ta lk

Ta klng about whatyou have ornaven t done

N4ak ng sma ta k

Have at hosvs.contractlons

"T: t ôô P, . t rê< ôF

the World"

WrÌting opÌnìons

. DesciÌbe youÍ city or town

. Expla n what rfakes a goodnelghborhood

. Di5cLrss an action p an

. ivla ke predictions aboutc t es rì the í!ture

Future with rìli //The city will be cleanet.

144// + time c ausesl'll check out theneÌghborhood beforet rena an qpattment.

Maps

Genera andfocused listen ng

A radio intervÌew:laÍdin NoÍìade ÌnParls

Discussinq good

n a neighbofhood

Pred ct ng thefuture ofcÌties

Emphatic stre5s

"lúeqacitles"

Writlng a paragraph

. Discuss ways to stay healthy

.Ta k about l i festyles

. Suggest helpfulnaÌura remedteS

. Understand how geÍmsafÍect lhe body

Revlew of comparatlves,SUpenaIrves, anoequative5

The skin ìs the body'slargestar?an.

nfinitÌve of purposeYau can drÌnktea wÌthhoney to help asorethroat.

f luman oÍgan5

Parts ofthe body

Everyday ailments

Focused listening

A doctoÍ'sappointment

Talkìng about foodand ingredientsare gooo roÍ you

Suggesting easyremed esLinklng wlthcomparatives and5Uper atrve5

"Tiny nvaders'

Writing an excusefor a sick child

.Ta k aboLrÌ faclÌrq chal leni les

. Reflect on pasiaccom p/i5hl.n eÍì ts

. Use foo arìd enouqh to ta kabout abi t es

. Describe a personal cha lenqe

( mô ê ô>< i Ìê .<ê \ / (

. > r l r ô ô i ô r ô r ( Ì ê n ( ê

We were eatìnqd Ì n n e r v't hen you called.

Enough, not enouylh, too+ adlecl ve

He wÕs old enough to

Phy5icaland rnentalcna renge5

Phrasa l ve rbs

unders tandÌng

An interview:Jenny Da try,herpeto o!l ist

Discussingcnn ienge5

Talking aboutabiÌit ies

Words that end ln-ed

'Arctic DÍeam! andN ght.fìares

Wrlt ng a journalentry

. Use the s mp e pasttense and^xr ôêÍô.i +ô^.. r^ t. L

about mllestones in your lìfe. ïalk about the best age to

do something ln your l i íe. l lse horv questions to get

more inforrnatlon. Describe an inìportant

tÍansit on in vour lfe

5lmple past tense vs.present peffect tense

I lived alone ìn 2005.I've lived alone farítve years now.

How + adjective oradverb

Howtoll is he?

Adj,.ctlves for age:youthful, chÌldÌsh,matute

Genera landiocused isteninqA radio prograrn:healthy tìps froman Oklnawancentenarian

Ta kÌng aboutthing you did

D scuss ng thebest age for l i íetÍan5rtrton5

è sound

"Comlng oíAge theApache Way"

Writing a paÍagraphto describe a l ifeIranSrflon


Unit Goals

. Exp aln how we getuxury rleanS

. Talk about needs and wants

. Discuss what rnakes peop e'sveS Ìletter

. Eva uate the way advertlslngcfeates deslre lor products

Prê(ê . Ì ô ì<( vê \ ,ô i .ê

lewehy is gìven asa gìft.

Pàssive voice with by(present tense)

ThÌs blousewas madeby welLpa 1 workers

Luxury tern5

mpo|t/exportitems

Past particlp es olrrregurar verD5

Focused istenlfg

Discussions:the wor dflower market

Discussing uxufiesand nece55 t e5

Ta king aboLrtlmpÍoving youÍ l i fe

Sentence stress:CONICNI VS.

TUNCT OI WOTOS

"Per fu rne :TheEssence oí l l usion"

Wr tlng amagazÌ|,ìe ad

. Use conditionals to ta kabout realsìtuations

.Ìa1k about possiblefuture sìtuations

. Describe what animals do

. GÌve your opinion about aprob em in nature

Realconditiona s in thefuture

tomorraw l'llcallyou.

Quantifiers (Íeview)Rqccoon5eotmanydìfferent kìnds affood.

Nouns andadjectives todescribe animals

Adverbs of manner

Listening for generaÌunderstanding andfor specificinforrnation

A radÍo program:the b uefin tuna

'Return oftheGray Wo f'

WÍit ing a paragÍaphto give an oplnion

Ro e-playing topÍomoteenvironnnentalacÜon to maKeoceans sustainab e

Phrases inSentenceS

. Discuss l ife in the past

. Talk about yourgfandparents' dal y ves

. Compare past ãnd presentways oígettÌng thlngs done

. Consider the Ìmpact ofthe

Used ta/waul(1Notive Ameicansused to maketheÌlshoes autaÍ deerskin.

P À ( Ì . : < ( v ê v ^ . ê

lglao5werebuiltwìth blacks of ice.

ActÌvlt les andartifacts

ndian innovations

Separab epnrasa veTDS

Focused andgeneral l istenÌng

An inteÍview:àr .hàêô lôô i ( t (

excavation

Discusslng daily l i fen tne past basedon archaeologicaldlscoveries

ReductÌon oí usedto

"The Co urÌrbÌanExchange"

WrÌt ng a lournaentÍy of I fe in anirìag nary wofld

. Talk about preparations fora trip

. Talk about d fferent kindsofvacatÌons

. Use Eng ish at the alrport

. Discuss the pros and consoftourism

l\,4odals of necessityI must make oreservatìon.

[.4oda]s of prohib tionYou must not tqkeptctures nete.

Travel prepaÍations

Vacatlons

At the airport

Listenìng forgeneralunderstandingConversations:

vacations

Planning a dreamvacation

Making your waythrough the airpoft

Reduction ofhdveto, hos to, got to

"TouÍlsts orTrees?"

Writing a paragraphabout the positiveirnpact oftourism

. Discuss careef choice5

. Ask and answerjob Íelated questions

. Talk about career plannlng

. dentify career qua incations

[/]odals for g vlng advic..You should choosea career thatíltsyourpetsanalty

l nãêÉn i Ìê ô rônô n<

Evetyone in theaudìence wos laughinq.

Career decisìons

Part iclplaladlect ves

Llstenlng lor generaunderstanding

An lnterview:a ÍestauÍantowner inTha iand

Role play ng jobNTCTV CWS

nlonal on nquestlons

"l\ ,4aÍ a Fadiman:Ethnobotanist"

Fl inq out a dferm

fob questionnaire

. Describe a festlva

. Coríìpare holidays indifFerent countries

. Talk about personalce ebrations

. ShaÍe holiday traditions

NewYeqt'5 i5 asexctttng osNational Day.

Wauld ratherld rqther h1ve abÌg party.

FestÌvals andno Loays

Greetings íorce eDral|ons

ListenÌng íorgeneraland specificÌnformation

Discussions:ocalcelebrationsor holidays

CorrparlngdifferenttnreTnaÌtonaceteoraI|ons

Question intonat onwith l ists

"StartÌng aNew Traditlon"

Writing asubstantiatedoprn on


I

iI Nubia, Egypt

In the south of Egypt,a wedding lasts for5even days and sevennights. Join the party!Nubion Weddìn9

) . . . .


VocabularyA. Read part of a trave b oq.

This ls my f i rst v is i t to Argent ina. t 's a wonderful placelThe peop e are fr iendlyand the meals are de ic ious from my mornlng coffee to my d nn-^r ln theô ô i 9 h ô s t a p l e f o o d s r d í ê r ô p o r . o ' t L o o u d " p ^ d p { t " ' ,geography and cl imate. For exampìe, ìn the northeast, the and s f lat ancl theÂêo- ô . ot "no humid, Farmers êre O'o^ o ol ol ' i . r cr

. , ! , , L + - t ' t - , [ l , t o l ^ , i ^ l h d ,

Íeoton edl -€ o l t ì - ro t Ê\€r \ oa" . VVÌ . ì€cL oí ìo orn oto^/ ̂ e I n Lne coo e l (e ' lTà' ' + + í r ; ] o o , ^ r 1 - Ê o o o o ê o d o r o o a \ d . | - ; i o r t a i:ï "ï;": :ï^ " :: ï :"; j "' l: :i"lïï ,'"ïi"" i,i" J e;;i[lïll' Ì 'âi i i ' r : ì ts 'r ï '

o n " l r , h t a o t ê , r d . L . ê p d r ê r " i g y ' . t . . r . i r m o u n t a i n o u s ê g o n

ot A reent na wçrl *'l, r.laro ÌÈ€$!!r6'iü ii !ôÁl t'r.H as grapes for wlne, on sma Iareasof f la t and ca edteÌ Ìaces.Al o f these d i f ferent reqlons and d i f ferent foodsm o ^ e A r o e n L i n " a o r € o - t ì o e l o r L t o . e l e r

B. Wrl te the words ln blue next to the correct rneanings.I

, , r . l ' . / . breakfast, lunch, and dinner. \ t . , ( I i . ;

'1 . very Ìmportant foods - ' ,

t ncnnl ' . r lhn nrnr l rc fonr l

n ' - t " ' '

4.

3 .

Simple present tenseI eat rice

She cooks fish

They bake bread

We have fruit lorbreakfast

B. descr ibes an area withm o u n t a l n s l r . ' , , l - : , i , t i . 'crescf lDeS an area(neEr tne

ocean ec r , ' , ï 4 . . L . . i . , r ' , '

descr i l les an area wlthoutmountalns .]\ \ rr

-!

9.'10.

.

l ) .

Present continuous tense'm eating rlce

She's cooking fish

They're baking bread

We're having mangosfor breakfast

a arge area -!ì.- t +iì ""normal weather puftãriìr "'{. ,,.,,.., .í

t i( ! i r \ \

t . - , ji \ , ,

| + ,, t ' ' ;

5 plants grown for food

6 l hê < ï r dv n f l hp c r r r f r r p

of the ear th ( !c ì {1 i ' , i \

Grammar: Simple present ïense vs" presentcontinuous tense

*We use the sirnp e present tense to ta k about hablts and things that aTe a ways true.*We use the present continuous tense to ta k about things that are happening now

grassy areas,1r .in.in.,r:

4 Fü{ìd çíom t}ìe Eêrth

now.


A. Co.rplete the parag'ap". Use' l -ê \ 'nple p 'ese-t o 'prê\ê. ìrcont lnuous form ofthe verb Ìn parentheses.

My name -i-..\ (be) ce ia Rojas, and -Q-r uí l v e ) i n M e x L o C . v . H ê ' e n V ì e { i c o , c o r n _ r - t d

( O e )

a staple food. I\4anv l\,4ê ( r d^ psople . a-o.rí (eatr t o,-ro't la: eve'y day. Right ̂ ow, lìyA\-QÌúnA',ryorf ) in tne

k:rchen wiLh .y .",otne,. w" vn:ho-ìSa^e) ercl'i ladas

out of tort l l las, chicken, and chi le sauce. Our rnain mea ofthe dayli (be) not in the evenlng. We usually . La;ï (eat) [ ' ì Lh iddès w th g ' ec^ r - h , . . , 3L r6s .n i çc

o'ack 1

at around two thÌrty or three ln the afternoon.

l l B.Take turns with a partner doing the fol lowing.

1. Tel your partner what you usual ly eat for breakfast and unch. (Use the slmplepresent tense.)

2. Tel l your partner three things people you know are doÌng r ight now. (Use thepresent cont in uous tense.)

2

ConversationA. C ose your book and lÌsten to the conversation. What do Juìie's

cousÌns usua ly eat?

Tom: What are you doÌngrJulie: L'm lookÌng at pictures from my vacatÌon.Tom: Oh, can I see? Where did you gol * ' ^ . r {"g(o." l lJulie: lvisìted my cousins in the south. l!5yçIy,fle$1"ìere. No

most of the vear.

r ô l - ]

' - c 4^ ô" !1 t \ ' r \ \ { i : ' ' r ' , ' r

Àu).Ânf,r- ct-t'rctj.cfu 1 cti\t cr-i-

mountains or hÌlls, Qlìd its pretÌy dry for (i)\:

Tom: What about food? What do vour cousins usual lv eat?Julie: -[,1ìeals are very simple there. lt'sibasically meat and potatoes and a ot of vegetab es. But they grow

1\.\.rÕ I (). \\ìC\: ^_4-wneËì evç_.ll\,!!çlg So pastd ,) oecom nq oooular.

Tom: -

hdt \o-nds gooo ' i l lc '

Julie: Yes, I reallv like the food there.

|l B. Practice the conversation wÌth a partner. Switch ro es and practice it again.ú ' í e \ ï r u r l , ' , { , - . ì . )

. . t ^ - '

Talk to a partner. What do people usually eat where you live? Then pretend it's a specialday or holiday. What are people eating rlght nÕw?

Lesson A 5


|rListeningA. DÌscuss these questions with a partner.

L Where do farmers grow rice?2. Why do they grow Ìt there?

B. [isten to the ìntervÌew of a rìce farmer. Circle the correct leÌter.

Who is the interviewer talking to7a. a restaurant ownerI a rice farm-.rc. a news reponerWhat s happenir.g in rl.e rce padqyroday?

'

a: Peoole are ourt inq r ice Dlants in the qround.'c_- -:. a ^1O^

b. People are plan Ling-ídèds'iir' Lhe ground.r p ê ô n l ê : ' ê l ê l l i n n \ ^ / , 1 ê r i n l ^ r t - - _ ^ J !\ . , ! v P ' L L i L ' L " ' e . r c r L c p o u u y . -

What kind of clÌmate does rice need?a. hot and dry

E warm and wetc. coo and humid

rrait r-r T

3 .

, ..ri I"",-n-1o.,uJ..tom .. f \..,rü.^rc'i .-

.! , ,, ,. ---, . -ú l

A A woman works in a rice paddyin TaÌwan.

(Íops.

{a3r^Ár;,,5 e.ú'/,u.,,r,p(rnJ"rg "^

P(l cr\-\ t'rl\c"À

Farmers raise 4:... _ Z(Íops or grow

Do you think farmeÍsand scÌentists need tofind ways to lncreasefood productÌon?why?

ô C. LisLen agair ard answer the que\t ion\

,,Loï. 1 . Why doesn't the rice Íarmer plant seeds llke other tarmers?

4. What happens to the rice plants after they're dry?

..- *., n^,.-1^

^ , it\[vìrY,,\ '..j{.(,2 how s tne ratn la rnts vear l

3. What happõi ú-the úater in the rice paddy after the rice p ants grow?

A A Welsh fisherman rakes the sand to harvest small shellfish.

6 Food From the Earth . prr i$" '- v(,"r ' \c (\GÌ\-uc. ; , ' ' t . .oL[ 'e ]q, ,

9.,- i-.t \ r\t 1:c1..,,,. err!L'ïc. ce^1


orack 1

Communicat ionC.Talk wl ih a par iner about two dl f ferent regÌons in your

country. Descr ibe the and, the c imaie, and the food.

When a word ends in a consonant sound, and the next word startswith a vowel sound, the words are inked together.We cut the rice plants and clean them. We grow a lot of rice. r t ;

A. Llsten to the sentences. Not ice the pronu nciat lon of theunder ined words. Listen again and repeat the seftences.

L usua ly l ike a tomato wìth breakfast.

2. Staple foods are the rnoÍ important foods.

3. We're eat ing dÌnner now.4. Pau and ldon' t l lke f ish very much.

5. Farmers work on weekends and hol days.

6. Rain fal ls ln a l regions of the world.r ! \ ì ' !

il B. UnderlÌne the sounds that !ú pCetber fnen read the sentencestoa Par tne r . . 1 ) ì ] ( ' ì ' l r ( l 1 r - '

1. Ha en. loys pizza.2. Wheat bread Js very popu ar.' ' o rn q ro "v5 "ve l i Ve co .

t Í i r . ! r . \ : l

I . A l . ! - r dJ lo . ^ê ê " rdr , r . r i , ny aro i te l -nch.

- ! a

5. Mr f r iend i ea t no - ->hi ..-:1 .,

6. Dry grasslands are good p aces to raÌse anìma s.. 1 . ! ' , i ì ( ' , , . , ' L

'r/so"tz

Ta k to your partner about the staple loods ìn your region and your country. Give teasonswhy these foods are stap es.

Lesson B 7


.1r/l; Corn

I

\ Wheat

i\I

Language Expansion:Staple food crops( \ ( \ ì ( , ì

A. What do you know about staple food crops?Circ e T for true or F for false.

1. Potatoes are orÌginal y f rom South Amefica.2. ndÌa Ìsoneof theworlds argest producers of wheat.3. LentÌ ls are a kind of legume.4. Soy sauce is made from soybeans.5. Yucca grows under the ground.6. China is the world 's largest consumer oÍ r ice.

3 B. Tulk to u pa rtner. Which ol these sta p e foocls do you eat?

eat wneat bread

atmosi every oay

TTTTTT

FFFFFF

Potatoes

Grammar :S imp le

Simple past tenseWe learned how to make pizzaToo much 16in fsll t ,' ' r-,

ate sushi for the first time

' q ^ m o , , ô , h ( : . ô r ô ^ i r i ô Ì h ô ( ó ô l â

n : < Ì Ì ê ô ( ê T h F v h : v ê â ô - è / 1 ê ô . l i ô õ

arrive arr lved want wantedp ay - played need - needed

ask asked help he ped

past tense

yesterday.last Novemberin 2006.

"5ome verbs are irregular Ìn the<imnLê n ;< i iênsê Thêv h :vp

rnany different íoÍms.

See - 5aw Seno Sentear aÌe g ve - gavedr nk - drank take tookgo went fal - f,.l

8 Food From the Earth


A. Complete the conversat ion. Use the s mple pèst tense ofthe verbs in parentheses.

Te I me about yoursell Pedro.Wel , ove to t rave. Last year | { ' ,avú.tÀ ( t rave)toGreeceWowl You 1.rôì ï / ì Crêê.ê7

Yes, and | . - ' : (meet) my fr iend Vasi ys and h s fam ly rhere. They r

Gt o*) r . . . , . . ,na Ath"n, un. l í , , \ , . \ , , r . . ì úntrocluce) t" ,o tuny new foods.1 r ' 1 o u d i -

\ . r , . t . r " '

l ' / vo - l11ç êo r .ed-ooo. r à lo . o . " "o , -1

, , . ; , . dt ,; ,. \ ,- oo , .eo\'olo o à to. o.""o -1 ,,. ;, o n r c € o d q " p - " " ^ | ,

' b è ) ' d ' á i ' i o .

sef ) /o { Òwn, informat lon+ / - \ c ' - i ' ,

Mary:Pedro:MaÍy:Pedro:

Mary:Pedro:

Real Language

When we saysornethlng ls mrdefrom other th inqs,we're ta lk ing abouti ts. lngredlents.

oa c K I -5

on the f i rst day oÍ th is c lass, earnedo r l o : " -

n 2008, -t T ( L1 Cr-

ConversatíonA. Close your book and isten to the conversat ion. What is Albert eat lng?

What is Ìt made from?

AlbeÍt : You should try thls l lúy aunt made i t .Mary: Mmmm . . . Del Ìc iousLWhat ls i t7AlbeÍt : l ts caled couscous. l ts made from wheat.Mary: And what 's th is on top oÍ the couscous?Albert: Most y vegetables and some kind of sauce.Mary: low did your aunt learn to cook l t?Albert: Her great unc e rnarrÌed a woman from North Africa.

That's where cou5cous is from. They a ways ate it onspecla occasÌons.

MaÍy: What an interest lng fami y historylAlbert: Yeah, and a great famÌly recipe

i l B. Pract lce the conversat lon. Switch roles and pract lce i t again.^ North African couscous

'r/eo^rt

Te I your partner about a dish you know how to make. How did youearn to rna ke it?

Lesson C 9


{ ' r ' , t

ReadingA. Look at the t mel lne and i l Ìn the b anks.

'1 . N4any l ta ians moved to the Uni ted

3 .

5 .

StaÌes du r ing , :People first baked flat bread duringr - Ì , - ì . ! . i . , i .

Peop e n Nap es, taly, used hot avatq bake pizzas in , ' '

European exp ofers went to theAmericas dur ing L. |

- '

Lombardi 's pizza restaurant opened InNew Yor[. in ]

l= l B. FÌ l Ìn the blank with the correct word.

l . Stone Age people baked f lat bread onhot ir c clL:

z f ii,-F ",..,r*re

the Êrst people to

rD

3 .

4.

('ì\rcü

eat tomatoeS.At first, Europeans dldn't eat tomatoesbe.o ê the) lho-O '^L LL ô \ ^ô r

, . Í , . r , , , , -. J

11 NdDlec. o / / .r - tàt êl e0 L.L' | 1 t- n -

to heat rocks for their

,?ugrls; J fi.oç1;e, crrr - " ' l l , I r c - r ' n r 1 1 1 1 r ' - a 1 L ç

UnÌted States.

A Slice of HistoryWhat do you like on your pizza? Cheese? Tomatoes?

Pepperoni? People may disagree on their favorite ingredients,

but many people agree that pizza is â favorite food. Where and

when did people start making pizza? To find out, we have to

iioúredihe bal1er {4i'o rocks in theii çàmpÍìres. What they

got was a I ì t bread - the f i rsL pì / /a cru\1. In t ime. prehis tor ic

úul . r , t tu t r "d us lng the Í la t breacl as a p late. They puL o lher

food, l.rerbs, and spices on the bread. Then they atq 1t.' Over thé centúriis, tastes changed. ln the 1500i, European

expÌorers tried to {ìnd a better way td òâiÌ ïo Asia to buy spices.

Instead. thev found a wav to the Americas. NatiYe American

people in Peru, Centra l Amer ica, and Mexico enjoyed eat ing

tomatoes, but in Europe, people thought tomâtoes were

poisonous! With time, Europeans and other people discovered

the1500's

ll c.fa k to a partner. Make a list offoods thatare popu ar Ìn your country that peop ebroug ht f rom other countr les. Where didthese foods come from?

Peop e here eat a ot ofcuÍry. I think curfy cametronì IndÌa.

Communicat ionWork in a sma I group. lnvent a new Klndof przza lor Lombardl's restaurant. Youshou d alLagree on the toppings, thesauce, and the type of crust.

1O Food From the Earth

II l r r l l l lItheStoneAge

| | r r r l r r r r r r1830

r l l r l r I r l


f.,.1' ..1.1 .i. r ì ' ' ".

Lb, i \ q U Y i l a t t ^

:iìJt tomaloes were delicious and sale to eat. Cooks in Naoles^:n Italian city. began putting romatoe! &rãúaki;g âàr;fl.

' t"

PeopÌe ìn Naples didn't stop there, however. They took:notner'Ui'g ,iú\i,ì liizza history. the world's 6rst trLte pizza.nop opened in Naples in 1830. Cooking pizza in Naples

Ihey brought pizza with them. The first American pizzeriarr'as Lombardi's in New York Ciry It opened its doors in 1905.\ow pizza is one ofthe top three most popular U.S. foods. Of

I| l r r r r l I r lthe

present

Writing cf2; c{t 'g

Read the emall and write a response. Be sureto answer al the quest ions.

From: Ronald Ferguson

To: Q\ gto r.. c.a

Subject: He pl My students have somequestions for you.

lrIhsç,How is everything there? I hope you'redoing well, and I hope you can answeT somequestions írom my students. As you know, ourclass wÌll visit your country next month, and thestudents are askÌng me about the food. Hereare some oftheÌr questÌons:

What do peop e usua y eat for brea kfa st there?Do you have pizza and hamburger restaurants?Whdl dre somê r "d J iora l d i res wc e6r 11y7

-P tL ncr P4{s L l 'e e a 's iáp le 'dod ha . peopeeo lere yday?

what are sinre good things to eat for unchand d inner?

Ctad!Õ-ç , j l ! r - . i ! ' , r - . . Ì? Ì r ' !

Thank you very muchl I looKforward to our visltnext month. l\4aybe you can.join us íor a goodmeal .Your friend,Rona d

Subject: RE: Help! My students have some

,+

tÌìh4t

thelate

1800sTalk with a partner ls there a food frornyour regìon or country that is popular ínother countries? Why do you think thisfood is popular in other countrÌes?

\s3o\"1ctìd

Í.twstr{

From' (fe;r.ôr..ir.

To: Ronald Ferguson

t\c t\/.<n./ ç -

r ' í L ' +' ^-l-ì 1e

- r? rnLesson D rr {çh '


It

Before You WatchA.Wri te ea.h of the fol ìowing adject lves ln the approprrate column

B. Discuss the fol owlnl l quest ions wlth a partner.'1. What are some íoocls that have a very strong sme l?

2. After you prepare food w th a strong smeL inyourhome,how

can you qet r id of the odor?I I r ' ' '

\arlt c.r ott^

'12 Food From the Earth


While You Watch<. -ò A. Watch thevideo, ForbÌdden Frult. Match the people to the actions.

- l. Hotel staff D a. trv to brlno du rlan fruit into hotel

+ Í!crT:lïÍ\ a\ o .ooms.

2. totel.q,ests _(r- b. use a spec al nachire in :melly--#-Ì\éà-O{4-{- hotel roo^rs.

p. Hotel çieaning.staff b c. watch for people brlngrng rn{tt nG ,"v t -^ olit1. , d_rian f ruir.

U r n i t l ' ' . ^ . l - 1 ( \

B, Read thesummary of the video and fili Ìn the blanks wÌth words

tuìq1 [, q- coni\\ahqn &ÀiL

Video SummaryThe video looks at the problem of lh?5ffe!ê in Malaysian Borneo

a floating market

bringing smel ly dur ian frui t into their rooms. t presents the problem.

- - .9L\5 nrç-

in Lerms oÍ WarÍare. For examDle. d-r ian season is a seasonaÌ]-c*rts the rruit,nto tt.,.trïorns|it"

spÌes with secret information for a general. The hotels are on the_ of the dur ian - which means they are theones doino mosL of rhe f iohLino. The hoLel manaoers rnaintain a

r r FrJ(Clr 0 0 ̂ ,l

conSIanII f ìonlrno. lne notel manaoers TRarntarn awarcntno ano watTtno Tor anvone wtTn ou flan

fruÌt in their bags. And when a guest does get durian fruit past thehotel staff, there is a durian _, or an emergency situatÌon.

AfterYou WatchWrÌte a guide for tourists visiting your country.

1. DescrÌbe three foods that are popular in your culture,but that people from other cultures mìght find. l i c ô , , < i ì n ô n r ì n t n l a r r h l o

2. GÌve reasons why tourists shou d try those foods.

CommunicationYou are a group of hotel owners Ìn Malaysian Borneo.Brainstorm a llst of ways to prevent people frombringing durian fruit into theìr hotel rooms.

-t- \( \ \o'1,: ÁJ t. . . . ' '

,

4ro7,-",o\ : Xe rrlc" '' '1r.

u,,\ clt , 'r"r..t.r tr -- c Rl!( -)i '.r ' ' 'zir-1 r

.J-Lr-> .-r. i" \ \ , -L\tu cni ' .+.\ !r í ) \ ' I : \

r - . r r r ì : ' . i . r r j ' , - : | ' ' " , " - t '

-

. . \ Í t J f . , r g . 1{ \ . 1 c \ . n o c \ - \ c , \ - . n \ (

lr

from the box. Then watch the video aoain a nd check vour answers.,[r^ir"J.{*,-'t

âlr

Video Journal 13


ít. , .'r,


2


A

VocabularyA, Read the article.

Every culture around the world has dÌfferent customs and ways ofcommunlcat ng.

When you learn to cornmunicate ìn a anguage, you eatn a lot of rules. You earn

what kÌnd oígreet ings to use in dÌ f ferent sÌ tuat lons. Fof example, ìn Engl ish, we

say' ! i l " n an informal s i tuat ion. n a more Íormal sÌ tuat ion, we shake hands and

say "llow do you clo?" n China, a tÍaditional g reeting is "Have you eaten today?"After that, there are rules for makÌng

f1$ tllll *h,"n you meet a new person

People in difíerent cultures also have dÌffer-^nt ways of using theÌr bodies

to comrnunlcate. But there's one. k ind of communlcat ion that 's the sameeverywhere. A smile can a ways conne(t peop e.

! \ ( t i , " . '

ll B. Wrlte the words Ìn blue next to the correct meanings.'l . the correct way to do something 5. act ivì t ies that are usual ln a

coun t r y2.3 .

4.

brlng togethervery ser ious and

6. the same for a ong t lme wlthoutlrn portant c h a n g i n g

7. conversat ion about th ings that

people with the same languaçle aren' t inìporta ntand way of livÌng 8. f r lend y and re axed

WoÌd Focus

fo l l ow+aru le=do something thecorrect waymake + smallt a l k - takabou tthÌng s that aren' tirn portant

Grammar: Present perfect tense

Present peÍfect tense

Sub.ject + hdslhove + (not) + past participleHe has traveled to many countrÌes. He has not been Ìn Korea

We use the present peÍfect tense:*to ta k about something that started in the past and continues now

\o talk about somrething that happened severaltlme5 in the past.*to talk about sonìethinq in the past that is connected with the present.

ìbeÌore. I

I

I

l6 Communication


A. Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect form ofthe verb inparentheses.

t . I (meet) many Canadians, but I (be, not)in Ca nada.My husba nd and I (be) marrÌed for six years.Mari isn't in the office thÌs week. Shelason doesn't want to watch videos. Heevery night this week.

5. -ono

row s ny t iend " bin-day. b-r I (buy, not) her a

present. I forgotl6.

B. Finish wri t ing the fol ÌowÌng quest ions.Then ask a partnerto answer them. Write some q uestÌons of your own.

2.3 .4.

( f in ish) al my homework. Now Ìcan go out.

! : r r p vn r r avp r

l . eatenmovie from

)on vacat ion.(watch) videos

food?

(country)?3. gon-. to ?4 ô : v ê d ?

5. taÌked to _ ?

trave you eveÍ eaÌenIndlan foodT

- - rck Ì -6

ConversationA. Close your book and listen to the conversation. Why ls the woman

worried?

Annie:Rick:Annie:

Rick:

Annie:

Rick:

We use 6uess whof ininformal conversationsto say that we haveInleresü ng news.

PíL\ I q'(Gues, what? l ' . r go rg to ipéôd ã nor-rh n Merico C, ly.That s greatl What are you golng to do there?l'm goin%!o*vgk Ìn my company's office there. 'm a irtl-.worrÌed, though. 've never been to Mexico before.But you'rÀÀãi-lots of people from MexÌco, and you'vetaken Spa nish lessons.That 's t rue. And I guess 've learned something aboutMexican customs.It sounds to me like you're ready to go.Çoltr -r,u, qrtt voci r,r*.1 g..on-k ta'.-\ ìrL.

3 B. Practice the conversation with a oartner.A aerial view of Mexico City

Ta ke turns pretending to be a foreigner coming to you r cou ntry for a month. Talk to yourpartner about some customs that might surprise you and some thÌngs that you havedone to preoare for the triD.

Lesson A 17


Listening

^ B. L;sten and clrcle fhe sentence yo,, hear.L J

rrrìtj -s 1 a. I have never gone skllng.2. a. He has been to CoÌombia three times.3. a. Linda has taken a scuba diving class.4. a.They have already eaten breakfast.5. a. We have had three tests thìs week.6. a. Michael has found a new job,

18 Communication

b. l've never gone skiing.b. He's been to Colombia three times.b. Llnda's taken a scuba diving class.b. They've already eaten breakfast.b.We've had three tests this week.b. MÌchael s found a new job.

^ A. These people are meeting for the first time. LÌsten to thelrI t conversations. Wnere are tne oeoole?

Track 1-7

Conversation I The speakers are in -.a. a hospi tal b. a school c. an airport

€onversation 2 These people are ln -a. a restaurant b. an apartment c. an office buílding

O B. Listen again. What do the people make small talk about?

T."ckl-7 conversation l They make small talkabout-

a. classes b. weather c. clothes

ConveÍsation 2 They make small talk about -.a. sports b.TV shows c. the neighborhood

l l C.Whatwi l l theytalkabout next?Thìnkoftwo more ideasforeach conversat ion.

Pronunciation: Have or hcs vs. contractionsIn statements with the present perfect verb tense, Í,dve and f,ds are sometimespronounced, but when people speak quickly, contractions are used.

^ A. Listen and repeat.

,,!.0Ì, Hove ot hos contÍactionlhave l 'veyou have you'vewe have we'vethey have they'veshe has she'she has he'sit has it's


CornmunlcationA. Read the informatlon.

Engl ish-speakers of ten make smal l ta lk whenthey meet someone new. They ask questÌons toget to know the other person. At school, peopleoÍten talk about their c lasses. At worl , peop'etalk about theirjobs.They don't talk about verypersonal subjects. For example,"WhÌch department do you work in?" is a goodquestion, but"How much money do you make?" is too personal.

ll B. Clrcle the topics that are good for sma I ta k when you meet someone for the firsttÌme. Then add two more ideas.

school money family work spoÍts religion

1|| C, Read the situatlons. Choose a question to ask for each situation. Then practiceconversations with a partner.

Situation Í At work, l\/Ìn-Hee taiks to Judy. lt's Judy's first day at herjob.a. How old are you? b. Are you new n this city?

Situation 2 AndreÌ Ìs from Russia. He talks to Eduardo at the InternatÌonalStudents'C ub. lts Eduardo's first meetinq.

a. Where are you from? b,. Do you like sports?

Situation 3 Mark lives in apartment 104. He meets Lisa, hÌs new neighbor, in theapartment bui ld ing.

a. Which apartment do you lÌve in? b. Are you married?

ll O, Wf icf' are good questìons to ask when you rneet someone new? Circle the letters.

a. Whlch classes are you takìng now?b. Who is your teacherrc. What was your score on the placement test?d. Have you studied at thÌs school before?e. When did you start working here?I low much did you pay for that car?g. Have you lÌved here for a long time?h. How much money do you earn here?

Pretend you are meeting your classroom partner for the first time (on the first dayof class, waiÌing for the bus, or in another sÌtuation). Talk for two minutes.

Lesson B l9


When we breok t/re,ce, we start aconversation. Thishelps peopìeovercome anysnyness orernbarrassrnentthey might feelwith new people.

Language Expansion: Starting a conversationA. Read the questions in the box. ThÌnk of dlfíerent ways to answer them.

Starting a conversationHow do you like thÌs weather?Where do you know À4ary from? (at a party)Are you enloying yourself? (at a pãrty)Has it been a long week? (at work or school)Did you hear about -? (something that happened Ìn the news)How long have you been waiÌing? (for Ìhe elevator, Ìhe bus, the meeting to begÌn, etc.)

B. Choose one of the sÌtuatÌons. sta rt a conversatÌon with a pa rtner. Try to make sma ll talk for aslong as you can.Then change partners and pract ice again with another s i tuat ion.

waiting in line in the offrce <aÍeteriaat a wêlcome paÌtyfoÌ new students

walking in thè parkat the alÍpoÍt

Grammar: Signal words: Alreedy, ever, yetAlready/ever/yet + the present perfect tense

olreody Has Roberta already left?We have already studied thÌs.

*We use o/reddy to talk about something that happened Ìn the past. lt Ìs used for emphasis in questions

and affi rmative statements.

ever/never Have you ever seen a giraffe? questÌonsnever/not ever We have never played tennis ìn the rain. neqatíve statements

We haven't ever gone to Canada.yet/not yet Have you done the dìshes yet?

MelanÌe hasn't eaten lunch yet.*We use ever/never (nateyer, in questions oÍ negative statements to talk about somethrng that has oÍ hasn't happenedat any time before now'We useyelnorlel ir qJe(lions or negat;ve state'nerts [or emphasi>.

Are you shy orouÌgorng wnenyou TneeÌ newpeople? Do you iketo mak-" sÍnal talk?

questionaffirmatìve statement

questronsnegatìve statements

20 Communication


B. Read the conversat ion Marcy has with a c assmate. FÌ l in the b anks.

John: Have you ever trave ed to another country?Marcy: No, have r o l l - . n t r . r ' ' ' r " , ^ 1 - + , l ^ t O

A, Read the page f Ìomshe a ready done ln

1 . She has a ready

2. She has a ready

3. 5he has a ready4. she has a ready

John: Have

Tom:Rita:Tom:Rita:Tom:Rita:Tom:Rita:Tom:

Marcys journa . What things hashp r i f pT í omn p tp rhp <an ron ro<

th tn . . - ,

WIe^u to s7,^r i_e5.visit rJ cDusihs in colotÌbia

:-r"t?o,t*^ fooa fu_ .J^p^n /':?

?'" -"u rortt.- *n .t'x ')J ".30 switlihlilg ,n.the ooean y/

te,^?j

.the erlos foZ ÌnsíUlian

PIIJ #'6tQÀtian usb\@Ka a sc^ba atwnq olass

erybJ /

e \ e r e a l | - d t o o " " l o r ^ w l " ^ o - a g . ?

Marcy: l th ink have to speak Engl ish pretty wel .John: - you ever eaten any unusual food?Marcy: Yesl lhave Japanese mlso soup and udon nood es.John: What about sports? Can you play any sportsTMarcy: Wel l , earned the rules for Austral ian rugby ast yeaç butnever p ayeo tne game.

A C. Tuk" turns. Ask a partner quest lons about the people below wÌth have/hasand ever. Answer using no, never, and contractlons.

MÌs. CooperTom and Rita

Iyou and I

Mr. MuÍamotoyouÍ friendsMs. Sanchezour teacher

Has lVìrs. Cooper evertaken a cooking cla5s?

Conversationì A. C ose your book and l lsten to the conversat lon. What do theI t . nê ì .ê r d^ - i . ê oo . .1oo -LLn€no tnewor r f

' 1 0

Excuse me. Are you in my hÌstory c ass?r ô . \ , - 1ú . , ô r t i j - . v . . f ^ . dâ , r f n R i tA

ll, Rita. 'm Ton'ì. ls th s your first cJass with Mr Olsen?Yes, i t is , but l 've heard good thlngs about him. What about you?I , c r6 f 6 '61 - . r rAs e t l - ío p . a o lhe , / .ê ó lúd) ) beer - gOOd

That's nÌce. Have you a ready done the homework for tomorrow?No, not yet. What a bout you?Not yet. À,4aybe we can ca each other if we have any problems with lt.That s a great ldeal i ' 1 give you my number.

3 B. PractÌce the conversatlon. Thenpractice the conversation with sublects youyour school.

Have you ever tàkeÌr

a class wÌth [ ,1s. Lee

/ ó 'e \ rudr ' r o ond oocL e- í . . . r

Y uoar, ffiìiMove around the class. Walk up to five classmates and ask them an lcebredkeÍ questìon.

beíore.

Lesson C 21


Reading

ll A, Discuss these questions with a partner.

1. Have you ever taken a picture ofpeopÌe you didn't know? How did youdo i t?

2. What k inds of photographs do youl Ìke? What makes those photographsgood?

13 B. CÌrc e T for true c:r F for false.Then correctthe fa se sentences.

l . Be t has never t rave edto Fng and. T F

2.

3 .

4.

6.

Be t has never trave edto Antarcttca.P e t r a l s a v e r y o d c i t yin Jorda n.Be t can onJy connectwith Engl ish speakers.Peop e can connect wi theach other irì bad weather.Volunteer ing ls one way toh ê Õ i n ì ô h ^ Ì ^ ^ r : n h \ / . > , ê ê r

Âl c.r" la partner about some places youhave traveled.Then talk about somepiaces you haven't vÌsited yet, but thatyou want to v srt .

Around the WorÌd

Annie Griffiths Be t

Meet Annie Griflìths Belt, a National Geographicphotographer. BeÌt has worked for National Geographic since1978, and has taken pictures on almost every continent in theworld. In fact, Antarctica is the onÌy continer.rt Belt hasrÌt seen yet.

Belt's photographs are well known for their beauty andhigh quaÌity. They also reÍlect very different cultures andregions ofthe worÌd. Belt has photographed the ancient cityof Petra, Jordan, as well as the green landscapes ofthe LakeDistrict in England. Recently, her pictures appeared in a bookabout undeveloped natural places in North America.

Everl-where that Belt goes, she takes pictures ofpeople.BeÌt has found ways to connect with people of all ages andnationalities even when she does not speak their language."The greâtest privilege of myjob is being allowed into people'sÌivesj' she has said. "ïre camera is like a passport, and I amoften overwheÌmed by how quickÌy people weÌcome me."

Knowing how to break the icehashelped to make Belt asuccessful photographer, but experts say that anyone can learn

22 C{:}ff!municaticn


ìnnect with new people. When people speak the same::1.ìge, gÍeetings and small talk can make strangers feel-r' comfortabÌe with each other. When people dont speak-.ime Ìanguage, a smile is very helpful. Having sornething,mmon can also h elp break the íce. For example, Belt has. Ìcd rvith her two children, so when she takes pictures of-lren or their parents, they alÌ have that family connection

- ,nlmon. Even bad weather can help people to connect-:r they are experiencing it together.:ieÌt has some advice ifyou are thinking about a career

. rotography. You can volunteer to tâke pictures for a. organization that cant afford to hire a professional:,ìsrapher. You can also take a good, honest look ât yourrhotographs. Ifyouie a real photographer, your photos

:Lrod because ofyour personal and technicaÌ skilÌs. Belt:ecommends studying and Ìearning from photos taken byJ\sional photographers.:ìcmember, the next time you look at a beautiful:L)graph, you might be looking at the work ofAnnie':rths Belt. And the next time you meet â new person, dont:rúd to break the ice.l1;'e connection you make coulcl bereivarding.

Writ ingA. Complete the sentences wlth your owÌl

ideas.

L Annie Grlffiths Belt's work s interest nqoeca use

2. F-or me, trave ing is DECAUSE

3.

4.

For me, connect ing with new peoplels becauseBe t takes good'people picturesbecause

5. My own photographs are usua ly _

The next tlme I need ïo breakthe ice,l w i I

il B. Shut" your sentences with a partner.Talkabout your ideas.

.r/eortt

ln what professions do peop e needto breakthe ice quick y n order to dotheir jobs? Talk with your partner aboutdi f fêrênt \^ / ìvc thêw r :n Àn th i<

, .ient city of Petra ln lordan:-'r, Annie Griffiths Be t

Lesson D 23


Before You WatchRead about the video and check the meanìngs ofthe words in bold.

i Orangutans are large, Ìntelligent pÍimates. At the National Zoo ìn Washington, D.C., RobShumaker runs the Orangutan Language Project. Ofcourse, orangutans aren't able to speak likehumans.They can, however, Iearn to connect symbols to objects. In human language, wordsare also symbols for the real objects they represent. Shumaker belìeves the language program ismentally stimulating for the orangutans. The program is completely voluntary, so the anìmalscan choose to participate or not, and it's part of a zoo exhibit called ThinkTank, which helps toeducate people about the problems orangutans face in the wild.

While You Watch

exhibit symbols voluntaÌy pÍlmates stlmulating@"

Communication

Watch the video Oronguton Longuage Circle each word when you first hear it.


1tJ B. Wut.l.'l the vìdeo agaìn and cÌrcle the correct answers.

- 1. In Malay,theword orangutan means"person of the (ju ng lelfo rest).'2. The orangutans in the video are Inda and (Miki/Azie).3. The orangutans work with symbols on (a computer/pa per).4. The orangutans are (brother and sÌster/mother and son).5. WÌld orangutans could become ext inct in ( l0 to 12l8 to 10) years

C. Watch the video again and answer the questions.

L Where do orangutans come from?

2. What choices does the zoo give the orangutans?

3. How old is nda, the female orangutan?4. Can the oranoutans use svmbols to make senÌences?

5. What do zoo officials hope exhibits likeThinkTank wi I do?

AfterYou Watchll BraÌnstorm several ways that animals communicate. Do you think animal

communication is very different from human communication?

Communication{l Any writing system is a set of symbols. You have the opportunìty to create

a new way to write English.

1. ThÌnk of 10 English words that are difficult to spell.2. l\4ake a word list with a better way to write the words.3. Share your word llst with the class. (Can your classmates guess all

the words?)

Shumaker and lndaperform certaÌn exerciseson the computer.

VideoJournal 25


VocabularyA. Read the opinions.Whlch one do you agre€ wlth? Give more reasons.

'UÍban" l i fe ls great lThere Ìs good publ ic t ranspoÍtat ionb, l Ìke tralns and buses.And we a so have freeways' where cars can go Íast. People can find good jobsin a Íactoryd or a shopping center. And after work, there s great nightlife" Ìnrestaurants and da nce clubs. Ci t ies get bÌgger every year because they are thebest place to lÌvel'

"CÌty llfe is terrib eL Clties are so crowdedr, with too many peop e Ìn a smal area,and the populatione gTows every year.There ìs too much traffich, becausepeopìe want to drive thelr cars everywhere. lt's a ways noisyi and never qulet.A lot of people want to ive in a ruralj area, but there aren't many jobs in thecou ntry. lt's better to live ln a suburbk outslde of the city, a nd commuter to a job

downtown by carl'

B. Match the words in1 . i n t he c i t y a

blue ln exercise A to the correct meanÌng.

2. a town outslde of a city3. a road where cars go fast _4. t rave to your job _( . . a n . bü .^ . A1d S_b,wo) S

, ^ L - ^ , ^ , . , ^ - t _ ^ - - * - _ ^u . d p d L c

t n I n g s _

WiII

StatementNegatlveYeslno questionsl / / h - ^ , , ô c t ; ^ n .

7. the number of peop e whol lve in a place

8 L " i - g s t o d o n À Â ê . ê n r q -

9. cars movirìg on a street _10. too ful _l l . t o o l o u d _I2. ln the country _

t\

N

N

N

WoÍd Fo(us

t ra f f i c+ jam-somany cars Ln tneqÌaêêt thâÌ thêv

can't movepopulation +growth - IÌorepeople i iv ing in aplace

Grammar: Future with wil /ll l.what do you thÌnk? CìrcleY foryes or N for no. Compare your answers

\ ' \ i l h o pà '€ r ' ' o^ v^ rerS.

I n t he yea r 2030 . . .1 . ]\,4y clty wil be bigger than lt is now. ï2. People wi ldr ive cars ln the ci ty. Y3. Houses wÌ l be sma ler than they are now. Y4. The ci ty wÌ l have many parks and green spaces. Y

The city will be cieaner.People won't drive cars.Wil l houses be smal ler?Where will people ive?

"Use ry//to nake predlctions about things you are sure about ln the Íuture.

"ln speakÌng, use contnctrans \,^,/iÌh will: l'll, you'll, he'll, she'll, we'll, they'll.

28 Ci t ies


B. CoÍnp ete the sentences with wl l /and a verb Írom the box.

rain have not go take be live not read

weather repoÌt says i t, on y a few people Ìn rural areas.

nê\^/<ô:nêr< in l_hp f I rrp

a test next week.

The TVn 2030Peop eI t h i n k w ein the future, students to schoo .They c asses 0n lne.

nlneteen on her next blr thday.ô.

Âl C.,qst a partner three quest ions about c i ty i fe ln the future. Use wl l / ln each quest ion.

Conversation :"-ïl l lT:n""'*"

: k l - 1 1

A. C ose your book and isten to the conversatÌon. Where didMimÌ l lve when she was a chl ld?

Mark: So, where are you from, Miml?Mimi: ive in NewYork now, but grew up in Seou.Mark: Realy? 've never been to Seou . What 's Ì t l ike?Mimi: We l , some peop e think Ì t 's too crowded, but i t

I a g teo t ' €s to - ron ï .Mark: I 've heard that i ts very pol uted.Mimi: That 's t rue, but i t 's changing now. n the future,

I t wi I be much cleaner.

B. PractÌce the conversatÌon with a partner. Switch ro es andpract ice l t aqaln.

C. Check the things that are true about your c i ty. Add two more ìdeas ofyour own.

-

r Ì 5 _ .Ì=l no <v

n d : n n o r n , , c

f l avnen<ivo

F l ho r i no

! crowdedt r l nnl lL r tod

It nas great_.n restaurants n! parks n! neighborhoods n

oeacne5mu5eumSn ig htlìfe

Real Language

To ask a bout aperson's honreto, ,nor f rome cou atf) , ,we say Where areyou fromT

./co.ttMake a new conversation about your cÌty.Then make new conversationsabout two other clties you know.

Ho!x/ wi peop e commute

n the lutufel

l-esson A 29


ListeningA. DÌscuss these questions with a partner.

'1. HÕw Õften do you go to a park?2. What do you do there?3. What do you thÌnk about the parks in your cìty or town?

c. oro3. In the Jardìn Nomade, people _.

a. grow food b. go swimming c. enjoy art

C. Lìsten again. Answer each question.

Track 1-12 What year did the park start?

Â -iardin Nomade ln Paris

3. A: ls your neighborhood new or old?B:The houses are very qd.

4. A: Can you walk to school?B: No, I can't. lt's too far.

lr

Track 1-12

B. Listen to a radio program about a park Ìn Paris called the Jardin Nomade. CÌrcie the correct etter

1 . The Jardin Nomade is in _ area.a. a rural o. an urDan c. a suDurDan

2. The Jardin Nomade ìs amazing beca use it s so _.a. big o. smat l

L2.3 .4.5 .

How many gardens do people have in the park?What do the neighbors eat there every month?How many people come to the dìnners?How many parks like thÌs are there in ParÌs now?

Pronunciation: Emphatic stress

t r à c K t - t l 1. A: ls your city exoensive?B:Yes, it's rcal]y expensive!

2. A: Do you like livÌng Ìn an apartment?B: No, l ike l iv ing in a house much more.

A C.Take turns asking and answering threeq uestions about your neighborhood.SlÌe\s lhe ;mpoÌtdnl words.

A. LÌsten and repeat the exchanges. Notìce how the underlÌned words sound stronger.

ll 6. p.ud 16" "xchanges

in exercise A with a partner. Stress the underllned words.

Are there any pÊtG inyour neighborhood?

30 Cities


. : k I 1 4

ConversationA. C ose your book and l isten to the conversat lon. What is the

prob em in 5arah's neìghborhood?

Ben: How do you lke l Ìv ing in your neighborhood?Sarah: Wel , i t has a lot of beaut l fu l o d buiLdings, but there

are Some proDtems.Ben: LÌke what?Sarah: lt doesn't have many d lferent stores. Theres only one

r ; r o 1 1 , , ; 1 a 1 , ' n , I , r p . p . r ^ n - . . e .

That sounds l ike a pretty big problem.I t Ìs, but the ci ty is bui ding a new shopplng center now Nextyear, we fìave Íììore stores.

ÂÂ B. Practlce the conversat on w th a partner. Switch ro es and practice aga n.

C. Wr i te these words or phrases in the correct co lumn. Add two more ldeas to each co umn.

bêautiÍul buildings cÍimê a lot oÍ noise hêavy tÍaffictÍansportation pollution tÌees and gÌeen space many different stores

Ben:Sarah:

iÂ

{Â

D. Make two new conversat ions. Use your ideas Írom exercise C.

E. Joln another palr of students. What are the four most important th ings for a good neighborhood?Ta k about your deas ln exercise C and make a new l lst together. Give reasons.

' 1 .

2.

3 .4.

',r/o"n2

ExplaÌn your groups ist to the class.

le$5fJiÌ E 3l


Language Expansion: Using mapsA. Study the rnap. Write the word from the bÕx Ìn the correct space on the map.

North

TA

{éD}\Z-

@=rnur"u. @ = shopping center

Q ' park

âu=v

Ê=tibtaty ? = publ ic 5port5 cen

@

@W

O . - -Õ B. T" l " u r . o . t i^g dnd ó1swer ng the que - on: .

r . ^ w f , c h p a ' t , o ' r a e c i t y a e t h e l i b ' ò ' e s ?. . W, p." 0 . . - ' .^ publ c SporLS Ce. ì re.S?3. Where wi l l the new road b- .?

I will wash the dishes after I eat dinner.

1. What wÌ l you do f i rst?a. Wash the dÌshes. b. Eat dlnner.

2. I A^ wo'd ofter i ,,n! 'r the dctio^ rl.dt hdppe- s

tu@

4. Flow ma ny shopplng centers does the cÌ ty have now? How many wÌ l Ì thaveln2020?5. What do you think this c i ty needs?

Grammar:Wil l + t ime clausesA. Study the sentences and clrcle the correct etter.

I will finish my homework before I go to bed.

L What wil you do first?a. Finish my homework. b. Go to bed.

2. The word before is wÌth the action that happensa. i rst D. SECONO

Where's the trainstation?

32 Cities

a. first D. SeCOn0


ll B. Use the information in the note with time clauses to tellyour par tner r -e i r o unr .

' ' " ' ' '

vv rLr r t r r rqLrdu)q) tuLqLr 7" raaa - - -

I i.ï3 5"X, """J,j[,ï:::ilY;fffiJïlï:iï;f*' ;: -',;ry,*ro a I the neighbors (before)

? ;2": tu díê 4e4_"t

Ï:5:r ìi:ijhinss to talk about/have the 4 ^'l

* on"'-'

4. havethe meeting/asK tne crry govern menr U oÇfu^*,

forasporrscenter(after) ru*l)*+u*ol*"+ot"-

5. talk to newspaper reporters/ask the city n' ", ;::*'

' " an< a&'z

governmentforasportscenter(afterì 3"r"*:Z}i,a%ara.aa* -\3

Time clauses

l'll look at the neighborhood carefully beÍore I choose a new apartment. '

Before I choose a new apaÍtment, l'll look at the neighborhood carefully.l'll meet my neighbors after I move into my new apartment.After I move into my new apartment, l'll meet my neÌghbors.* A time clause tells when something happens.Use before and ofter at the beginning ofa time clause.* In a sentence with !4/i[ use the present tense in the time clause.*The time clause can come first or second in the sentence. lfthe tìme clause is first. it is followed bv

a comma.

LOnversaïlon

ll A. Practice the conversation. What does Jennìe want for her neiqhborhood?

Jennie: ThÌs neighborhood really needs a lÌbrary.Dan: You're abso utely right. But how can we get one?Jennier l th ink we should have a neighborhood meet ing to talk about i t .Dan: That s a good Ìdea. And after we have the meeting, we'll write a

letter tÕ tne newsoaDer.Jennie: Great l l ' l l help you.

Õ B. À,4uk" new conversations to talk about these neighborhood p aces. bicyc e paths

^ a playground

What does your city or nelghborhood need? How can you get it?

Lesson C 33


D

ReadingA. Guess the answers.Then read the art ic le

to check your 9uesses.

1. The first cÌtles started _ years ago.a. 1000 b. 5000 c. 1 0,000

2. Every week, peop e Ìn the worldmove from rural areas to clties.a.400,000 b.800,000 c. ' l ml l lon

ì h e w o l d s l a g ^ , ,

a. Tokyo b. l\,4exlco CÌty c. New York

B. Flnd the Ìnformat ion Ìn the art ic le.A l o [ Lhe "n wers d re n -mbe l

1 . The percentage ol people iv ing in c i t iesin 2030

2. The number of n'ìegacitÌes in 1995

3. The number of rnegaci t Ìes in 2015

4. The popu atÌon of5âo Paulo

Some peopÌe Ìove cities, and other people hate them. Butmore people than ever are choosing to live in one. The first citiesstârted about 5000 years ago. Since then, cities have aÌways beenthe centers ofever)'thing important. The government, businesses,and the university were always in the city. Around the world morethan I million people every week move from rural areas to cities.In the year 2030,60 percent ofthe world's people will live in cities.

These cities will be bigger than ever. A megâcity is a city witha population ofover 10 million peopÌe. In 1995, the world had 14megacities. In 2015, there will be 21 megacities. And the rankingwiÌl continue to change. Today, the world's five largest cities are I.Tokyo, 2. Mexico City, 3. São PauÌo, 4. New York, and 5. Mumbai(Bombay). In 2015, theywill probablybe 1. Tokyo,2. Dhaka,3.Mumbai. 4. Sào Paulo. and 5. Delhi.

Megacities around úe world face the same problems: traffìc andhousing. São Paulo, Brazil, is a good exampÌe. "There are 30 milliondaily trips in São Pauloi' says Jorge WiÌheim, a city official. "One-úird

is public transport, one-third is private cars, ard one-third is waÌking.Sifiy to seventy percent should be on public transportationÌ' The city isbuilding a new fieeway and adding to the subway system, but it's slowwork. Every day, miÌÌions of people are sitting in traffic jams.

Housing is also a serious problem for the i8 million peoplein São Paulo. Most ofthe jobs are downtown, and houses and

5 .

7.

The number of peop e travel ing by carÌn 5ão Pau o

6. When son da Sl lva came to São Pau o

The number of rooms hls house hadthen

8. The number of rooms his house hasnow

34 Cities


:trÌìents are very expensive there. So workers live in.,per places far away from their jobs and commute for':r Ìrours. And many new residents cant find any housing:reir families, so they Ìive in slurns. These are places where:.ìc Íìnd empty land and build small huts.IÌson da Silva is one man who has done this. When he came'r city sü years ago, he didnì have a job. He built a one room'r.xt to â gâÍbage dump. Now he works as a janitor, and his.c has three rooms and a flower garden. The government'rought in running water and electricity, and the slum isning a real neighborhood. For Ilson, and for millions of: people, megacities mean hope for a better future.

l l C. Dlscuss these quest lof s wlur youf parrr ìef .

1. Why do people move Írorn f uta ateasto cÌ t ies?

2. What is better about c i ty l l íe? What js

better a bout rura ife?

Communicat ion3 Flow wÌl your city be different in 20307

Work with a partner and complete thecha r t wl th your ideas.

popu latÌon

ho u sìng

r a ) P U , r o u ! , , 1

the environment

other th ings

Writ ingWhat wi l your c i ty be Llke in 2030? Wri te aparagraph using your Ìdeas from the thart .

Goal4

n c d u y u u l r Õ t ê 9 t < i P t I

Lesson D 35


Before You WatchRead about the video and check the meanÌnqs ofthe words in bold.

The Bouananiya Medersa Ìn Fes, À,4orocco, ls a masterpiece ofart.Its in very bad condition now, but people are working to Íêstorei ts walÌs and fountains. Some old bui ld ings in Fes are Ìn dangerbecause wealthy people buy and take away pieces of them. Now,pÌivate organizations are trying to preserve these buildÌngs for thefuture.They hope all people can enjoy Morocco's heritage.

While You Watch^ ' A. Wat. À the video. Rpstorìnq t c,.

a-7 Circle the correct answer.

1 . The medina is the(oldest/newest) part of Fes.

2. (RÌch/poor) people l ive in the medina.

lE)B'wu'n the videoagain. Circle T for true or F for false.

1. ln the past, the BouananÌya Medersa was a2. Restorers are taking old paint offthe walls

of the Medersa.3. The government isn't Ìnterested in restoring historic

bui ldÌngs in Fes.4. There is a problem because wealthy people want

to l ive in the old ho-ses i r I es.5. he oeoo e n les don' l wd^r Io lose LÀe r -er i taqe

TT

FF

36 Cities


C. Watch the video agaÌn. Circle the correct answer.

1. The cÌty of Fes was founded ìnthe (n inth/eleventh) century.2. By the 'l 300s, Fes was a center for (a rtlscien ce) andlearnÌng.3. (One or two/five or slx) familìes lìve in each house in the medlna.4. In the T8th-century palace, the first pan that people bought was a (wall/fou ntaín).5. In the future, the Medersa wlll be a (museu m/school).

After You Watch3 What are some important bulldlngs and places ìn your cÌty's heritage?

Make a list and then share the ìnformatìon wÌth vour partner

CommunicationWrÌte a guide for forelgn visitors to a historic pìaceAnswer these questìons in your guide.

1 . Why shou d visitors go there?I \^ /hr t l - ' rnnonoÀ thoroT

3. What can visitors see and do there?4. How much does it cost to visit? What hours

In your crty.

a group oftourists visitthe Pyramids at Giza

is it open? How can visitors get there?

TT

VideoJournal 37


.: -.---Y,,:\ .* _-^-1;,it&

. i .

.1 . r . ; . , . r ! - . :

qF

,.ç

I


VocabularyA. Look at the plcture.Then f i I ln the blanks be ow with the

vocabu la ry words.

This pushes your blood through your body:These carry b ood around your body:

L . ê b . i o o i i t o / a . t a a d y

This covers the outsìde ofyour body:This makes your body move:Tl ' le t> y o- th I a^d ereÍ oô :ThÌs does many dÌf ferent th ings: l iverThese d igest food:_ ,

hi Jppo rs vou body:

irimuscte B. Listen ancl check (ú the words you hear

stomach Track 1-l5

large intestine

small intestine

skin

Grammar: Review of comparat ives,

! brainI laÍge intestine! heartn ãÌteryn lungsn vein

I stomachn bonen livern musclen small intestinetr skin

Word Focus

blood = the r-^diquìd pumped bythe heart th roug hthe body

Equatives

Your heart is aslarge as you r fist.

' F ô ì r i r , ô c ô n i ô n . Â .

are used when peopleor things aÍe equãl toeach other

*Form equatlvesentences with di +adjective + as

su perlatives, a nd equatives

Comparatives

The smal l Ìntest ineis longer than thelarge Ìntest ine.

ncornparat ve sentencê < ê ? ô r F ( < < l m i : Í i Ì l ê (

oÍ difÍerences betweenr \ ' ^ .ô^^ ô ^ . ih n^ .

*Form cornpaÍatlvesentences w tn ef+than at morc/less than.

Superlatives

The skÌn is thebody s largestorga n.

*Superlat ve sentences

arnong three oT morepeop e or things

"Form super ative sentences with fhe + -eJf

at the mast/|east.

human hear t

40 The Body


A. Complete the sentences. Use comparatives, superlatÌves, equatÌves, and thewordsin parentheses. n some sentences, more than one answer is possible.

1. Walking for exercise is _ (good) than running.2. Smoking is the _ (bad) thing you can do to your ungs.3. Dr in k ing alcohol Ìs (harmful) to your l iver than eat ing junk food.4. Green vegetab es are the _ (nutritiout kind offood for your brain.5. Swimming is not the _ (quick) way to bui ld up your arm muscles.6. Some elderly people are _ (healthy) as some young people.

Âr B. Do you agree or disagree with the statements above?Use cÕmparatives, superlatìves, and equatives.

ConversationA. Close your book and listen to the conversation. Which body

parts do the speakers mention?

Ron: What are you eating? Ìt looks good.Valeríe: ít's fish stew and it Ís goodl Did you know that

eating fish is good for your brain?Ron: Really? ls Ìt good for anythìng e se?Valeríe: Well, ít's very fow in íaí so it's good for your

arteries, too.And i ts high in protein, r ighr? So i r could helpyou bu i ld muscles.Yes, I thin k you're right.l lmmm. l juÍ have a bor ing cheese sandwich.But cheese is ful of calcium.That's good for yourbones.

l agree . Runn ing isbad for your knees.

' ì ( k I 1 6

Ron:

Valerie:Ron:Valerie:

Âr

Word Focus

Foods and drÌnksthat are high in Xor low in X, havea arge or smalamount of X. A foodthat's Jow in ca lories,for example, has asmal l number ofca or e5.

B. Pract ice the conversat ion with a pdrt . ìer. Swrlch role: a^dpract ice i t agdi í- . lher male o new ( onversar on usi^g roods

you know about.

Talk with your partner about thìngs you do to stay hea thy.

I try to avoid eatingsugaÍ.

Lesson A 41


Listeningll A. Dir.rs these questÌons with a partnei What determÌnes how healthy you are?

Are your genes or your lifestyle more important?

B. Listen to three people talk about their health. Match the speaker to the correctprcture.

Track ' l - l7

Speaker Spea ker Spea ker

C. Listen again and answer the quest ions.

Speaker A:

1 . What kìnd of exercise does Spea ker A get?

2. Which fami y members does Speaker A ment ion?

Speaker B:

3. What kind of exercise does Speaker B get?

4. How often does Speaker B get 5lck?

Speaker C:

5. Why did Speaker C change her diet when she got older?6. What do some people think about Speaker Cs diet?

D. Work with a pa rtner. Interview each other. Then tell the class about your pa rtner'sifesty e. Find out about:

. Exercise:What kind? l-low often?

. Diet :What do you usual ly eat?

. Family HiÍory: Parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, sÌbl ings.

. Stress: Flow much and what klnd?

Ask other questions about lifestyle that you think are important.

genes = part of acell that determinesa person s physicalcharacterÌstics(eye color, hailintel igence, etc.)lifestyle = themanner in whichwe live

Track l -17

42 The Body

lr


Pronunciation: Linking withcompa ratives a nd superlatives

Linking with comparatives and superlatives

When we use the comparative -er or more, and the next word starts with an /r/sound, the words are lÌnked together.

When we use the superlative -est or mosí and the next word siarts with a /t/sound, the words are lÌnked tooether.

She'll run in o lonoer roce next month.- q

A. Listen to the sentences. NotÌce how the sounds are lìnked. Lìsten again and repeatthe sentences.

We hod the besttime of our lives.

ls your generatronhealthier or ess healthythan your parents'generatÌon?

- ' ! c k l - 18

1 .

2.3 .4.

5 .

I ts a str icter rel ig ion than rny rel ÌgÌon.

This Ìs the best tea for your stomach.

My grandfather Ìs a faster runner than I am.

Which exercise is the most t l r ing?

You'l need a better reason than that.

l l B.Underl inethesounclsthat l lnktogether.Thenreadthesentencesaloudtoapartner.' . lh is is the lo^gesr text rres:aÇe ve ev€'5Êe' ì .2. Ioday's news was more reassuring than yesterdays news.3. What s the best time of the day for you to study?z. Flower expe'ls are tryi'ìg ro deve op o reddet rose.5. He took the softest towel inthehouse.

Communicationll A. What are the ingredients for an unhealthy lÌfestyle? Make a lÌst wÌth

a partner of the worst thÌngs for your heal th.Then compare your istwith the ist of another pair of students.

\ o - ge t t r ' I d - y e .e r ' l \ e

is the worst thing for your

Ta k to a pdn^e'. WÀo a'e (he hea th est oeoo e youknow? Compare their lifestyles with the lÌfeÍyles of thepeop e aom tÀe isteni ' Ìg secl ion.

Lesson B 43


Language Expansion: Everyday ailments

For every common health problem, therè's a product you can't líve without. Atleast, that's what the advertisers want you to belÌeve. For teenagers with acneor other skin problems, there's a mÌrac e cream. A new shampoo will take careofthe dandruÍf in your hair , and good o d fashioned aspir in wi l take care ofyour headache or sore throat. Are you suffering from insomnia? There's a pillto help you fall asleep. Did you eat the wrong kind offood, and now you haveindigestion? There s a pÌll to end the burning feeling in your stomach. Andif food won't stay in your stomach at all, drínk some medlclne to take care ofthe nausea. Or maybe you ate too fast, and now you have the hiccups? Well, .you won't find anything at the pharmacy for hiccups, but you can bet there's acompany working on a new product right now

A. Write the word in blue next to its definition.

1 .2.3 .4.5 .6.7.B.

not a ble to s ieep_ò skÌn condit ion of 'ed spots, especia lv on rÀc 'ace

cucumbers to reduce acne (Eat them often.)

onions to relìeve a headache (Put slÌces on your forehead,close your eyes, and reiax.)

a sharp sound you make in your throata feeling lÌke you are golng to vomitdry skÌn that forms on the head and drops in little whÌte piecespain in the stomach because of something one has eatena pain Ìn your heada general feel ing of paln in the throat

B. Read the article about natural remedies.

A Natural Solution

Garlic for a cold? Chamomi e tea for bad breath?These days,more and more peop e are turning to their grandparents 'remedies to cure the minor illnesses and prob ems of everydayl i íe. Ard w^y not?These nè turdl remed es a e usr,al ly s"fe,ìnexpensive, a nd, best of all, they workl (At least for some ofthe people, some of the time.) 5o the next time you're lookÌngfor a cure, skip the pharmacy and head to the grocery store for:. lemons to stop the hlccups (Bite into a thick slice.). ginger to end nausea (GrÌnd Ìi and add hot water to make

a tea.). oliveoil to cu'e dand',ff (R,-b i i^ro rl.e scalp before

shampooÌng.)

9íngeronton

44 The Body


Grammar: Infinit ive of purpose

Infinitive of purpose

You can drÌnk tea wÌth honey to help a sore throat.I always use lotÌon with sunscreen to proted my skin.

*The infinit ive of purpose gÌves a Íeason for doing something.

"lt is formed wÌth to + the base forrn ofa verb.

3 C. wtatch the actÍons with the reasons.

1. Get plenty of s leep at nlght2. Eat fruÌts and vegetables -3. Take a nap _4. Give chi ldren warm mi k_5. Ask your doctor quest ions _6. Lift weights _

Conversation

Oliv ia:Ashley:

Olivia:Ashley:Olivia:Ashley:Olivia:

Ashley:

a. to he p them fal asleep.b. to fnd out the best rernedy for your problem.c. to lncrease your concentrat Ìon durÌng the day.d. to make your muscles stronger.e. to get enough vi tamins in your dÌet .f. to cure a headache.

.ì A. Close your book and isten to the conversatÌon. What rerÌ.ìedles fortÌrednesst. 7,n do the speakers talk about?

Real Language

We say That's newwhen w-o notlcesomething d ifferentor u nusual.

HÌ, Ashley. Are you drÌnking coffee?Thats new.HÌ, O ivia. You're right. I usual y don't drÌnk cofíee, but I needIt today to wake up.You do look t i red. Did you get enough s eep ast night?No, I was worrÌed about today's test, so it was hard to fall asleep.Come on. Let's go for a walk.Go for a walk? Why?lo wal e you u p dnO to gêl \o 'ne o\ ygen to vo-t bro.n o" io o

tfìe test.That's a good Ìdea. Where do you want to go?

3 B. Practice the conversatlon wjth a partner. Switch roles and pract ce it again.

Àl €. Lmagine that you or your partner has a health probLem. Make a newconversat ion uslng your own ldeas.Then role play the conversat ionfor the c ass.

'r(eorrg

Ta k to a partner. What do you usua ly do to cure these common problems:a headache, bad breath, sore feet, and hiccups?

Lesson C 45


I

ir

ÂÀ

lir

ReadingA.Talkto a partnerWhich of these can

make you sick?. shaking hands with someone. berng outside in cold weather. eating food. r id ing a crowded bus. touchlng your eye. p ayrng a compurer game

B, Clrcle T for true or F for folse.

l . Viruses can on y l ive ìnsìdepeople or animals.

2. A lbacter la cause i lnesses.3. Washing your skin can

prevent some i Inesses.

TT

T

FF

4. Germs can enter the bodythrough the eyes. T

5. Afterthey ki l germs,antibodies stay in the body. Ì

6. Vaccines ki lgerms inrhe body. T

C.Tel a partner about the last tiffìe you gotslck. How dÌd you feel? Do you think youri l lness was caused by bacter ja or a vÌrus?

Communicat ionWork in a smal group. Make a l lst o lserÌous I inesses that peop e ln differentparts ot the wor d can get. How do peop eget those I lnesses?

Â Legionel a bacteria

The human body is truly amazing. It aÌlows us to sense theworÌd arour.rd us, to do work and have fun, and to move fromplace to place. In fact, the human body does its work so well thatmost people dont think about it very much until they get sick.

The germs that make people sick are everl-where. Youcant see them, but they're there. They're sitting on your desk.They're hiding on your computer's keyboard. They're even inthe âir that you are breâthing. There are two types of germs:viruses and bacteria. Viruses are germs that can only Ìive insidranimaÌs or plants. Viruses cause illnesses such as the flu andmeasles. Bacteria are tiny creatuÍes. Some bacteria are good.They can help your stomach break down food. Other bacteriaarent so good. They can make you sick. Bacteria can câuse sorÉthroats and ear infections.

The Human Body

46 The Body


i lDs v rus

How canyou stop thesetiny invadersfrom making yousick? Your skin isthe Íirst defenseagainst germs.You can prevent

some illnessessimply by washing

r': - .oap and wâter. But germs can still enter the body throughr:- :uts in the skin or through the mouü, eyes, and nose.

ìnce germs are inside your body, your immune system-, - :o protect you. It Ìooks for and destroys germs. How doest r ::lat? Special cells patrol your body. Some ofthese cellsa' ,...\ eat germs! Other cells make antibodies. An antibodyr:. t . i{r a germ. There is a different antibody for each kind' ::-:Ì. Some antibodies keep germs from making you sick.':' , -. help your body find and kill germs. After a germ is

r", ' .'ed, the antibodies stay in your body. They protect you. :- .:me kind of germ comes back. That way you will not getÈ .,:ìe il lness twice.

.: can keep your body healthy by eating â nutritious dietr - . . . \'our immune system strong. You can also help your't:,- -re system fight germs by getting vaccinated. Vâccinesr'- - ,;Jicines. They contain germs that have been kilÌed or--., -: J 7he deaà germs canl make you sìck Instead, they-.. -- i our body to make antibodies. Ifthe sarne germ ever. " s uP again, then your antibodies attack it.

Writ inglmagine you are a parent. Your chìLd is s lckand cannofgo to schoo . Wrlte a letter toyour chi ld s teacher to explaln the sÌ tuat ion.

(date)

Dear (Mr./Ms.)

Sincere ly,

Talk to a partner What happens whenviruses or bacteria enter the body?

Lesson D 47


A

BeforeYou WatchA. BraÌnstorm five things your body lets you do every day.

T .

2.3 .4.

5 .

B. Number the following I to 4, from smallest to largest.

_ organ cell _ organ system

A. Watch the video, The Humon Body. Match the body s systems toparts ofthe body or the cells they produce.

While You Watch

l. the clrcu latory system2. the resplratory system? t h ê . l i ô ê ( t i \ / ê < \ / ( i ê m

4. the nervous system5. the reprod uctive system

a. the brain, spÌnal cord, andb. the heartc. egg cel s and sperm cel sd. the stomach and intestinese. tne lu ngs

B. Watch the vÌdeo agaÌn. Circle T for true or F for false.

L The hearl is rhe body's strongest rìusc e. T F2. Most nutrients enter the b ood from

the sma I intestìne.3. The brain is about the sÌze ofan orange.4. Another word for nerve cel s is neurons.5. The human body begins as a single

cell that divides.

TTT

FFF

48 The Body


íÉi C. Watcn the video again Write the numbers you hear'

1. our hearts pump - ga lons of blood each day.2. Each of the major organ systems in the human

4.

3 .

5 .

machine performs a special job.The lungs puÌ l in air , del Ìver lng oxygen as the airtravels th roug h - miles of airways.LÌquefied food travels into the small intestine,which can be over - feet long.Neurons send slgnaìs rocketing through the brainat over mÌles an hour.

3

|lr

After \bu WatehWhat Ìnformation from the video surprised yourhe 'r'ost ? What a"e sone tl.ings yo- can do totake care ofyour body's systems?

CommunieationYou are ln charge of desÌgnlng a trainÌng programfor an Olympìc athlete. What will he or she eatevery day? What kinds of exercise wi I he or shedo, and how often? What else wil help to get yourathlete into top physical condition?

Video Journal 49


WoÍd Fo€us

To face a chal engemea ns Io oecroeto clo sonretn ngnew and dlfficu lt.

WoÍd Focus

To make progressmea ns to lrn proveor ger nearer to agoal over tirne.

52 Cha l lenges

L When you2 . 4

3 .4.5 .

Track l-20

VocabularyA. Listen to pa rt of a rea llty TV show a nd cÌrc e each word when you hear it.

challenge extÍeme mental physical skill

B. Read the paragraph. Fl I ln the b anks with the words in blue.

To me, earnìng to p ay a musica Ìnstrument is an adventure. You might feeafraid to t ry i t , but r t 's as exci t ing as trave ing to a new place, and the on y equip-ment you need Ìs a vÌo rn, a gultar, or ln my case a koto. When I started, mygoal was to learn to pÌay this amazing instrument weÌ enough to piay for myfami y. Now, 'm nnaklng good progress wÌth the help of my music teacher.Shethinks I ' rn gett ing better every weekl I can probab y achieve my goal soon, andthen l' I play the koÍo at rny father's birthday party.

have an you do something unusua and excl t ing.n m e t h n n . n h n n o n f - r e , h p r n À n r h ' n n h , n r l o í a r

/ v u ! v ' r J

over time.When you _ something you succeed in Ì -naking i t happen.The things you need for a part lcular act lv i ty are ca led _.

means very surprìsrng and wonderfu .

Grammar: Simple past tense vs"past continuous tenseSimple past tense Past continuous tense

Ì cal led you last night. was studying at the l ibrary lasr nighr.We weÍe eating d inner whenyou called.

*We use the simple past tense to ta k about comp eted act ons ln the past.nwe use the past continuous tense to ta k about things n pÍogÍess at a speclfic t ime

n the past.*The speciÍc time in the past ls sometÌmes expressed with a time clause.


Simple past tense with past continuous tense

We were pÍacticing o -r i^e) fo'the pLdywhen the lÌghts wênt out.

When the reporters arÍived, iVir. Chenwas resting on a bench.

She looked at the stars every_nightwhile she was crossing the ocean.

lThlle Roger was climbing the rnountain,he dropped hÌs water bottle.

*To ta k about an event in pÍogress n the past that was interrupted, we can use a simp e past t irnec ause wlth when and a main c ause Ìn the past continuous tense.

*To talk about an event that was happening at the same tlme another event was in progress in thepast, we can use a past continuous time clause wlth whlle and a main clause in lhê (im^ ê ̂ '( i rê'çê

*A comma is used when the time clause comes fiÍst in the sentence.

Use the past cont inuous form ofthe verb 1n parentheses.

(do) his homework when arr ived.

A. Complete the sentences.

L

2.34.5 .

r B . FL2 .3 .4.5 .

Wl l ÌamAt three thlrty - (come) home on the bus.The mountain cl lmbers (rest) when the storm began.W e o r o c t t e o . o , : g ^ ^ * . o " b . l a r . r o r d c w f , l e w e (wa k), o . d d / o . r I o n o c _ ' s i r ' n i L e . o í ^ ^ . ^ o p y c s r ^ d a . ' n o n n o .

Ìn the blank with when or while.We were wa klng home _ it started to raÌn.Aki was playing her favor i te song - her father wa ked ln.

' ^ Nõ ^d . ng . Boo l .O .g l - t "bout

h ' O "n 'o lL e ' r lu o .

Several buses went by _ iVike and Laurie were si t t ing Ìn the park.

_ she got to the party, people were ta kìng and la ug h ing.

Conversationì A. Close your book and isten to the conversat ion. What was lelen sI I o o ro r . l . I rê^ rê d . t veor .

' / l

Helen: What was the most di f f icu t th ing you dìd last year?Paul: Do you mean the worst th ing?Helen: No, I mean your blggest chal enge.

I ca ed you lan nÌght, but youd df't answer youf phon,..

Paul: We l, getting used to a new schoo when my fami y moved was difficu t.Helen: F-or rne, l t was learning to play the saxophone. 'm st Ì l working on that lPaul: And you're Ì'naklng a lot of progressl

ll B. Practice the conversatÌon with a partner. Swltch ro es and practice Ìt agaln.

,/oo,tTalk with a partner. What chaìlenges did you face last year? Use your own ideas.

Lesson A 53


Word Focus

endangered - fananima ts endangeredi ts popuJat ion is sosrna l that i t may dieo ut .

Â Jenny Daltry, herpeÌologistand explorer

ListeningA. Whlch anirna s are endangered? Check (.,,/) the boxes.

Trcçk1-22

l\4adagascar giantjumpÌng raÌ

g ian t panda ^ Siamese crocodile

A po ar bear ^ Antiguan racer (snake) ^ African penguln

B. I stê^ lo t l 'e i rLerview o' ,enny D"l l ry. Circ e the corrêcf e le ' .1. What amazing thing did Jenny Da try do?

a. She discovered a group of Siamese crocodiles.b. She found a new kind of bird in Cambodia.c. Sl^e he ped , t ie- , ists p 'otect pd^da bea 5.

2. What was her biggest cha lenge?a. Walking throug h marshes.b. Avoiding da ngerous snakes.r -4 r r - ì r 'n l

nô^n tê rh^ , , r c rocod i les .

3. l low did she achieve her goa ?a. She exp ained that crocodi les are important to the marshes.b. She explalned that crocodiles are not reaLly dangerous.r ( l - ^ a "n l t nêd thâ t r ro r od les Are er l Tcr .

C. LÌsten again. Answer the questions.

l . How many crocodÌ les are ìn the argest group?

2. How many acres are now protected by the government?

ì l-nvv do'ì.ôst nêoolê rêê aho-L crocodi es?

How do you feeabout crocodl es andsnakesT ls it irnportantto protecï unpopularendangered anlma s?

54 Challenges

TÍack1-22

4. What was Da try doing when she found out about the Antiguan racer snake?


Pronunciation: Words that end in -ed

A. Listen to these words that end in -ed.The ed is pronounced in threedifferent ways.-rack I -23

-Íaqk 1-24

/Í/he lp helped

/d/

listen istened/td/

start started

lÂ C. Say a word in the present tense. Ask your partner to say it in the past tense.Switch roles and practice it again.

CommunicationA. Work with a partner. Make a list of chal enges people your age face.

B. Get together with another paìr of students and compare you r lists. Try to ag reeon the two or three most dífficult challenges for people your age.

Tell a partner about someone famous or someone you know.What chal enges did he or she face? How dÌd this personachieve his or her goal?

Ârtr

To achieve a goalmeans to succeed indoing something youhoped to do.

B. Listen, repeat, and check the column ofthe sound you hear.

Lesson B 55


^ Subaru Takahashi , theyoungest person to saÌl a oneacross the Pacific Ocean

Language Expansion: Phrasal verbsA. Rerd t f ,p a r r i r - p

SubaruTakahashÌ was oniy 14 years old when he set out on an amazingadventure. HÌs goal was to sail from Tokyo to San FrancÌsco alone. Subaru grewup near the sea, and loved sai l ing. Fl is parents thought he was old enough tosail alone, and they helped him buy a boat. He eft on July 22. At first, the rripwas easy. Then after three weeks, hÌs engine died, so he didn't have any lights. Hehad to watch out for bíg ships at night, because his boat was too dark to see.Five days latel his radio stopped working. Subaru was real y alone then, but hedidn't give up. His progress was very slow, but he kept on sailing. He almost ranout offood, and he was not fast enough to catch fish. He put up with hot sunand strong wìnd. On September I3, Subaru sai ed into san FrancÌsco. He was theyoungest person ever to sall alone across the Pacific Ocean.

B. Match each phrasalverb from the article wÌth Ìts meanlnq.

d. dccepl so'relhing bad witÀout bei . ìg upselb. grow from a chi dtoan adultc. f in ish the amount of something that you haved. leave on a tripe. be very carefuf stop tryÌngg. conrnue tryrng

Phrasal verbs aretwo- or three-worcicombinat ions thathave a specÌalmeaning. set + out= eave on a tr p

What do you thÌnkabout Subarut

really o d enoughto set out a one?

l . set out _2. give up _3. watch out _4. grow up_5. keep on _6. run out of7. put up with _

the questions that fol ow.

Grammar: Enaugh, nlt enough, toa+ adjectiveA. Read these sentences írom the artlcle and

CircÌeYforyesand N for no.

1. He wos old enough to soÌl olone.Could he sai l a lone?

2. He wos nat fost enôugh to cotch frsh.Did he catch fish?

3. His baat wos too darkto see.ínr r d nannlp .oa hi< hn.rr 7

56 Communication


Enough, not enough, too + adjective

le was old enough to sall alone

lle was not fast enough to catch fish.

ll Ìs boat was too dark to see.

adjective + enough =You havetne amount tnat you want.not + adjective + enough =Youdon't have the amount that youwant.t^^ + adir . ï \ tr . - l r t mnra th.an

the amount you want.

B. Complete the sentences. Use enaugh, nat enauqh, a( too and the adlectiveìn parentheses.'1 .

Thls boat is2. l t 's

(bÌg) for one person.(expenslve) for me to buy because don't have

much moneyIt 's (strong) to sai l ln a ake.3 .

4.5 .67 .

t'st's

,m

(safe) to sai in the oceanl(arge) for a whole fami y.

want to c l l rnb Black À,4ountain next summer.Are you serÌous? Black Mountain is too hard to c imb.Don' t you need specia equipment?a ,eady a ' t ed abou l ju p -o l g66 j [66r .

And you're not strong enough to c l imb a mountalnlYou're r ight, I can' t do i t now. But l ' I go hlk ing everyweekend. Next summer, ' l be f i t enough to c imbthe mou nta n.Wel l , I l lke hik ing. I ' l go with you sometÌmel

(hard) for me to learn.(afraid) to cross the ocean aìone because I can't swirn.

Conversation,-\ A. Close your book and isten tÕ the cÕnversation. What does Llsa| , need to do before she can c l imb the mountaÌn?

. 1 2 5Lisa:Mari :

Lisa:Mari:Lisa:

Mari:

- B. PractÌce the conversation with a partner. Switch roles andpract ice l t agaln.

t/oo.tMake new conversatÌons about these things or amazÌng thlngs you have done.

take a 100-mi e blcycle tr ip swim across Green Lake

Lesson C 57


Arctic CircÌe

I '" . ; ,

""oNightmaresl , i ! ì

Heaeilr-r{ïA. What do you know a bout the Arct ic?

Circ e the answers.Then read the art ic lero cnecK.

1 . I the winter Ìn th-. Afct lc, l t s darkhours every day.

a . 1 2lr .20.. 24

2. The North Po e is ona. la ndb. waterc. lce

. ' ì r l ^ ^ t O . . r - ^

a. po ar ltearsD. peng u Ins. o o r è r - o o p ^ q . l

B. Answer the fo owÌnq quest lons. fnecessary, ook back at the ar t ic le .

l . What was Boerg- . and Mlkes idea?

2. What happened to their foodT

3. l low dld Boerge and Mike trave ?

t . - a à o o ^ . o o Ê . o d

5 . What happened when they werec ose to the Pole?

6. When d id they get to the Po e7

A Ous and and Florn at Nor th Po e

In the darkness ofthe Arctic night, a l.relicopter landedon the north coast of Russia. Boerge OusÌand and Mike Hornrvere beginning one of the most amazing expeditiolts ir.rhistory. It was .fanuary 22, ar.rd they planned to walk 600 miÌes(965 hilometers) to the North Pole-in wirÌter.

There is no land at the North Pole, only ice that ÍÌoâtsand moves. Its always a dangerous place, but winter is theworst. The sun doesnt cone up for three months, and thetemperat!Ìre can be 40oF. But Boerge grew up in Nonvay, anihe started skiing and climbing mountains as a boy. Mike Hornwas a champion athlete from South AÍiica. They were ready Ío:the chaÌÌenge.

l - : !1tÃ-i

ì

58 tl ' la ! lençes


The two explorers wanted to set out right away, but the

re was moving too fast. They were waiting in their tent when

Eoerge heard a strange noise. "Mike, is that you?" Boerge

esked. Suddenly, the tent ripped open. It was a polar bear!\fhile they were looking for their gun, the bear grabbed some

or their food. They didnt sleep very well that night.

The next day, they packed up their equipment and stârted

their journey. They walked on skis, and pulled sledges behind

ürem. The sledges could float on water and slide on snow.Ì'l hen the explorers came to open water, they had to swim.They put on waterproof suits over their cloúes and got intorie icy water, five or six times a day. When they weren't in therater, úey Ì íere ski-walking. It wasnt light enough to see, soràev used headlamps.

Every day, they skied and swam north. And while úeyrere sleeping, the ice carried them south. But they kept on for

l0 hours every day, covering 15 miles (24 kilometers) each day.

were getting close to the Pole when Mike became very

Blood was coming from his nose and ears. They had a cell

but Mike didnt want to give up and call for help. Hemedicine from their emergency kit, and he slowly got

And every day, the sky got a little bit lighter.On March 23, Boerge checked his GPS. The North Pole

1000 yards (914 meters) away. "Iïe been úere before,"told Mike. "You've never been. You so firstl'

'Noj' Mike said. "Wdll do it together." And together, úe

explorers walked to the Pole, and took this amazing photo.

ll C.t"llu partner about the expedition. whatdÌd they do? What probìems dld they have?In your opinion, what was Ìhe mostamazÌng thing about the expedition?

WritinEA. Complete the paragraph with Ìhe simple

past or past contlnuous form ofthe verb inparenrneses.

Last year, I (decide) to runin the "Race for Life.'lt s a five-kÌlometerrace that earns money for the clty hospÌtal.

(train) for the race,(get up) early every day.

The first day, I (run)foronly two minutes, but I(go) a little further every day. On theday ofthe race, , - (feel)great! | (be) close to theend ofthe race when I(fall) and I (injure) myìeg. So I (walk) for thelast kilometer. When I(come) to fhe frnish line, all "ny fr'ends

(wait) for me there.(feel) very proud of

meet ing thÌs chal lenge.

B. Wrte about your biggest chal lenge. Useanother piece of paper When did you facethis challenge? What dÌd you do? How dÌdyou feeÌ after it?

When II

Tell a partner about your biggest personal

challenge.Talk about the tlme, the place,what you did, and why it was diffrcult.

Lesson D 59


Before You WatchA. Read aboutthe video. Checkthe meanings of the

words in bold.'v Lh Lhe W ldl fe, o y , ) o ì ! , c , r ) L v

ConseÍvation Society. He studies the wildlife ofA+ica, such as elephanl5 and go' i l as. He is oeginninçan expedit ion across thejungle of the Congo Basin.His goal is to count and record al l of the animalsìn the rainforest before they disappear. He willface many chal lenges: crossing r ivers, c l imbingmountains, and travel ing through an area with nopaths. Will he succeed?

ll B. List three things that you thin k Dr. Fay will do intne vroeo.

L

2.

3.

While You Watch

try " [ï::jTJf:" ,**|dnsect Proiect. Number the p aces in the order that

waterfalls rainforest

60 Challenges


' B. Watch the video again. CucleT for true or F for false.

ì . À ê ( o n g o B a s n h o > h , l ' o ' " l l L i ^ d s e f r [ o p l 6 n r ,and anlmals ln Afr Ìca. T

2. Fay wanted to collect animals for a zoo. T3. The expeditÌon used boats to cross the waterfa ls. T4. There are no other people in this part ofAfr lca. T5. The expedit ion ended in a ci ty. T

.. C. Watch the video aga n. Write the numbers you hear.

Gl 1. how far they wi I walk: almost - kt orneters2. the size of the raÌnforest: over_square kÌ lometers3. how much of the world s rainforest is in the Congo Basin:

onehow far they can see on the hi l l :_ or _ kÌ lometershow much t ime they walked: _ months

After You WatchWhat do you thìnk Dr Fay s rnost difficu t chailenges were? Why?

CommunicationA. You are going on an expeditlon to the African

rainforest. Make a l Ìst of the l0 most lmportantth ings to take with you.

B. Get together wlth another pair of students. Putyour lists from exercise A together and choose'10 i tems that your group wi I take.

C. Share your l ist wÌth the class.

FFFFF

4.5 .

Âr

Âr

ar

Video Journa l 61


a .Í-


infa n cy

He'sAdolescence

rie s

A baby can't wa k or talk. ÂfA c h i l d . . .

VocabularyA. Comp ete the photo captions with a phrase from the box.

an adult ababy a senior citizen a têenagêr achild

Adulthood

S he's

B. What do you think? At what age do peop e rnake these transitions?1. f rom infancy to chi ldhood2. from childhood to adolescence3. from adolescence to adu thood4. from adu thood to old age

C. Compare your answers in exercÌse B wlth a partner's answers. What changes takep ace in these transitions?

Grammar: Simple past tense vs. present perfect tense

Present perfect tense

We use the present perfect tense:*to talk about thÌngs that happened Ìn the past the specÌfictime

s nol mporlanl

I've olreody graduated from college.*to Ìalk about things that started ln the past and contìnue now.

I've lived alone for fiveyears naw.

"totalkabout things that happened severa timesinthepast thespecÌfic time Ìs not Ímportant.

l've seen that movie three tÌmes.

Simple past tense

We use the simple past tense:*to talk about things that happened at a specific t ime in the past.

I groduoted ín 2005.

"to talk about things that started and ended in the past.

llived olone for frveyears. Now I lìve wÌth my wife ond chìld.

Transitions


A. CoÌrìplete the sentences. Use the present perfect or simple past form olthe

verb in parentheses.1 . I ( l ive) in th 5 apa' tmenl br Fve ve"r \ . Be 'ore that . ,

( ive) with my parents.

2. The weather (be) rainy yesterday. t(be) rainy every day for a long timel

3. Nora (be, not) to South Amerlca, but she(travel) in Mexlco Last year.

(s tar l r In is cou '5e lwo.noatLs ago.

So far, we (fi nish) frve units.

B. Which of these things have you done? When did you do them for the first time?WrÌte sentences with the present perfect tense or simple past tense.'l . vote

l've voÍeà. I voíeà for Í,he f,reï' ï'ime in 2OAb. OR I haven\' vaíeà.

l . b .y >oneL"rng very eYoensive

3. move out ofyour parents 'house

4. f rnd a gray hair on your head

5. get a dr ivers ' l icense

A C. Compare your answers in exercise B with a partners answers. At what stage oflife do people usua lly do these things? At what age?

Conversationfl A. Close your book and lìsÌen to the conversation. Where did Jason go?I I Rick: Have vo- ever rrdveled alo'ìe?

Ìrack I 26Jason: Yes, I l'ave. ll was f-nlRick: Real y? Where did you go?Jason: I went to Los Angeles for a week last summer.Rick Did you stay Ìn a hotel?Jason: No, I vlsited my cousins. We had a great tlrne.

ll B. PractÌce the conversatÌon wÌth a partner. Switch roles andpractÌce j t again.

Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answerlng questions about importantmomentsìnyour ife: durÌng you r Ìnfancy, you r childhood, your adolescence, and your adu lthood.

Lesson A 65


ÂrListeningA. D i : c -ss the ,e q -es r ons .

1. Who is the oldest person you know? How o d is he or she?2. What does thÌs person usual ly do every day?

B. Listen to a radÌo program about Ushi Okushima, a woman from OkÌnar. , :la pa n. Answer the questions.

l . Where does UshÌ work?2. Why is UshÌ unusuai?

^ C. I isren òga n ond Í"d t^e ̂ Íornaton reeoed below.I t

traiul_zt Mo'e ha^ 700 people in Ok nawa _2. Three reasons for thls:

a .O.

C,

3. Ushis advice:a .0.

c.

Pronunciation: e sound for

f tack"l-27

Track l-28

Track l-29Would you ike to iveto be 100? Explain yourrea50ns.

license person bìananachal enge language nat ional

parenrscn tcKen

unstressed vowels

A. Lìsten to the words. Notice the vowel sound ofthe unstressed svl ab esblue. /6/ is the symbol for this souno.

aou t chí ld ren mll l ion

B. Listen and repeat the words. CÌrc e the unstressed sy lables with the /6/sou n d.- t ^ ^ ^

66 TÍânsitions


Conversation

Â A. Close your boof and l lsten to the conversat ion. How o d ls Kat le?I t

rru. t i :o Andrea: D d you hear the blg news? Kat ie is gett ing marr led.Kim: Serìous y? But she's I l lThat 's much too young to get marr ied.Andrea: Oh, dont know about that.Shes known her boyfr iend for a long

t lme. And her fami y rea Ly ikes him.Kim: That 's t Ì 'ue.. . but I th ink she should wait a few years.Andrea: Rea ly? We l , what do you thlnk Ìs the best age to get marr led?Kim: thÌnk peop e should get marr ied af ter they've f in shed co lege.

l l B. Pract ice the conversat ion with a partner. Sw tch roles and pract lce l t agaÌn.

Âl C. Corp " te

the chart wl th a partner. Use yout own Ìc leas. Then make newconversat ions about lorge and ív le issa uslng the conversat lon in exerclse Aas an exarnp e.

Real Language

You can say Oh,I don't kna'/,/ abaúifhdf to d Lsag reepol l te y wlth50meofe .

"Melissa istoo young to get her own apaÍtmentÍ

Age:

Reasons why lt's OK:

"Jorge is too old to <hange jobsí

Age:

Reasons why i t s OK:

The hcct ,âoe for lh iq ls

D. Read the opinions. How o d do you th nk each person is?

The best age for thÌs is

' 1 .

)3 .4.5 .6.

' l le's too old to play soccerl' Age:"Fle's ioo young to trave a onel' Age:"She's too o d to dancel' Age:"She's too young to dr lve a ca/ ' Age:"5he's too old to learn a new anguagel ' Age:"Hes too old to get rnarr iedl ' Age:

'r/eo.tz

Compare your answers from exercise D with a partner's answers and expìain your opin jons. What ls the

best age for each ofthese thìngs? Do you know someone who does these things at an unusua age?

i-esse.! B 67


Language Expansion: Adjectives for agell A. Do you know someone who fits any of these descriotions? Who is Ìt?

older, but wÌth the energy ofa young person (good)older but acting like a chi d (bad)looking and acting oldold enough to be responsible and make good decisionsnot young or old (about 40-60)between 20 and 29 (also in his teens, thiíties, fortìes, erc.)stopped working (often âfter 65)

A B.Talk about these people with a partner. Fiow old are they? Descrlbe them wi:-adjectives from the box.

1 . 2 . 3 .

youthfulchildishelderlymatuÍemiddle-agedin his/ her twentiesretired

Word Focus

age+ l im i t= theoÌdest or youngestage that you cando sornethingcome + of + age =become an adu t

think she's in her teens,but she looks very matuÍe.

*Use howto askquestions about descÍiptions with adverbs and adjectives.

A. Unscramb e the quest ions.

L2.3.4.5 .6.

EnglÌsh how do speak we I you áow well ào you seeak Enqlleh tyou how are oÌdcan fast you how typeyou nowtal arehow do carefuly wrÌte youhow was hard exercise this

Grammari How + adjective or adverbQuestions with how + adjective or adverb

Adjectives He's very tal/.Adverbs She drlves fast

How ta ll is he?How fast does she drÌve?

About six feet.EÌghty mi les an hour!

68 Transitions


Âr B.Take turns with a partner asking the questÌons Ìn exercise A.

C. Complete the conversations. Wrìte questlons usìng how.

1. A: I th ink Rita js too old to go out danclng.B: Oh, don't know about that.

2. A: N,4y brother faÌled his drlvers lÌcense test six times because he drives so badly.B:Wowl ?

3. A: L can't go to the movie with you tonlght, because my first class ls very early tomorrow

B: That s too bad. 1

4. A: L don'tB: Rea ly?

5. A: I haven't finished rB: That's a problem.

Conversationfl A. Close your book and lisÌen to the conversation. What did ErÌk get?t f

r ,uì l i - : r Mrs. Ryan: lúy son Erik iLst gol h,s f rs l credi t ca'd.Mrs. Chen: Do you thÌn k that's a good idea? Het just a college studentlMrs. Ryan: That's true, but he has always been very careful with money.Mrs. Chen: Really? How careful is he?Mrs. Ryan: We l, in high school he had a part-time job. He saved enough

money to b.y a corputer.Mrs. Chen: Then maybe he is ready to get a credit card.

ll B, Practice the conversation in exercise A with a partner.Swjtch roLes and practìce again.

ll C. Look at these peoo e and fil ìn ideas. Then make new conversations.

Elizabeth, ln her 60sstarted on a trÌp around

the wor dind e pen dentreaS0ns:

want to get my own apartment. lts much too expensive.

eading the assignment for tomorrow. I guess read too s owly.1

Keisha, 1 9got ner own apa rtrnentmaturerea son 5:

Take turns wÌth a partner gÌving a description of you rself or how you do something.Ask questions with horv to get as much jnformation as possible.

Lesson C 69


ÂÂ

ReadinqA. Discuss these quest ions wlth a partner.

At what age do people becomeadu ts?How do you know when someoneis an adu l t?

B. Read the art ic le and answer theq uest ions.

l . Where is the home ofthe Apache peop e?

4.

) .

L Flow onq does the Sunrise Dance ast?

The Apache Ìndians live in the southwestern region oftheUnited States, and many of them still keep their traditional cu.A young Apache woman named Nita Quintero described onelmportant custom:

The Sunrise Dance Ìasts for four days. It's tl.rebiggest ceremony of the Apache peopÌe when a girlpasses from chiÌdhood to womanhood. When mytime came at 14, I didn't want to do it, because I feltshy. But nÌy piÌrents wânted it. My mother explained,"Then you will l ive strong to an old ageJ' OlderreÌatives and a medicine man helped us choose mysponsors, an older couple not related to us. I callthem Godmother and Godfather.

What transl t lon is the ApacheSu n r Ìse Da nce about?

How o d was Ni ta whenshe had her Sunr lse Dance?

5. Who helped her Ìn the 5unrlse Dance?

6. What did she wear?

7. Flow did she fee af tertheSunriseDance?

Southwestern United States

Comirg of Agethe Apache Wuy

featherpendant

massage

70 ïransitions

't


The ceremony started on Friday evening.Godmother dressed me and put an eagle featheron my head and a shell pendant on my forehead.The dress is very special. It is made of soft leather,u,ith 200 tiny bells. My mother and my aunt made it

tbr me. For the rest of ny life, I wilÌ wear this dress

lòr special days. The most impoÍtant thing that

Godmother cÌid in the ceremorry was to massage my

whole body, to give me all her knowÌedge. Then I

.Ìanced around the flre for many hours.

On Saturday, I danced again, facing the sun at

Jarvn. The medicine man sang to me in our ApacheÌanguage. Even though it's rny first Ìanguage, I dicln'tunderstand alÌ his u'ords. After that, I ran for aÌong tirne so that bad people will never câtch me. It.tartecl rair.ìir.ìg and my dress got very hear'y, but ÌJidnt feel tired.

The next day, Godfather pairted my dress and:nv skn with pair.rt made from corn and four colors'i ground-up stones. After the painting, my father

:.oured corn and small candies over me, so that I wiÌìì.'\'er be hungry in my Ìife. Then he passed out many-:inds of food to all the people to wish that they wiÌÌliçavs have lots offood. On Monday, the last day,':cre rere more bÌessings and visiting with our family::rl tì'iends. We gave. ('rvone presents.

I'n.r really glaclÌrad a Sunrise

.)ìnce. It nakes me:nclerstand how': Lrch my parents.:., about me and.Ìrìr me Io grow:' rigl.rt. Now

childhood is.hed, and people,\' that I am â':ran. If I have a..:hter some day,ì:lt her to have ar i \e Dance, too.

Ni ta Quin lero dances for hoursduf ng the 5unr lse Dance

C. Number the parts of t l . re Su n' lse De -ce

1-The fami y chooses a godfa iher : r i . . .1 Ì ' ìo t l ,Ê f

The g i r dances ea f y in the rno fN l - ! .

_ Her mother and aunt make a d fess lc r t t 'Ê - l r

_The g l r ru ns .

_The g Ì f l v s i t s w i th he f faml y and t f iÊ f ds .

- Her godrnother puts the dfess on th-' glf .

_ Her godmother massages the q i f l .

_ Her fan.ìi ly gives people food.

Hef godfa ther pa in ts the q Ì f l .

Writ ingWrite a paragraph aboui a i fe t ransÌt lon. Be sur- 'to inc ude al of the fol owlng.

your age

what happened

how you fe t betore

how you felt after

why this t ransi t Ìon was l r-nportant in your i f - '

Goa l4

Talk to a partner a bout thê ln ' ìpo| tanttransi t ion in your i fe ihat i ,ou wroteaDout aDove.

L,Èss"n D 7 l


Before You WatchI n. tulk * l th a partner about wecldings that each ofyou has

seen.Tel each other about these things:

the bride the gÍoom the ceremony the party

How were the two weddings siml lar or dl f ferent?

B. You are going to watch a vÌdeo about a wedding ina Nubian vÌ l lage. Circ le the word in each pair that youthÌn k wi I descr ibe the wedding.

short/long

modeÍn/traditional

cheap/expensive

happy/sad

While You WatchJ,Yì A. Watch the vldeo, A/ubtdn Wedding. Ctrcle ïáe things you s-

white dÍess

wedding rings

wedding cake

dancing

wedding photos

. - ' B . W a t c h t h e v Ì d e o a g a i n . N u m b e r t h e p a r t s o f t h e w e d d l n c7 - t i n o r d e r .

_ Everyone eats a specÌa ld inner .

1 The br ide and groom sÌgn spec a ega papers.

_The groom puts a r ing on the br ide 's f inger

_The br ides skÌn is palnted.

72 TÍansitions_The groom Ìeaves his parents 'house.


C. Watch the video agaìn. Answer the questiÕns.

1 .2 .34.

5 .6.

When dÌd Sheriff meet Abir?-ìow rary days does the wedding last?When does the party sÌart each day?When dÌd i fe change for the Nubians?What do peop e eat at the wedding?Who kisses the groom?

Âr

tr

After You WatchWhat surprised you the most about the Nubian wedding? How is it different fromweddings Ìn your country?

LOmmunlcauonChoose one ofthese ife transitÌons and talk about glfts for a person who isce ebratìng it. Wth your group, make a gift guide with pictures and descriptlonsoffive gift ideas for the person. Share your work with another group.

getting your fiÍstjob

having youÍ fiÍst child

gêtting youÍ first apaÍtment

getting youÍ dÍivêrb license

your own idea:

Video Journal 73


í4{\!;ÈËYrffi{Í,, ,W;Ã:

, ) ì J r / 5 lAIti.i,.tt

xv'4..lrt:"- t '

precious stones

jewelry

cnampagne

fur coat

- pÍêcious metals

, , r , . , , , 1 . - l , q _ . ' , 1 .

A. Write the word next to its deÍrn tlon.

smooth, round, wh te objects formed natufal y ln oysterst \ ê ì d r - i d r o d . b , i l , r o

extreme y valuab e, cost y metals such as golda type of wine wlth bubbles n i ta coat made from the ha ry skln of an animalô . . ô 1 ô a l o b ô O I f t t \ . . c . d c ì o n o .r o r i o ^ . ì r h 1 . ^ n ô ^ ^ i t . n | ô ô - 1 1 r ' . . I e -

f i l e. th ink of three th inqs your country i rnports and three thìngs your couf rry expo .

5hare your Ìsts \ ,v l th the c ass.

L2 .3 .4.5 .6 .7 .

2.

3 . 3 .

Active voice

Subject + transitìve verb + direct object

Some peop e gÌve jewe ry as a glft.f,4y country imports wlne from ta y.l o , : l n ' t . n o l p . r ê . . . , L O 5 C 1 O O

Passive voice' i ô ^ t r ô r , Ò ^ . , t ^ t i i . ì e O [ | I d n , L r e . e r b

lewe ry is given as a gift (by some peop e).Wlne is imported from ltaly (by my country).Deslgnerjeans are of ten worn to schoo (by teens).

nTfansitive vcrbs have dlrecl objects.n\^/e use the passlve vo ce !\/ th tTans t ve verbs when the focus ]s of the objecÌ.

"The oblect goes before the verb r'ì the passlve voice.'The passlve voi{e is lormed !./ th the verb be p u! the past pafticlple of the nìain vefb.' lometlnìes we use a b/ phrase with the paslive vo ce.

7 6 i . , , . . i i t i i r ' , :


A. Complete the sentences in the paragraph with the passive formof the verbs in parentheses.

LuxJry i lem5 d'e expenSive for a reason. LrpenSive watcl 'e5,for example, _ (make) from precious metals such assl lver or plat inum. Beaut i fu l jewelry_ (produce) byneonle nor hv machlnes Precious stones such as diamonds andopals _ (separate) from tons of rock, and that requiresexpenslve machinery. lmported luxury items _ (bring) infrom distant countries, so the cost of tra ns po rtatÌon adds to their expense. Flna ly,a luxury Ìtem such as perfume _ (make) from speciaì ingredÌents thatcan only be found in few places in the world.

B. l\4atch the luxury items to the actions.

a. are mlned in severa countries.b. is made from French grapes.c. i5 worn on special occasions.d. are found Ìnside oysters.e. are used to make fur coats.

1 . Pea r l s2. AnÌmal skinsf í h a m n a n n p

4. Diamonds _5. Perfume _

ll C.Take turns.Tell a partner about a luxury item you have or want to have. Where doyou get it? How do you get it? How ls it made?

Conversationfl A. Close your book and islen Ìo the conversatìon. Who made Ellens blouse?I t

tìcu1-z Sandra: That s a beauiif..rl blo-:el ls it silk?Ellen: No, lt's cotton, but it Ìs soft ike silk.Sandra: I heard that the best cotton is grown in EgyptEllen: Really? A lot of cotton is grown in India, too,

but L dont know which kind is better.Sandra: Where was your blouse made?El len: In Srì Lanka. l t was made by women in a co-op.They work

together to make c othes.Then sel directly to the storesand keep the profit.

Sandra: That's greatl

ll B. Practice the conversation with a partner. SwÌtch roles and practÌce it again.

Tell a partner about everythlng you're wearing today. Do you know who rnadeyour clothes and where they were made? Are you wearing anythìng imported?What are you r clothes, jewelry, watch, perfume, or other things you're wearingmade from?

mined - removedfrom the earth'ssurface

Lesson A 77


Listening

Âl n. iVatch the actÌvÌtÌes with rrìe prcruÍes.a. shopping íor cut flowers at a

street marketo. g"ow '9 lowot ' a g ̂ ên ou ê

c. packÌng colorfu dais ies in boxÊd. carryÌng roses at a weddlng

adjectives adverbswonderful easi y

^ B. L sten to three peop e talk about the cut f lower industry. Why is each countr !

,.Lnl , i-noo'ro r io the Í'low^' ro- .t v 1

^ C. . r .n "o" n. WÀv , the ' lo \ , \ e i 'dr , : . r npor . , r^r 6 oo.a 3ar ep

I tTrà .k 2 -3 r . 5n l OOU:

Pron u nciation: Sentence stress-content words vs. function wordsIn .^ e ' ô5 ' 01 êrt word' Àavp 'oeciSc rea^i^g àno rêc€ ,0 Ç.eà êr s 'ess.

Other words have a grammatica function and receive less stress.

Content Words

nounsrn oney

L lapan _2. Ecuador3. The Nether la nds

2. Rafael:3. Peter:

main verbs question wordsspeak why, where, how

Function Words

pronouns auxiliary verbs thê verb óeit, she, him have, is, will, could is, are, was

articles pÍepositions conjuh(tionsthe, a/n in, to, oí at and, or, but, so

a. has a good clÌmate for growÌng flowers.b. imports many flowers.c. deve ops new kinds of f lowers.

78 Luxur ies


^ A. . ên -o the \T es n TL e 'o low 19 se ' ì re .es.The^ is te ' ì acìd 1a1d epeat .t f

f rc (k ) 4 ' ìê ' rc l -en l ) te^ed lO A s lo 'y à0O- l p t -d tes .

2. ler doctor l lves in an enormous house.3. Roses and carnat ions are popu ar k lnds of f lowers.4. Go d can be mixed with cooper to qÌve it a red color.5. Myfami v needs the monev I make.6. lave you a ways wanted to move to a bigger ç4y?

B. Unde lnê L ô ontÂ r ,ro d .T^er prd(t i ( e 5o) 19 the sente^ce5 "vt ' a partne..

L Flowers are an important part of life.2. De ic ious grapes can be grown Ìn Ca i fornÌa.3. lke diamonds and rubies, but they're very expensive.4. i\ily future could be very bright.5. Ce ia wants to buy a new car.6. Do you think she should get a sma lcar?

LOmmuntcaï ronA. Wri te each i tem in the appropl ète co umn. Use your own opinion.

a computeÍ

clean wateÍ

a caÍ

fÍesh íruit

fuÍnituÍe

books

shoes

flowers

the lnteÍneta

ll B. Compur" you r cha rt lrom exercise A wlth a pa rtner s cha rt. Ta k about why youthink people need (or don' t need) the Ì tems.

Goa l2

What is something you absolute y need? What luxury i tem do youwdnl \ ê 'y 'nu- l ' l D i . ( U5 . r f ,e \p que. on ' W h a par lne t .

Lesson B 79


Language Expansion: Past participlesof irregular verbs

Fi l l in the blanks with the words in the box. Use your dict ionary to help i

t .2.3 . Fresh seafood can be

i n c n ê . i ì . ^ ^ l ê r <

r silfroom

an

KWOrm COCOOnS.

nywhere Ìn the worldthe 9round

4. Salty cavlar ls _ on a cracker and eaten.5. Va uable paint ings are sometÌmes from art museu rr:6 Rêd 'ose( are - as a synbol of ove.

steal - stolendig - dug

fly - flownspread - spread

sprn - sPunmean - meant

Grammar: Passive voice with fui

Si k threads are _Precious stones are

from

Passive voice with by*The passÍve voìce is usually used without a by phrase.

Cutflowers are sold early Ìn the morning.Thís wotch was made in the 1920s.

*A by phrase is used when we want to say who or what doessomething (the ogent).

My rose could be planted by thousonds of formers.This blousewas made by well-poÌd workers.

A. Read the sentences and cross out the unìmportant by phrases.

1 . The Mercedes-Benz Ìs made in Germany b5rpeople.2. This necklace was given to me by my grandmother3. King Tut s tomb was discovered by Howard Carter.4. My car was sto en on Apri l9bysomeone.5. The company was founded by the owner's grandfath-^r.6. Fven dufng the wi^ter. dais ies can be grown n g'eenLouses b1

workers.

Luxuries


B. Complete these sentences wlth a by phrase. Use your own ideas.

L2 .3 .4.5 .

My favorÌte book was written byThe clothes l'm wearing were made byMy EnglÌsh class is taught by

was paÌnted by

ìluôÍd Focus

Necessities arethÌngs we needsuch as food andshe ter. Luxuries, r ê t h i ô ô < \ ^ / ê . 1 ô n t

really need, but theycan oe ntce Io nave.

We say lt dependswhen we want togive an opin ion thatrs not a ways Ìrue.We always mentionthe condÌt ion thaÌmakes Ìt true.

from my country islare ìmported by

LOnversaïlonô A. Ctose vo..rr bookand isten ro the co^ver(al ioÍ ' . Accord ngl . f Lo Garv. whv is educaL on val-able?

Track 2-5

Lânce: Gary, do you thlnk people's lÌves are ìmprovedby money?

Gary: l t depends. Some peop e don' t have enoughno^ey ro buy -ecessi t es. hei ' l ives a'edefinitely Ìmproved by having more money.

Lance: What about other peop e?GaÌyi Well, when you have enough money for the

basics, th ink your l i fe can be improved byed ucat ion.

Lance: Interestingl ls your education improvìng yourllfe?

Gary: Sure. I enjoy learning about new things, andI hope to get a good job someday becauseof my education.

Lance: I see what you mean. For me, though, my lìfe wou d be improvedby having a nice car.

Gary: OK, but nice cars cost money. Maybe you should think about gettlnga job irst.

ll B, Practice the conversation with a partner. Swltch roles and practice it again.

new conversatÌons. What do you think ìmproves peoples

Lesson C 81


Grasse, Irance

' /.yertume:

Thls man is s tandi fg outs ide the Sephoraperfu me superstore in Paris.

Readingl l A, D, .u, t l .e ê q, rê<, t o^ . uv i rh o pd r^er .

2.

3 .

Have you ever bought pertume orco ogne? What brand did you buy?Why do peop e wear perfume orco og neiWhat do ads for pefume or cologneusuaÌ y show?

WoÌd Fo(us

synthetic - artificiai, man maderenowned - fa mouswi l t - f a f lower wi ts, l t gradualyturns soft and llrown because it needswater or rs cly ng.musk = a substance with a strongsmel that Ìs used in making perfumegamble - r isk

À "For me perfume is an indu gence;'says Angie Battag ia, an AustTexas, businesswoman who owns J0 scents.

"Perfume]' says Sophia Grojsn.ran of International Flavors .rFragrances, "is a promise in a bottlel'We want to believe. \\,wânt to be prettier, richer, sexier, and hâppier than we are.Consider the labels on the fragrances we buy: Joy, Dolce Yi:-Pleasures, White Diamonds, Beautiful. Said Charles Revsor:founder of the Revlon cosmetics company, "We selÌ hope."

In terms of chemistry, fragrances are a mixture ofaromatic oils and alcohol. Perfume has a concentration ofoils greater than 22 percent. Eau de parfum has a 15 to 22percent concentrâtion. The Ìess aromatic eau de toilette ha.8 to l5 percent oils, and cologne contains less than 5 perce::oils. The "fixativesj'or oils that make a fragrance last a lonrtime, traditionally came from animals. Those have mostlybeen replaced by synthetic chemicals. The other ingredient.came from plants, most notably flowers.

The area around Grasse, France, is renowned for itsflower pÌantations. Farmers like loseph Mul have been

82 Luxuries

I


producing roses, iasmine, and Ìavender for centuries. Mul'srose âbsolute, a liquid extracted from rose petals, sells forS3650 a pound. Explains Mul, "Picking roses will never bedone by machinei' The rose petals are carefully harvested byhand during the early morning. By ten o'clock, the heat ofthe sun begins to wilt the flowers, and the workers are doneòr the day. "Labor is 60 percent ofthe costl' says Mul.

The high cost ofnatural ingredients is just one ofthereasons that perfumers today also use ârtificiâl ingredientsrn their fragrances. Synthetics also allow perfumers to usercents such as Ìilac that cannot be obtained naturalÌy, or'.ents from flowers that are too rare to be picked. Synthetics.aye wild animals from being used for their musk as well.\ccording to perfumer Harry Fremont, "Good fragrance is.l balance between naturals and synthetics."

Once perfumers have created a Ìovely fragrance, it's:ime for the marketing department to work its magic. Thendustry spends hundreds of millions of dollars each year

:o convince people to buy something they don't really:reed. The success rate for new perfumes is low-onÌyìbout one in ten is successful, so spending money on,.ìr'ertising is a big gamble. It's also the only way to Ìet the'.orÌd kr.row about a fragrance so beautiful that a man will':riss the woman who wears it when she leaves the room,. lìerfume so enchanting that it can make us beÌieve our.:r'eams wiÌÌ come true.

..n picks nlght bloomlng jasmine flowers at dawn ln. ndra.

lããl B. Write answers to the questions.

L What are the two main ingredients n

' Wh, nn nê . ' r . Ì .ê - . ì ì . ô . . ' r .p 1 i " " t , . e : i

4.

3 .

5 . What percentage of new perfumessucceed ?

âll c. À/uk" u list ofother products designed to" _ - . ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ l ^ r ^ ^ l À ^ + + ^ , .

t - - t U t - rÈ dbOJ l I ne - r rê r . e )

Share your ist wi th the class and talk aboutwhether the products real y do what they'resupposeo ro oo.

Writ ingll A. Create a magazine ad for a new perfume

for men or for women. You wiJ need to:

. Glve the perfume a name.

. Draw a slmple picture or cut out rnagazlnephotographs to i lustrate your ad.

. Write a few sentences about the pefume.

B. When you're finished, present your ad totne cra55.

Goal4

Choose a luxury i tem and talk \ 'v l th apò' lner àboul the wa; L rs ra le-edWhat 'o'rs of dd\ ê 1 i\ ng a e - 'ed lHow do Lhe ddver Li)ers co-\ ncen o a n l a t n h r r . < n m e r h n n r h o r d n n r

r p . e l l v n p p d " 2

Whlch French city is famous for its flower' ) ' r s t _Whor o re l hê b . ddvonràqes o ' sy 'n lL ìe t cs?

83Lesson D


ffiefcre You Watch

I

A, Read the sentences. Wrl te each word ln blue next to l tsdefi n itÌon.

1. The ground under Coober Pedy, Austra ia, containsbeaut i fu stones ca led opals.

2. Digging is one thÌng you can do in the ! l round.3. The Austra ian outback is generaly very dry and ho:zl . Very beaut i fu lopals can be worth a foÍ tune.5. Everyone in Coober Pedy hopes for a biq payoÍf for

thelr ha rd work.the parts of Austra ia that are far awar

from cities_ a arge surf of money

_ the earth, soi lthe benefit you get fÌ'orn an act onto make a hole by takinq away earth

B.Te youf partner about your idea of a fredsure. Whai lsso valuab e to you that you would spend your l ì fe workìto get it?

I : . : t , l l

-íihi" '

^t;:.*.-

b.c.O.

e.

ÂÂ

Opa jewe fy surfounded by a string of pearls

84 i,uïuries


While You Watch4;l A. Watch thevideo, Coober Pedy Opals.Cicle each word when you hear it.

--.ym11tg1s = peoplewho dig for stonesor oÌher minerals

dlgglng fortune outback payoíÍ ground

,43 B, Watch the vÌdeo agaÌn. Circlel for true or F for folse.f.ta.

-Y 1 . About three thousand people live ìn Coober Pedy.2. Over eighty percent ofal opa s come from AustralÌa.3. Ni^eLy-Éve percent ofa lopal is color less.4. The hope of a huge payoff motìvates people to dig for opals.5. Most people in Coober Pedy make a fortune eventually.

TTTTT

FFFFF

l f t )C.Wurrn Lhe video again WriLe vour opinio' ìs

2. Why does the video talk so much about hope?

3. Do people have a high qualÌty of lÌfe in Coober Pedy? Why?

AfterYou Watch|l Some ofthe holes and tunnels in Coober Pedy are later converted

into hornes. What might be the advantages and disadvantages oflivÌng in these underground homes?

Communicationlll lmagine that Coober Pedy doesn't have enough mÌners.

Create a -ewspaper or .^ternet job I st ing for opal r lne's.DescrÌbe the work a nd the potential rewards. Try to attract-ew people to Coober Pedyl A (top) Coober Pedy

(bottom) underground houseVideo JouÌnal 85


l i r l l - l ' Í t r i i l - ,J J J ) ) . - ) J t ) i J

Use conditionals to talk about real situationsTalk about possible future situationsDescribe what animals doGive your opinion about a problem in nature


É

d

. ..4.r

*I árb,


VocabularyA. Read the sign. Notlce the woids in blue.

Asiatic Black Bear Ursus thìbetonus)

This is an Asiatic b ack bear. lts one of eight different species ofbears. ks habitat is lhe fo'est. o' noÍthe'^ Asia.-^ese oears arepredators that eat other animals.Their usuaì prey is small animalsand fish. They hunt for thelr food during the day. The bear Ìn ourzoo is wild and came from a forest in China. In the paÍ, some otherkinds of tame bears performed in shows. Asiatic black bears areendangered, and there are only a few ofthem eft. People kill themto use their body parts in traditional medicine. íwe dont pÌotectthese bears, they v.lill be êxtinct a few years from now. We rnust ado our oart to save the world s wildlife.

B. Wrìte the words in bluê next to the correct meaninos.

to ook for animals and ki I them

Real conditionals in the future

Condition

l í+ q r rb iec Ì - n .êsenï l ençê vêr t ,

lf I have time tomorrow,lf we dor'r prorect Asiatic bracl bears,

dn dniTd rhat orher animals k I to eaLan anima that k i l ls o ther animalsthe place where an anima usua ly l ivesa kind of animaIdoesn't exlst any more, al deada- inals ard p

"nÌs that ive in nat- reto keep safe from dangerln nature, not controlled by peop e

Result

subject+wi l /+verb

l ' l l cal lyou.they will be extinct a few years from now.

trained to lÌve with people

Grammar: Real condit ionals in the futureA, Study the sentence and answer the questions.

Condit ion Resu tlÍ we don't protect these bears, they will be extinct a few years from now

' 1 .

2.ls the condÌtÌon possib e, or not possible?ls the result now, or in the future?

*These sentences teÌl about situations in the future that are oossible.*The c ause with ifcan be at the beginning or the end ofthe sentence.88 Nature


B . , o ^ p " " ' n ô , ô ê i ô ^ l h ê o - r l b r o ' - ' o a ; [ i p n " ; a L - - 6 .

(llve) if a zoo, it(be) very happy ì f our team (win) the

game.3 . Í l (run) away.

(go) to the concert i f I Inave) enoug nrnoney to ra tcKe t .

5. f you f < ê ê n n n i l ê n ô . ì h v ô (fee ) tlredton'ìortow.

Âl C. Discuss these sl tuat lons with a partner. Wri te sentences to descr ibe themWhat wi l happen i Í . . .

L Asiat ic black bears can' t f ind enough food?

2. peop e cut down the foresis in Asla?

^ ô , . ô r ê - , r . . . . r i ï i . . . l r e d r n e ?

t t ^ , a õ o , ì t - t À . ' i l | l b e " r S '

Conrrersatinnf ì A, C ose vour boof and lsten to the conversatìon. What Ìs Kat le afrald oí?

: r ; u M ike : ô qo o ' ì pnq ' . ê a ro , rd t pa*Kat ie: ' rn not sure that 's a qood idea.There are bears n the park.Mike: That n-ìay be, but they're not very blg. And they stay away

from peopìe.Katie: lf see a bear, l' I be real y scared. They're so dangerouslMike: Bears won' t hurt you i f you eave them alone.

ll B, Practice the conversation with a partner. Swltch ro es and practice itaga ln .

C, Mlake two new conversatlons.

1. Whlte Beach/sharks2. your own idea

1 . f a n e e p h a n t2. We

(see) a bear in the forest, I

'rl/r.o^ttTalk to your partner about s l tuat ions that wi aÍ fect nature.

Real Language

You can say lhdrmay be, but . . .to show that youdlsag ree wlth theôthÕr ôêr <ôn < i . lê f ,

r . : 55 { ] t A 89


ListeningA. oot o " o . rop ord ,b^ the,e p l , .e . .

,'.

C, Llsten to the f i rst part of the radÌo program agaìn. Use the lnformat lon to f i

, í

fÂck2-7

oTrack 2-8

^ B . _ ê r t o t h e r a d o O . o o r a n a o o . . . . e o - e f r . u ' ô a - d I r - ô r h ê - h ' ê ô ' ì

I t tall.s a bout.

tne D an ks.

Bluefin Tunal . U p t o2. Weighs Ìoore tha n3. Colors:4. Swims more tha n m e5 an nou r5. Llves up to

A D , . - . t ' t o t l ' . , e , o n d p a t o f t h e p o o ' o n c o o i o d o n p l . t e r L e e o n "t f

rrcck2 g 'l . n _ peop e use Ìt to make sushl, and Ìn _, people love t.

Á n Á l o l i n < t h o r o you n!in the future.

3 . O n y of the or igina populat ion of bluef ins was lef t .4. f the big boats _the f ishing in the Mediterranean, many poc'

peopLe their jobs.5. f th is amazing f ish _, the seas a great treasure.

i l E. Dlscuss these quest ions with a partner.'1. s fish cheap or expensÌve where you live? low often do you eat it?2. Do you know where your fish comes from?

- . ^ [ h ô 1 :ê . ê \ f ô , t ^ , t ê r L

2. f the boatsA These bluefin tuna from a fish

farm in the Medlterraneanwi l become sush l ln lapanese[estauta ft5.

AtlanticOcean PacificOcean IndianOcean MediterraneanSea

90 Nature


orcck2-

Pronu nciation: Phrasesin Sentences

Ìrack 2 10

A. Listen and repeat these sentences. Not ice how they're dlvÌded into p'1. A b uef in tuna can swirn very fast I and ive a ong t lme.2. My fr Ìend s bÌr thday i ls June fourteenth.

B. Divide these sentences into phrases.

L Jefíand I saw three big shart<s.2. Cathy doesn' t l rke dogs or cats.3. l ' I br Ìng my camera i f we go to the zoo.4. How many chl ldren do you have?5. My fr lends and go out danclng every Saturday n ght.

C . . : r en "nd . "ec .oL a ' : ne ên a ê . n . d l i . g t -e

11 senrences to your partner.

LOmmunrcai lonA. Read the inforrnation. What does susrainable mean?

Fish is one ofthe wor d's favorite foods. Around the world, the average personeats 36 pou nds ('l 6 kg) of Íìsh every year. But many klnds of fish arou nd the worlddr. d )oopea"ìo [^6o-,s 3casl , . r6-c^ Ioo na^r of her . , , i , . . ì i . t )o) IhaL 90percent ofthe biggest fish are gone now. fwe catch too many bÌg fish now, therewon't be any ba by fish in the future. Our way of fishing now is not sustainablei t can' t cont inue for a long t inìe wlthout hurt ing the envÌronment.

{l B. You are mem bers of a n environmental group called Save the Oceans. Your g rou pwants to take action to solve the fishlng prob em, and it is thlnking about threedifferent p a ns. Ta k a bout these plans. What wiÌl happen ìf wefo ow each oneT

Plan A: Don't eat fish!Te I people to stop buyìng and eat ing f ish. Put ads in newspapers and magazines,and makeTV commercÌals to explaÌn why f ishing hurts the envÌronment.Plan B: Safe fish symbolMake a specia symbo for f ish that Ìs caught in a sustainable way. Make commercialstotel l people to look for th is symbo in supermarketsand restaurants.Plan C: Strict laws about fishinglvlake stronger laws about how many fish people can catch. Send specia pollce infast boats to al ofthe fishlng areas to make sure that fishing boats follow the laws.

,(oo,tWhich is the best plan? Why? Explain your decÌsion to the c ass.

Lesson B 91


Language Expansion: Adverbsl l n . t o * o o i l . ^ y d o l 1 o o o ^ p i L l - r e : . , o n p l - l ^ l h e

sentences with an adverb from the box.

beautiÍully fast well slowly loudly badly

of manner

L A sna i l moves

2. A cat hu nts

5 owiv

3. A penguln wa ks

4. A shark swlms

5 . 4

ó . 4Drro

rOATS

s ings

Adverbs of mannerAdjective + /y

qu ick+/y=qu ick lycareful +t-careful lyh a p p y + l + t = h a p p i l y

*Adverbs of manner te how an actlon is cìor ìe.Asnailmaves slowly.A cheet]h runs fast.

*Adverbs of rnanneí come after the veÍb.

rreg u lar adverbs

good wellfast fastha rd hard

Âl g. Whut is the adverb for each adlective? On another sheet of paper, writea sentence using the adverb.

quick careÍul quiet easy loud

Grammar: Review ofi i n. nead about raccoons and the thìngs they eat. Work with a pafrnef ro oecrc:

their foods are count or non count nouns.

Raccoons are smal anima s that ive in North Amerlca and some parts ofEurope.They are omnlvorei anima s that eat both p ants and anÌma s. Araccoon s usual food Ìs n uts and íru i t . They also l Ìke to eat insects. They cl l fÌn t rees to eat bird eggs.5ometimes, they,r so catch f ish or f rogs. Someraccoons l lve in c i t ies.They cause problems there because they ike to eatgarbage. They look for th ings l ike meat, bread, and potatoes ln peop e'sgarbage cans.They' leven eat soap Ì f theyf ind i t l

quanti f iers

92 Nature


B. RevÌew the informat ion in the chart .Then clrc le the correct ouant i f ier Ìn eachsenrence Detow.

Quantifierswith count nouns

toofew eggsa fewsomea lot ofmanytoo many

With non-(ount

too littlea little50mea lot oftoo much

nounS

orack2-

"Qua ntifiers tel us how much or how mony.*Don't use much in affirrnatÌve sentences:ffiÌnoi?q': He has a lotafmoney.

l. Raccoons eat (many/a llttle) dlfíerent kÌnds offood.2. They eat (a ittle/a Lot of) nuts3. Raccoons wÌll eat (a feMa litt e) insects if they frnd thern.4. They sometimes eat (a litt e/many) soap.5. fa raccoon goes in your garbage can, you'l find (a lot oflmany) garbage

al around the p acel

ConversationA. Listen to the conversation with your book closed. What does the woman

want to see at the zoo?1 2

Dan: So, which animals do you want to see at the zoo?Carmen: I ove to look at the pengulns. l th inkthey ' rereal yamazing.

Dan: Why ls that?Carmen: We l, they walk so s ow y, but Ìn the water they swim real y

wel . And it's fun to watch them at leeding time.Dan: Rea ly? What do they eat?Carmen: They eat a lot of fish and a few shrimp.

ll B. PractÌce the conversation with a partner. Switch ro es and practice t again.

ÂÂ C. nlt in the cha rt. Add your own Ìdeas. Then make new conversat jons.

bread walk play leaves grass climb run bananas

/co.nRêpo l lo , l - 'e e ass. lo I l f ,er about you ' favor i le zoo a^ i r ìa l . Lesson C 93


Readingll A. Dlscuss these questions with a partner.

1. Why do people vis i t nat iona parks andother nature areas?

2. What are the most famous nature areasin your country? What prob ems dothey have?

f3fi1 B. Circle T for true,F fot false, or Nl fornoìnformotion (if the answer ìs not in thereadÌng).

l . There are no wolves inYellowstone today. T F NWolves can ki l l an imals that aremuch bigger than them. T F NlWolves live in families. T F NlWolves often hurt peop e. T F NlPeople ki l Ìed al lof thewo ves Ìn Yel owstone. T FWolves sometimes killfarm anima ls. T FWo ves can run very fast. T F

NI

NN]

C. Number the events to put them in ordera._There are fewer elk.

Vore wrr low lrees orow_The wolves ki I and eat etr ._There are more wolves in the park.b.

_ 'he wolves get o-L or t^ê parr._The wo ves kill cows and sheep.

Ranchers lose monev.Ranchers cet ano rv.

94 Nature

Yellowstone National Park. United States

Return of the

Yellowstone National Park in the United States is one ofthe morbeautiful places in the world. In the park, visitors see many kiniof wildlife like bison, ellç and bighorn sheep in their naturalenvironment. But for many years, one animal was missing: the 1wolf. These wolves still lived in Canada, but they were disappeain the United States.

Wolves are very intelligent animals. They learn, play, and Ìirfamilies-the same way dogs do. They communicate with the dwolves in their pack, or family, with their voices. They kill their Iwith their sharp teeth. When wolves are together in their packs.hunt very large animals like bison.

Starting in the 1800s, people hunted gray wolves in Yellowsbecause they were dangerous predators. In 1926, the last wolf inpark was killed. But some scientists thought that this was bad foecosystem. Ifthere are no predators, the population ofprey anin

2.

3 .4.5 .

6.

7.

Gray Wolf


gets too large. In 1976, the government made it illegal to kilÌr*'olves. And in 1995, scientists started a new program. Theybrought 3l woÌves from Canada to live in Yellowstone.

Some people were very angry about this program.Tourists were afraid of wolf attacks, though wolves dont.rsually hurt people. Ranch owners dont like wolves because:hey kill their sheep and cows. In the first few years, wolvesriÌled 80 sheep and 5 cows near the park. Scientists say üatras only a few animals, but ranchers say it was too manÍ

The wolves in Yellowstone have helped the park'secology. If wolves kill an elk, they will leave a lot of meator other animals, because an elk is too big for wolves to eat:ompletely. So the wolves give food to animals and birds':iie eagles. The wolves also helped the trees. Ifthere are:o wolves, there will be too many elk. The elk wont have<rough food, so they eat small willow trees and kill somecnds offorests. AíÍer the wolves came back to the park,::ev killed and ate the elk, and the willow trees started tocorv again.

Today, there are more than 1,000 gray wolves around'l<llowstone.

And once again, you can hear their voices at1Êht.

CommunlcationA. Choose a rolè. Make notes on your opinions

aDout wolves.

l. You are a rancher nearYellowstoneNational Park. Gray wolves have killedfive ofyour sheep.You can se I yoursheep for 5500 each.

2. You are a travel company owner. Youtake visìtors on tours toYellowstoneNational Park. They sleep in tents andt r r ê h h ^ i ^ < n f t h o r a , i d l i f o

3. You are a scientist who studieswolves. You wanÌ to find out howyoung wolves learn to hunt.

ll B.The government wants to brÌng morewolves to Yellowstone. Role play a meetingofthe three DeoDle descrÌbed ìn exerclse A.

Writing5hould the government help dangerousanÌmals? Write a paragraph about youropinÍon.

Read your paragraph to the class.

Lesson D 95


Before You Watchl l Read about the video and check the meanings of the words in bold.

E ephants are beaut i fu l and intel igent anlmals. They can use their t runks topick up heavy th ings. In the wild, they live in herds in the forest. Today, ma nyelephants ive in zoos or cÌrcuses. Their trainers ta ke care of them a nd try tomake a good lÌfe for them. But can e ephants be happy in captivity?

While You Watch^ - A. Watch tle vtdeo, Happy E/ephonts. Choose the maln idea.

3'F ô p L o 1 r ) c e h a p p i ^ i ^ t [ ^ ^ ; 6

2. Peop e and elephants have been together for a long t ime.3. Elephant t raÌners f ind ways to make elephants happ er.

^ - B. Watch the video aqain. Circ e the thÌngs that e epha nts ike.Êt- - swirnming iv lng a one people talk ing to them nrud iv ing in a new plac-

C. Wal À ' p r d^o aoo i f i i - the n lo rmdl ion .

H L E ephants and peop e have worked together for over2. There is one quest ion that peop e have been askìng: How is l t possible Ì -

keep e ephants happy?3. Many people who work c osely with anlrna s say that they do have

and can experience happÌness.4. That means that they ive in fami ies and herds and they

otner e epfrants.5. For e ephants, communicat ion and social re at ionships are rea ly

6 Th i , omm n . n r ôô / ôd n l c - . . n r - , r ' v r r m ; [p . p , pT , nnp. " \ J v \

96 llature


Âr

âlr

AfterYou WatchDÌscuss these questions with your partner.

1. Have you visited a zoo, or seen a video ofa zoo?2. Do you think the animals lÌke living there? Why, or why not?

CommunicationYou are the directors of a new zoo in you r country. Choose one kind of animalthat you will display in the zoo, and plan a home for these animals. Think abouthow the anìmal lÌves and what ìt ìÌkes. Also thin k about how you wìll help vÌsìtorsunderstand the animal. Draw a plan for the animal house. Share your plan wÌthanother orouo.

VideoJouÍnal 97


h -h^,^.u. Lt t r , tç>

c. clotnrng

d. communicatlon

l l r l l - f G t - r 4 l (J J J J J J J , . ' : . J

Discuss life in the oastutscuss IÌe In Ine past

Talk about your grandparents'daily livesCompare past and present ways of g€tting

things done

Ë

Consider the imoact of the Colúmbian


tlwww.elsolucionario.net

Ì,it-lle bu la l,r

A. Listen to part of a TV documentary and circ e each word whenyou near t .

Track 2 13

tools

gambl ing

pipes

building

weapons

combs

hairbrushes farming

hunt ing d ice

glass beads

B. Complete the sentences with words from the box.

l . Less than 500 years ago r fany peop e used simp ea n o to do theÌr own

a n d2 .

3 .4.5 .

Women wou d use simp emade from wood or bone

a n o

Men used to smoke tobacco Ìn

^ P Ì fs , th i r Ì rb e , and sc lssors íound a tJamestown Co ony excavâtion

Real Language

We say that wetake sometttirtg forgrdnreo wnen wethink of l t as norrnaanO Oo not t f ì nka 0out i l .

wefe woTn as jewelry.was popu ar; men would play cards and ro Ir f ga mes ol chance.

Would

O C. Listen agaÌn to check your answers.

Track 2-13

í:r"a rn rna r: t) st't.l i r :

Used to

f i f tq j lzyr r11 i , i

Natlve Americans used to make their When ear y lnd an hunters wanted toown shoes out ofdeerskin. (Now, most hunt ducks, they would make duckof them don't.) decoys artificial ducks to attract the

They didn't use to buy their shoes at real ones.

a store. (Now, most of them do.) Would people buy or make therr

D id ,o - use to .a ê - r ì u . i \ e , so r ' . e /ê r \dd ' l oo ' ?

*We use used to (or dldr'f uJe fo) to talk about pãst s tuations or hab tual actlons in the pasttnat are not tfue now

' n negat ve statements and questions wìth uJed Io, the aux iary d/d or dldnt shows the pasttense and |r5e is in the base form. (ïhere s no siqnificant dlfference ln the pfonunc alion oí usedlo and uJe to.)

"We sometimes u5e wo!/d n the sarne way.*We Lrsually don't use the negative wouldrt ln this way.

100 ' i t i : , ? r ; r t . r


A. Comp ete each sentence wltl used to or would. (Both forms are possib e.)

Six lndian lnnovations

chewing gum ' The Aztecs

Popcorn

chew chicle, a latex from the sapodilla tree and the keyingredient in modern chewing gum.

Nat lve AmerÌcans made the f i rst popcorn. Some Ind ians - put a st ick

The Inul t a lsonarrow slits for peop e to look through.

. The Maya created the first choco ate frorn cacao beans.The l\4aya, Toltec, and Aztecdrink a bÌtter, unsweetened rnixture. Sugar was added later to

through a drled corn cob and ho d it over a fire.

parkas Today s skilackets are simìlar to hooded coats nuit women - make from

layers of skìns that trapped air for greater Ìnsulation.

carve their version of sunglasses from walrus tusks withsunglasses

chocolateind lans

dental care

< , , i Ì F , , r ^ n ê : ô t â ( i ê (

North American Ind ians

B. Talk about the in novat lons in exercise A. Whlchones did you a ready know about? Whlch onessurprìsed you? Use used to and would.

Conversation

scrub their teeth with the ragged ends ofst icks, whl le the Aztec lndia ns appl led sal t and charcoal to their teeth.

ir

o"ack2-

la feady knew the lúaya used

to rnake a choco ate dr nk.

A, C ose your

14 Ben:Patri(ia:Ben:Patricia:

Ben:Patricia:

book and l lsten to the conversat lon. Why are the ncan ruins amazlng?

What 's up, Patr lc la?Not rnuch. l 'm ookÌng at pictures of ncan ruins in Peru.Wow, they used to cut a lot of huge stonesl How dìd they do lt?They would use too s made oí stone or bronze, but the stonesare cut and p aced so accurate y that even modern people areamazed.And how did they get ihe stones up the Andes mountalns?Actua ly, the nca used to get thelr stones from the area wherethey were bu i ld lng.

l l B. Pract lce the cofversatÌon with a partner. Switch ro es and pract ice t ègaln.

,/oo.tTalk wlth a partner about ear ly c iv i izat ions in your country.What were theìr l ives l lke?

L e s s o n A 1 0 1


ÂÂ

ListeningA. What dÌd European colonists take to the New Wor d? Chec.

the Ìtems you think might have been found in a recentarchaeologica dig. Add your own ideas.

! tools for farmÌng! pìpes for smoking tobacco! glass beads! hairbrushes and combs! Ìron nai s íor bui dÌng! weaponsnn

B. Listen to an intervÌew with anitems from exercise A does he

a rchaeologÌst. Which of thement ion?o

Tfack 2-

.Indianchief's town

. Indìan yilÌage

"- Pothatan's \,)chíídornomi 20

Do you think it 'sÌmportant to studythe past? Or doyouthlnk we shouldfocus more on thefuture? Give yourreasonS.

A C. I isren aqain and arswer the q-esÌ ons.

,,.*tn i,, I . Whar did archaeologists NoT use to know about the Jamestown Colony?

2. Why did some of the colonists bring dice to the Jamestown Colony?

3. What kÌnds of clothes did the archaeologists find?

4. When was tobacco introduced to Europe?

5. What did the colonÌsts br ing that the ÌndÌans especial ly valued?

D. Work in pairs. lmagine that you and your partner are going to spend a monthin a wilderness area. You will not be able to communicate with the outside worldor buy anything there. Make a l Ìst of the I2 things you wi l l br tng wÌth you.

102 Life in the Past

ÂÂ


Track 2-16

Pronunciat ion: Reduction of used to

When we speak quickly, used to Ìs sometimes pronou n ced YAU sta.

A.YouwÌl hear each sentence twice. Llsten to the ful form and the reduced form^ í t , ô l n \ t ^ n d 1 ' 1 . n . n , l o D e a l . i e s e

- " n , " . .

l . People used to make thelr own tools.2. They used to plant corn here.3. Did you use to play basebal ?4 lood u ,ed ro . o5 l d lo lê< , '

5. My grandfather used to read to me.

B. Complete the sentences with your own lnformat ion. Then read the sentencesa oud to a partner. Use the reduced form /OU sra.

L When I was younger, used tc2. As a chi d, used to want money forì 1 y . o . r t y p ô o p l ^ r ê d l o

4. Before the nternet was Ìnvented, people used to5. In my last Engl ish class, we used to

Communicat ionA. Look at the artifacts from the.lamestown Colony. rnagÌne at least

six things these colonlsts did every day. lse used ta, would, or Í6eSrmp e pasr rense.

They probably used tocooK rooo every oãy.

i l e. th ink of at least s ix thlngs you do every day that the colonists dldn' tdo. Use dldn'r use ro or the sirnp e past tense.

They didnt useto go toscnoo eveÌy oay

Âr

ir

Artifacts from the lamesto!n/ÌrColony te us about the co oÌ ì s tseveryday lives.

,r/ co"rzWork with a partner. DÌscuss the most important differences between your life and yourgrandparent 's l ives. Talk about t ransportat Ìon, entertaìnment, and dorng hou sehold chores

Lesson B 103


Language Expansion: Separablephrasal verbs

giveup bringup helpout switch on keep away puton

A. Fi l n the blank with the phrasa verb from the box that ls c osest inmeaning tÕ the verb in parentheses. Use the correct form ofthe verb.Use your dict ionary to he p you.

H , my name is Susie, and ive Ìn the N unavut Terr i tory in Canada. HereÌn Nunavut, i fe hasn' t changed as much as l t has ln other p aces. t 'strue-nowadays, we can _ (start) the furnace when it getscold, and we use modern r l f les to _ (repe ) the po ar bears, buiwe haven' t _ (re inquÌsh) other th ings. We _ (raÌse)our chidren in the land our people have Ìved in forthousands ofyears.We teach thern to _ (don) our t radi t lona clothing to stay warnln the wlnter, and we teach them to always _ (ald) their fami lyand thelr community. Ìhose things wi l never change.

l l B. Work with a partner to comp ete the sentences.

1. I hope I never have to give _ up.2. When I get home, I usual y switch _ on.3. Parents work hard to br ing _ up.4 . n o ê . , 9 d ' i c c a - L e ^ o _ d n d / .

5. always try to help _ out.6. When get dressed, never íorget to put

Grammar: Past passive voice

on .

Active voice

Sublect + transitive verb + directobìJect

nuit peop e built igloos from blocksof Ìce.

Passive voiceDirect object + was/were +n : < t | ì ; r r Ì i . i ô a ô f t r : n < i f \ / ô ' / ô r h

gloos were built from blocks ol ice(by lnui t peopJe).

^An nuÌ t man bul1ds an 1g oo.

My grandmother made the fami y's The fami ys clothes were made byclothes. my grandmother.

nwe use the passive voÌce wlth transÌtÌve verbs when the focus is on the object.*The passive in the past tense Ìs formed with the slmple past íoÍm of be pius Ìhe past partic pleofthe main verb.'Sor eL .ìe, r e e d o\ p'lrd e ,vi h r'ìê pa.(t -

104 L i fe in the Pas t


A. Complete each sentence with the past passive form of the verb in parentheses.

1. Money for voyages to the New World (provlde)by investors.Glass beads

lf B. How did thÌngs get done in the past in your country? Complete each sentencewith the past passìve form ofthe verb ìn parentheses and your own ideas.

2.3.4.5.

L2.3 .4.5 .

PìpesWild animalsChocolate

Most of the time, mealsln general , a famÌly 's ÌncomeClothesPeopleMany chi ldren

(trade) for food.(use) for smoking tobacco.

(h unt) by Native AmerÌcans.(drink) by the Aztecs.

(prepa re) by(earn) by

(make) by(tell) about irnportant news by

(teach) by

onck2-

Ìalkto a partner. How were thÌngs done before the following servíces were developed,and how are they done now?

ConversationA. Listen to the conversatìon. What was life like for Carls grandparents?

17 Louise: Hi, Carl. Can I ask you a serious question?Carl: 5ure. Go ahead.Louise: Do you thÌnk your life wÌll be very different from your grandparents'

lives?Carl: Maybe. Back then, important decisions were always made by the

husband. And today, women . . .Louise: What? We have our own opinions?Carl: Exactly, but that s oK wÌth rne.Louise: What else do you think will be different?Carl: Well, all of the housework used to be done by women, and I don't

mind doing some of the housework.Louise: You're going to make someone very happy one day!

3 B, Practice the conversation. Switch roles and practice ìt again. Then make newconversations using your own ideas to answer Louise's questions.

postal service city water systems garbage collection service

Lêsson C 105


Readinga .

l l A . L r l . u ) . l ^ S O - e ' l l o f w t ^ a p A r l n e Ì .

WhÌch of these were brought to theAre i o : b r

- - rOpe . r ^ e .p o t ^ 5 d -d

co onists?. norses. peanurs. Ìomatoes. ma lafla' cattle' t o b a c c o

í ! ì t B . W i t ^ " n . w e s t o r l - e q . e o n > .

ColumbÌan Excha nge?

What 's one thing that wasn' t inyour country before the Columbian

The New \{brÌd

The ColumbianExchange

When European explorer Christopher Columbus landed onthe island he named San Salvador in 1492, he began â processknown as the Columbian Exchange. Columbus was folÌowedby explorers, soldiers, and colonists from Spain, Portugal, theNetherlands, France, and England. The Europeans broughtwith them a great number ofplants, animals, and diseases thatthe New World had never seen. And soon, countries in the OÌdWorld smoked American tobacco and tasted corn, tomâtoes,peanuts, chili peppers, and potatoes for the first time.

The first European settlement in what is now the UnitedStates began on May 14, 1608, when an English ship landedon Jâmestown Island in the present-day state of Virginia. The

lamestown Colony was founded in the middle of an Indianempire calÌed Tsenacomoco, an area of about 8,000 squaremiles with more than 14,000 people. The principal Indian chieiwas Powhatan, father ofthe legendary Pocahontas, and thesettÌers calÌed the native peonle Powhatan Indians.

4.

5 .

3 . Why were the Nat lve Americansi^ T.o.d. oroco ca' -d Powh"-or,Ind ia n s?

Why didempty faColony?

the colonists sometimes f indrm fie ds near the Jamestown

Why were the O d World anlma s aproblem for the Powhatan ndians?

Why do you think the Oid Wor ddiseases were especlal ly deadly lorNatÌve Americans?

106 L i fe in the Pas t


Before the arrival ofthe English, the Powhatan Indians

used to grow corn, hunt wild animals such as deer, and

gather wild plants for food. When a cornfleld started to

rroduce less corn, the Indians would plant in another area

The )amestown colonists saw these empty fields as a perfect

rlace to grow tobacco, a New World plant that the Spanish

Jiscovered in the Caribbean. Tobacco from Virginia could

be shipped to Europe and sold, and the colony's investors in

England were eager to make a profit.

The Jamestown colonists also introduced several kinds

of domestic animals to the New World, including pigs,

;attle, horses, and chickens. The Indians had no large

Jomestic animals, and so they had no fences around their

:ornfields. They were soon competing with the colonists':nimals for both crops and wild food. The corn that the

.ndians stored for the winter months, meanwhile, became a

:avorite food for an animal the English brought accidentally:n their ships-black rats.

In addition to the rats, colonists carried diseases from

:ìre Old World that Native Americans had never been

:rposed to. Diseases such as malaria, smallpox, measles,:nd cholera were not always deadly to Europeans, but

iilled a large percentage of native people in the Americas.lÌre Columbian Exchange, therefore, came at a very highiost, but without a doubt, it was one ofthe most significant: \ 'ents in modern human h is tor l

ll C. Discuss this question with a partner. In thefoLlowing linès from the article, what ls there ationship between the noun phrases oneach side of the comma (,) or dash ( )?

T. Powhatan, father of the legendaryPocahontas

2. tobacco, a New World Plant3. an anìmal the Engl ish brought

accìdentally in theÌr shlps-b ack rats.

Writinglmagine that the Columbian Exchangenever happened. f you live in a New Wor dcountry, the rest ofthe world doesnt knowyou exist. lf you live in an Old Wor d country, you know nothing about the Americas.Wrre a journal e^-"y abo-ï a dav in yourlife. What do you eat? What anìmals do yousee? What do you do on a typical day?

Share you r journal entry wìth apartner. How was your imaginary daydiffe'ent from a day in your rear life?In your opÌnion, is the world betteror worse because of the ColumbìanExchange?

Lesson D 107


N O R T H

ÂÂ

" ' , ' , ' Ì '' .i''l,ru o"r l-. ,l'

i :ì.: ' i

i . ' . '

A 1 Ì - â N 1 I C 'O C E A N ' 1 .

2.

3 .4.

Before You WatchA. Discuss the foi lowlng quest ions with a partner. (Dor:

worry if you don't know al the answers now. You caristen for the information in the vldeo.)

1 . Who was Christopher Co umbus? Where Ìs he fro 'and why is he fa mou s?

2. low many shÌps dld Chri Íopher Columbus haveWho paÌd for the ships?

B. Wrlte each word from the box next to its definition.

route island continent voyage spice sailor

A M Ê R I C A

S O U T HA M E R I C A

a long journey or t r ip, . ^p o t l l p \ê \ ê^ l tô r l "nd r t ç .e - in Lhe

wor da person who works on a shipa pÌece of land completely surrounded bywatera pathway of trave , a way to get to a p ac€- l l - , , ^ " i ^ ^ r ^ " r ^ ^ , . t - . , , - A - - ^ ^ ^ "o td /út I u l l r ULJ\ , U l I o . l , ,F l per Of

cinnarnon

5 .

1 6 .

While You Watch_.. \ A. Watch the video and draw l ines from the peop e to the act lons.

- 1. Christopher Co umbus a. reached North AmerÌca before Co umbus.2. King Ferdinand and Queen sabel a b. shouted that he could see land.3. A sai lor on the Pinta c. paid for Cc umbus's voyage.4. The Vikings d. studied geography.

l,-ì B. Watch the video agaln and fil in the b anks wlth the words you hear.7----' '1. Europeans wanted from India and Chlna.

2.3 .

CoJumbus wanted to f ind a new sea f r ^ m F , ô ô ê i ô ^ < l >

4.5 .6.

n '1492, Columbus persuaded King Ferdinand and Queen sabel a of Spaìn to gìve l^money for theOn October 9, after a month at sea, the were very tired of looking for a

a -mol boa "nd uenl Lo LheI ) ) a r u r ì q u r ( u

Columbus didn' t know he was on a new _. He thought he was near thecoast of AsÌa.

108 L.ife in thê Past


Âi

:Ìti:ï,i..t,,"t I ll I ìiil;+Ì"t i'r

How was Co umbus's voyage to the New Worlddi f ferent f rom a journey today? Use your lmaglnat lon.Make a T chart to show the di f ferences.

i, l:l llì ilÌr l.t f-ì |I ::! r'.iil.1i'l

t 's January 1492. Help Chrl Íopher Coìumbus prepare to talk to Kir ìg Ferdlnand and

Queen Lsabel la. Make a Ìst of th lngs he needs íor hls voyage as wel l asa lstolreasonsthat the king and queen shou d pay for those things.Then ro e pìay the meet ng.

I Qtl,\tTpo \tIAGCIDI CIìISTOIORO COLOMRO

'/.,n**

d'{it'1"

Ë "iaFúE q

4iÂ

' : . 109


rari , ;jrr[Í&ìli

'fr!&q " *

"--_+L--I

ì'ü, Ì#= , ==1"5 p

I i i ' '

- - . ì t - t , " )

Talk about preparations for a tripTalk about different kinds of vacationsUse Engl ish at the airportDiscuss the pros and cons of tourism

. , 3 . ï :. .21

, ' " t \

) í '

íï


l0LI--l--}ì|;:..rG4xr.

tÇt

' ' - ! - , I

,+, *l ,.

' , )r a . t

;

üi

a:

? 'í,r'.1h}.arr

. , 'q l , í " -A

a

P

a,

"t l'

, Ú '

: t \ /,t

. ' { : '

, ,

J ). '

I Í


VocabularyA . L , b ^ - " . , o . _ , - . i t h L e o . . p l - a e .

l l B. What did you do beíore your last t r lpT Use vocabu ary írom exercise A ancl yolown Ìd-.as.

Grammar: Modals of necessitvModals of necessity

It's ne(essaÍy. lt's not necessary.

must make a reservatìon. I don't have to make a reservation.have to've got to

*Mu5t is used if lormal situatÌons and lf writ ing.*Have got ta i5lnfa".rlal.*Hdye fo is used for all tenses.*For the past, use ihútd ta ot I dÌdn't have to.

A. Circ e the correct moda in each sentence.

L You (haven't to/don't haveto) make reservation s for the traìn. You ca n buya t icket at the stat Ìon.

2. Sorry) can't go to the movle with you because (l n-ìust/'ve got to) workton ig ht .

3. Last week, Chen (had to/have to) take the bus to c ass because n s car wasworking.

4. To get a driver's icense, you (must/don't have to) pass a driving test.5. The aw says that a parents (must/have got to) send their chl dren to scho-6. Tomorrow | (wi I have to/must) ta lk to our teacher af ter c lass

WoÍd Focus

a plane/tÍain/hotel+ reservation

a plane/train/bus+ ticket

talk to the travel agent

apply for a passport

apply for a visa

buy a ticket

make a reseÍvation

check the itinêraÍy

get sightsêeing information

a vaccination

1 1 2 -,iare!


Car Rental Ruleshave a drivers lÌcensemake a reservation ..

You have to have

a drivers l icense.

Âr

orack 2-

C. What are the rules in your EnglÌsh class? Write a isl.lJse must/haveto/dan't have to/hove got ta. Campare your list with a partner s list.

1 ,You have to hanà in your homework. You don't have to hanà in yournoíebaok.

LOnversaTronA. Close your book and listen to the conversatÌon. Where is Peter going

on his vacat ion?i 8

Ed: So, Peter, when are you taking your vacatìon?PeteÍ: n September. I'm going to South Africa.Ed: Wow, South Afrlca! What a great triplPeteÍ: I wi l l be. B-. f rs l have Lo gel a 1ew passpo"Ì .

and I have to app y for a v isa.Ed: That sounds l Ìke a hass elPeter: lt's not so bad. I can get the vÌsa from rny travel agent.

And don't have to get any vaccinations.

B. Practice the conversation with a partner. SwÌtch roles and practice it again.

C. Look at the lnformatìon. l\,4ake new conversations about these countries.

Do travelersn e e d . . .

Tu rkey

a passport? a visa? vaccinations?

No

No

No

hotelreservations

No (there arelots of hotels)

Yes

YCS

A hd.ss/e is aninformal word forproblem or trou ble

Australia

Yes (onlÌne)

Yes (from theemoasSy/

No

Yes

Yes

|l B. Lookatthe rules from the car rental company. Work with a partnerto makese^te. lces -s ng nodals oine.es: i ty.

útr

lstanbul BazaaLTurkey

^ Ayers Rock, Austra Ìa

Agno RlveÍ, PhilÌppinesTalk to a partner. Say where you want to go and what youneed to do to prepare for the trÌp.

The Phìlìppìnes Yes

Lesson A 113


Listening

3 n. n'tatch the descriptions to the pÌcÌures. What are some goodplaces to do these things?

'1. AdventuÍe va(ationTry exciting sports, lÌkemountaln cl ìmbing,bicycl ing, and ski íng,HÂvê êYnêriênaê< rô

tell your friends about.

2. Relaxing vacationGo to a beautiful placeto rest and relax. Sleeplate, read, listen tomusic, and enjoy thescenery.

3. Learning vacationLearn to do somethingnew, like art or musÌc,or take a class in a< r r h i ê . t i h ì t i n Ì ê r ê < t (

you.

A B. Li Íen to three people taìk ing about theÌr vacatÌons. Which countryI J are thev ooino to?

I lacK 2 t9

oïrack 2-

Ca r la:l\4a rc us:- lu l Ìe:

C, Listen again. Whìch kind olvacat ion wÌ l they take?

Marcus:J u l ie:

A O. Wt icf, of these vacatÌons would you enjoy the most? Exp ain yourreaSons to you r partner.

Pronunciation: Reduction of have to, has to,got toA. Listen to the pron u nciatÌon of have to, has to, and got to. Notice how they

sound like hafta, hasta, and gotta.

l've got to fin ish my homework.He has to c ean the house.Do you have to work tomonow?

B. PractÌce the sentences wÌth a partner. Pay attention to the pronunciationof have to, hos to, and got to.

1. Sorry, I have to leave now.2. l've got to apply for a visa.3. Rosa has to pack her sultcase.4. They've got to stay after c ass

oraCK 2

5 .6.7.B,

He has to be there at six otlock.Do you have to make a reservation?You've got to answer my questions.Tomorrow, I have to go to the bank.

114 Travel


tÂ

CommunicationYou and a partner have won a dream vacatìon in a contest.You can choosefrom three different trips.

A. Ta k wlth a partner about the three trÌps and choose which oneyou wìll take together.

B. What do you have to do before this trjp? Think of five thÌngs.

C. What wi l l you take along? Lìst 1 5 things.

Get together wíth another pair of students. TeLl them a bout your pìans.Explain you r reasons.

Ârlr l ' l brÌng a digi ia c3'Ì ìÊrã Ìo

take pictufes oíthe a!ì ma s

Adventure tour in AfrÌcalTrave fromEgypt to South Africa ln a truck, andvislt 20 countries. You'll see wildlife

and learn about AfrÌcan cultures.

ive w rÀ a fani 'y i - -ondo". andtake 'ng l sh r l asse : o r a l anguageschool wi th students from manyco-ntÍ ies. 'v"ry weeIend. you' l l

là ke a i ' ip to d 'arous place .

Stay in a beach housel SwÌm, relax,or just do nothing. The house

has a beo- f . l garden wiLha vÌew ofthe sea, and a chefwi

cool . a l l of you' meals.

Lesson B 1 l5


LanEuage Ëxpansion: AtA. Wri te the numbers in the clrc les.

1. depaÍtures 3.baggageclaim 5.gate T.boarding pass2, sècurity check 4. arrivals 6,teÌminal S.airlineagent

B. Complete the sentef ces. Use the words frorn exercise A.

l . When your f r iends corfe to plck you up, you rneet them at | ìe

At the offrcers ook inslde your bags.You can tal..e a sma on rne p ane w tn you.^ . r o . . O . r I o . o ê ) o I O o q

looks at your t lcket and gÌvÊs you a seat.When you are going somewhere, you qo to the a rea.

is the big bui ld lng at the airporr .is a door where you get on the airp ane.

o 6 o g a , q l l l r / O L ê a t U ì O ê l

the airp,; ,r t

ïJ::ilrïï:ï, j

TheTheYourGo to the to put your bags on the p ane.

Âl C.f" your partnef about an experlence at an airport . Use words from exercise A.

Gra r"n rnae': Mcdaüs cf pr*h i bi t lonModals of prohibition

You must not bring a knÌfe on the p ane.can't

"M{rif nof and .drt rnean that somethlng is . lot a lowed. There ls a law of rule agalnst lt'Thls mean ng ls difíercìtfro.n dan't hove to.yau must not tqke pictures here. = plctLtres are not a lowedYau don't have to toke pictures here. = pt.túes are OK but not nece5sary

1 f 6 : : : r . : I


xA, What do these slg ns rnea n ? Wrlte sentences with musL must nat, ard can't.

2 .3 .4.5 .

remember when you go to the airport? Cornp ete theid ea s.

B, What are some things tosentences. use your own

2.3 .4.5 .

You nave toYou can'tYOU mUSt

You don't have ÌoYou must not

frcck2-21

ConversationA. C ose your book and l lsterì to the conversat lon. What t lme wl l the trave er qet

on the p anei

Check-in agent: Good afternoon. Where are you flying to today?Traveler: To Caracas. Here's my ticket.Check-in agent:Traveler:Check-in agent:Traveler:Check-in agent:

Traveler:Check-in agent:

Thank you. Would you 1Ìke a window seat or an ais le seat?A wlndow seat, pleãse.And do you have any bags to check?lust one. And this 1s my carry on bag.OK. lere's your boarding pass. You're in seat 2/4. Boarding t lmels ten f i f teen, but you must be at the gate I5 minutes beíore that.have a quest ion. ls there a restaurant af ter the secur i ty check?

Yes, there are two. Thank you, and enjoy your f l ig ht l

B. Pract lce the convefsat lon wl th a par tner . SwÌtch ro les and pract lce i t again.

C. Make new conversat ions wl th th is in forrnat ion.

l. Seou ,/aÌs e seat/two bags/l5c/two thlrty/a place to buy a newspaper2. London/window seat,/two bags/3oE/four ot ocVa pharmacy in the aÌrport

,/o', l 3

Take turns. Pretend a partner is a forelgner at your ocal airport . Use the Ì l ustrat ìon on theprevlous page to ask and answer questÌons about what you have to do to board your plane.

- - * ' j _

i$iqrsll

-t- ffi

Lesson C I l7


Khumbu, Nepal

TouristsTrees?

T I B E T C H I N A

Readingll A. DÌscuss the questìons with a partner.

l . Which places in your country get themost tourists?

2. Do the tourists cause any problems?

EEI B. Find the information in the text.'1. What díd Khumbu look l Ìke 50 years

ag o?a.

What does much of Khumbu look l ìkelodav I -

3. What problerns are caused by touristsin Khumbu?a .b.c.O ,

4. What actions are peop e takÌng ÌnKh um bu?a .b

I N D I A

Around the bottom of Mount Everest, the highest mountain inthe world, is a beautiful region ofNepal called Khumbu. Fiftyyears ago, it had thick forests, and the mountains were coveredwith red and pink flowers. Edmund Hillary and TenzingNorgay started from Khumbu when they became the firstpeople to climb Everest in 1953.

Since then, thousands ofvisitors have come to Khumbu toenjoy the spectacular mountain scenery and take an adventurevacation. Many tourists go trekking or hiking between villages.They sleep in very small family guesthouses.

Now everything has changed. Much ofKhumbu hasbecome a desert, in part because more than 25,000 trekkerspass through every year. Most sightseers arrive by small planefrom Kathmandu, the capital. The planes land at the airport inLukla. In the past, it was just a grassy field, but in 2000 a newterminal was built to alìow planes and helicopters to bring inmore Yisitors.

"We must reduce the number of touristsj' says one localman. "They destroy the trails when they all walk in the sameplace. The guesthouses are crowded. People drop their waterbottles and soda cans ever1.where."

l l8 Travel


But the biggest problem oftourism is deforestation.Khumbu has lost most ofits trees. They were cut down to:uild more tea houses, and to use for firewood. You can onlyree the big old trees in the wide floorboards in old houses.

"Tourists dont think about the problems they cause,".als a scientist. "Especially about the wood that is used to:ook their foreign food and heat water for their baths. One:rekker uses as much wood in a day as five local families.They dont have to use so much woodl' Now the forests haveJisappeared, and Ìocal people have to walk many miles toìnd firewood.

One possible solution is to cook and heat water withkerosene. But it's too expensive for many local people. "The

:overnment has got to distribute kerosene to local people,"'àys the scientist. "Ìtì the only way to sâve the forest."

People in Nepal are taking action. One group has started: program to sell cheap kerosene. The Himalayan Trust, anrrganization stârted by Edmund Hillary, has planted more:han a million baby trees in Khumbu. This will save the..rnd. and oroduce.iood products that:eople can sell. Inì0 years, Khumbu,çilÌ have forests and:.owers again.

C. Match the columns to comp ete the reasons.

1. Tourists v is i tKhumbu

2. l\4ore tourlsts cometo Khumbu now_

3. The forests lnKhumbu are gone _

4. Tourists use a lotof wood

5. People don't burnKerosen-ô _

6. Groups have plantedbaby trees _

a. because it's tooexpensive.

D. Cìecause tneywant not Datnsand foreig n food.

c. cìeca use tney wantto start new forests.

d. beca use the woodwas used for tourists.

e. oeca use rnemounta ns arebeaut l fu.

f. because it s easyto get tnere.

Communication3 n. ta lk to a partner. What can tour ists do about

the problems in Khumbu? Use musr, mui lnot, hove to, and don't have ta.

They don't have to takea hot bath every day.

' l l l g.rhe Department ofTourism in your countryhas asked your group to make a report forforeign vlsitors in your country about howthey can be good tourists. List as manyÌdeas as you can.

. C. Put a I your ìdeas together. Wlth the class,choose the three most important th ings.

Writing

,1"How can tour ists help the country they vls l tand not hurt i t? Wri te a paragraph aboutyou r ldeas.

Take turns. Read your paragraphs to as m ; l o ' n r r n o ' s t . d e ^ -

- i . ' . . , . e a r h

other 's opinions.trail Kerosene

Lesson D 119


:'irEwZEALAND

.1 , . ' t , ' " : ,

Before You WatchRead a bout the vÌdeo a nd check the mea nÌngs ol the words in bold.

The city ofQueenstown ln New Zealand is a world center for adventuÍesports. You can ríde a fast.jetboat th roug h shallow water, go bu ngeejumping off a hlgh br idge, ortake a hel Ìcopter hike in the mountains.All of these pastimes give travelers a thrill. People ca I Queenstown "theadventu re caoital ofthe worldl'

While You Watch^ - A . W " L L ê \ i d e o 4 i 1 " p t r 1 ' . 1 a D ì r c t a [ t h c ] / , a t t d \ u - r o o r r h - . p o l , i ^ t h e o

,l:t Lhdr ,/ou hêdr "iro. then

he icopter hÌkÌng _ bungee jumptng _ . tetboat ing _

. ,. .. l,vari"g,.,

. l i {Z :A : \ .J )

f t JB Wut .h ,

: : ; . u ,O"ounu ,nandc i r ceT fo r t rueo rF fo r fa l se lhenco r rec t the fas -

T FT FT FT FT FT F

1. Queenstown ls a beaut i fu and quiet p ace.2. The jetboat was lnvented ln New Zealand.3. You can do 60 dlfferent actlvities in Queenstown.4. HelÌcopter hikers stay on top of the mountaln for a Jong t ime.5. Everyone is happy after they try bungee lumping.6. People are making new adventure activities in Queenstown.

C. Watch the video again. Circ le the correct answer.

1. The gap under the lump pod ls (300/440) feet.2. letlloats were made to get around on (lakes/rÌvers).3. The mountain hike takes (fourlfive) hours.4. r ì he icopter hÌk ing, peop e wa k (up/down) the mountain.5. The world 's f i rst bungee-jumpÌng si te was a (br idge/wÌre).

120 Travel


After You WatchWhÌch of these actÌvitÌes in the video do you want to try? Why?

Communicationâll n. Plan a three-day tour of you r country for foreign visìtors.

1. What k ind of tour wi l l thev have?adventure history nature other idea:

2. Which places wi l l they vis i t?3. What wi l l they do in each p ace?

B. Write the itinerary for your tour. Share it with another group

Video Journal 121


it l


Vocabulary

A. Llsten to a conversation between a hlghCirc e each word when you hear it.

Tíack 2 22

oe c k 2

employee

training

B. Lìsten agaÌn. Thenexerclse A.

. Marcy wou dthe necessary

experience

qualifications

senior and a career advisor.

owner

volunteer

in the blanks in 4,4s. Carter's notes with the words in

assistant

boss

N/a rcy has some work q h ê \ ^ / ê n i t h r ^ , , ô h ,

program Io OecoTne a nurseshosp i ta . l t ' s work, so Marcy doesn't get paÌd.

I ike to be a business but she doesn' t have

^ . ' ì . i n ^ ^ À , t . l - ô . . l t - r t r . ò n at a C)ustness. Later,p e o v ) , ) l s L o u c | t r when she has her own buslness.

g C. Talk to a partner. What do you think Marcy shou d do to prepare for her future?Did the advÌsor oive oood advice?

Grammar: Modals for giving adviceModals for giving advice

s hould/s ho u ld n't/oug ht to

You should choose a career that fitsyour persona||ry.

Miguel ought to become an engìneer.LÌnda shouldn't take that office 1ob.

"We use moda s of advlce to ta k about what ls or lsn't a good idea."A I moda s aÍe fol owed by the base form oía verb.*Had bettet (not) is sltanger than should ínot) or ought fo. lt means someth ng bad could happenifthe advlce Ìsn't fo owed.*We can use maybe, perhaps, aí I thìnkwttl| modals to make the advice sound gentler and frÌendÌier

had better/hod better not

You had better tdlk to the academic:À . , <nr l - 'a fa 'o ' , ^ Aar aa aa . r- - , na jo '

I had betteÍ not mlss any more days oíwork.

124 Careers


|| A. Complete the sentences. Use your own ideas.

Career Advice. lf you want to become a successful businessperson, you should

, but you should n't

, f vou real ly l ike aninals, you ought ro

When you go for a job intervÌew, you had betterand you had beÌter not Good luckl

l l B. Read oneof theproblemsout oud toa partner.Your partnerwi l lgÌveyoufriendly advice using maybe, perhaps, or l think.

I don't get alongwrtn my coworKer.

1. l forgot to brÌng money for lunch.2. thÌnk I may be gett ing sick.3. want to become a doctor.4. l\4y job doesn't pay very we L

5. l\4y universÌty app icatÌon wasre.jected.

6. I never remember my mother sbÌrthday.

ConversationA. Close your book and isten to the conversation. Why doesn't Bob ike his job?

Irc.k2 23 Miranda:Bob:Miranda:Bob:

Miranda:Bob:Miranda:Bob:Miranda:Bob:

HÌ Bob. How s i t goÌng?Not so good. l th lnk I need a new.1ob.You do look stressed out. What ls it you do againT'm an administratÌve a ss ista nt. That's like a secretary, but havemore responsÌbi l i t Ìes.Do you have a good boss?Sure. lle's the owner ofthe company, and he's pretty nice, actua ly.So what 's the prob em? ls i t the other people you work with?No, my coworkers are ine, but I do the same thing every day.Maybe you should start ooking for a more interest ing job.You're right. can probably frnd sornethlng better.

a partner. Choose one ofthe careers and descr ibe the traÌning, experiother q ua llfications req uired for that career. Then ta lk a bout the advandisadvantages of having that career.

l l g . o ' u , r c e l l ' e c o n v p r : a o n w . t h a p a l r l e t . 5 \ ^ i t c n r o l e s à ^ d p l d c l c e i t a g d i n

,/ on"tWork wlth

sales Íeprêsentative homemakerlawyer infoÌmation technology specialist(omputêr software enginêêÍ health care worker

Lesson A 125


l - istening

l i n, Whut makes a good job? Rank the fol owlng l rom I (mosr rmporranr l to6 ( least important) .

amount oÌ vacatrorì t rne

_ wage or sarary reve ong-term -Ârnp oymentworking a one or wÌth others . Ìê 'ê<r Õô ôh . l t iê<

8. Listen to an intervÌew wÌth a restaurant owner. Why did he start h is ownb u slness ?

24

A C , i r e n o q a r o d a ^ ê r t h ^ o - e > r o r . .I t

t ra iu.) zq L When did l \4r. 5angumram open the New ThaÌ and restaurant?2 Who is the cook at the restaurant?3. What k ind of food ls served at the restaurant?4. f low far f rom the owner 's home is the restaurant?5. How many emp oyees in a I work at the restaurantT6. What does Mr. Sangumram's wlfe do for a ivìng7

Pronunciat ion: lntonation in questions

n veJ.âo oLl-ost ons. the soeaLer's voice rlses on the last content word.

Did you finish the homework?

ls Mark going to talk to her?

In questions wlth r,rzh words, we use a rising then fa llng Ìntonation over the lastcontent word.

/---1

When is vour birthdav?. ' . . - < - . . \-t

What was the movie about?

distance from home

oGck2 -

s t lletter lo lle a

DU5tne55 0WrìeT OT

to be an emp oyee?


t íack 2 25

A. LÌsten to the foi ow ng

Yes,ho questions1. Do you have enough money?2. Was the car Ìn the garage?3. s she your cousin?4. Did you mÌss the bus?5. Are you going downtown with us?

liVh- questions6. Why is he shout ing?/. Flow old are you?8. Which one shou d l take?9. What's the matter?

10. How many inches are ln a foot?

a .õ B , W - e n ê w o u - o r - . Ì L ê ^ r " l ê - u ' 1 . ú r l ' a p " ' t n e r o s l n g a n d a ^ ' w e r r ^ g t l e

q uest ions.

L2.3 ,

5 .9.

10 .

ls that a good book?Do you have any coffee?

6. Where's my backpack?7. When are we leaving?8.

Communicãt ionl i A, lmagine thaÌ Mr. Sangumram needs a new emptoyee at the New

Thai land restaurant. Choose one ofthe fol owing lobs and imaglnethe quest ions that Mr. Sangumram might ask a job appl icant. Thenrole-pìay the 1ob lrìtefview for the c ass.

assistant cook

dishwasher

waiter

Goal2

magine you are a career advisor. Ask a partner questÌons to find out about hisor her lnterests and work experience.Then recommend a career.

Lesson B 127


^ A. J. Coston,volunteer fifefiqhter

La n g uage Expa n sior" l : Fa rt ici pia I adjectivesA. Read the art Ìc le about A. L Cosron. What nouns do the words Ìn blue descr ibe?

A. L Coston isn't waiting to start his dream job. At age 18, he's a weekenclvolunteer Í ì ref ighter in the United States. During the week, he ives at homewith hls mom, dad, and sister, and does hÌs mair ì lob: going to high school." always wanted to get lnto f i ref ight ing sÌnce was a i t t le k id watching f i retrucks go by/ 'he says. "One day was bored and on the nternet, and foundout that Loudoun County offered a ju n ior firefighter programl'

Some of A. ls friends are surprised by his decision to spend weeLends at thefirehouse, but to A. J., he ping people is more satisfying than anything else.Thejob is never boring, either, srnce firefighters get ca led to all sorts of emergencles.He recounts one terrifying 91 1 call after four chÌ dren were struck by ightnÌng.

A. L wi I be ofíto co1Ìege next fal , and p ans to study what he's mostinterested in i emergency medlca care. ' want to be a f l iqht medic on ah " l . o o - ê r o . e 1 i - A l . h ^ , d , .

B. A noun descrÌbed by an ed partlclpÌal adjectÌve experiences sorì'ìethÌng.CompÌete the sentences so they are true foÌ 'you.

L am bored2. Last week,3. am always

hr i

was surprised by

C. A noun descr ibed 6y an - ing part ic ip ia adject ive causes you to e (per iencesomething. Comp ete the sentences so they are true for you.

pleased by

23 .

For me, i: very satisfying.I don ' t ikeI t h i n k

beca use it's boring.is abso ute y terrifying.

Grammar: Indef i n i te pronouns

Indefinite pronouns

-one

someonea nyone

-body -thingeveryone somebody everybody somethlng everythingno one anybody nobody anything nothÌng

Everyone ln the audience was laughing.I'm golng even if nobody rvdnrs to go wÌth me.Something ls botherÌng her, but I don't know what it ls.

*We use indefinÌte pronouns to talk about unknown or indefinite peop e or thÌnqs."5 ngular veÍbs are used with a lndelìn te pronouns.*The lndeinlte pronouns that end in one and -body refer to peop e.*A ndelìn te pronouns except for no one aTe wrÌtten as one word.

128 r : ae Ì , : ;


A. Complete the sentences wlth the simple present form of the verb in parentheses.

1 . Everybody Ìn my íamily _ (en;'oy) eating ice cream.2. The universlty is looking for someone who _ (plan) to study

nanotech nology.3. Nothing _ (be) more discouraging than doing a job you don't ike.4. Nobody really _ (know) what wÌll happen Ìn the future.

ll B.Take trrns reading the situation to a partner. Discuss the choices and circ e thecorrect word.

1. There are 1B students in the closs. One student wants ta leove eorly. (Somebody/Everybody) wants to leave early.

2. You hove never heard ofthefreld ofethnobotony before. don't know (anythÌng/someth ing) about ethnobotany.

3. None ofyour friends, ocquaintonces, or fomily members hove o luxury cor.(Anyone/No one) know has a luxury car.

4. You wont to learn to speok Japonese. You ore looking for o tutor. I need rofind (somebody/everybody) who speaks Japanese.

LOnVersailonA. Listen to the conversation. What is the man planning to do?

26 Parker: What do you want to do when you finish school?Kimberly: 'm not sure, but want to do something interesting.Parker: Ofcoursel Everybody wants that, but you need to start

pla n n ing.Kimberly: OK, what are you pÌanning to do when you finish school?Parker: 'nn p anning to enroll ìn a training program.They teach you

how to insta I custom car stereos.Kimberly: You sound excited aboutthat.Parker: am!You know 've always loved cars, and the program is

only four months long, so I can get a job reaì ly soon.Kimberly: That sounds greatl I need to start thÌnkìng about my future,

too.Parker: Mmm hmm.That's what I said before.Kimberly: And you're right, as usua .

ll B. Practice the conversation with a partner. Switch roles and practice it again.Make a new conversatìon using your own plans for the future.

orack 2-

Talk to a partner. What kÌnd of career wou d be interesting and satisíyìng to you?What are you dolng now to prepare for your future career?

Lesson C 129


D

Readingll A. Dlscrss your answers wlth a parrner.

What 's your opìn ion?. What's the biggest threat to the earth's

ralnforests?. What's the best way to dea with that

threat?

l i3 B. Discuss these quest ions wlth a partner.

1. n the Ecuadoran ralnforest, who isusing the rainforest plantsi

2. What do ethnobotanlsts study?3. n the third paragraph, whìch of the

two methods for col ect ing plants lssusta ina b e?

4. What does FadÌman's data show aboutthe Ecuadoran rainforest?

5. How do you thir ìk othef people mightuse Fad ima n's data?

6. Why are the peop e who l lve in therairìforest excited about ta klng toFad lmanT

C. Word parts sornet imes he p us understandthe rneaning of a new word. Circ e theparts of the fo lowing words and write abr lef def in i t ion lor each one.

o @ r a . . ' , v r , " àu nderfoot

Deep in an Ecuadoran rainforest,monkeys overhead and poisonous

snakes underfoot, Dr. Maria Fadimangoes to work. "lt looks like one big, green mishmash to me,but the people who live here can singÌe out the right pÌantsfor medicine, or the one to eat ifyou cut out the little part inthe very center. Each house is made entirely from the forestthe poles that hold it up, the floors, the thatch on the walls,the vines that tie it, the pahn leaf sleeping mats, the baskets,everlthing. It'.s strong, it's waterproof, it works, and iti all donein a way that's in balance with naturel'

That balance is at the center of Fadimar* research. As ;rr.rethnobotanist, she studies how people interact with plants."Looking at conservation without including people in theequation is a fântâsyi' she says. "So the focus of my work isfinding a baÌance where people use resources in a sustainableway that allows flora and fauna to remain intact."

At l.rer field site in Ecuador, Fadiman studies sustainableand non-sustainabÌe methods used to collect fiber plants andpaÌms. Coìlecting plants Íbr fiber can involve cutting downentiÍe trees or just the specifrc parts ofplants that will be used.Fadiman's data reveals where and why such differences exist

t .2.3.4.5 .6.

waterprooÍnon susta nable

f ieLdwork

Word Focus

mishmash - a comblnat lonof th ings that can' t bedlst ing ulshedf l o Ía -pan tspec iesÍauna - anima speciessustainable - descrlbes theuse of natural resources ata steady eve that ls not ike yto harm the environment

'130 ."r :eers

Ecuador


in Ecuador's rainforests. In many cases, no written record

ofplant knowledge exists. Recognizing this, Fadiman's first

effort is to record all the information that local people canprovide.

In the freld, Fadiman eats, sleeps, works, and collectsnative plants with local families. "When I come all this way

because I think their information is important, it generates

local excitement. Suddenly plant knowledge is valuedÌ'

Whether sitting around a cook fire, walking through mud

to brush her teeú in the river, or trying to do some basket

weaving, she treasures both the information ând experiences

she gathers.An assistant professor in the Department ofGeosciences

at Florida Atlantic University, she says, "I want to make

fieldwork real to my students. If they can picture úe little girl

who always comes to the river with me instead of a statistic,

it will mean much more. I hope my work will change even a

small part of the general consciousnessl'

Communicationll Discuss yorn answers to these questions with

a partner.

. What do you think Dr. Maria Fadimandid to prepare for her career as aneth nobotanist?

. Based on the artìcle, what makes DrFadiman a good ethnobotanist?

Writingllf Thin k about one of your dream jobs then

f i ' l out the quest ionnalre.

Dream Job Questionnaire'1. What is your dream job?2. What specific educatÌonwould someone

need for this job?

3. What lìfe experìences mÍght be helpfulto have for thìs job?

4. What personal qualÌties would makesomeone good at this job?

5. Are you qualified for thÌs job? (lf not,how could you become qualified?)

Talk to a partner about the infoÍma-tion on your questionnaire. Dlscuss thequalìfications for your dream job andwhether you are qualìfied for thatjob.

Lesson D 13í


Before You Watchll A. What do you know about the Ìs ands ofTrinÌdad and Tobago?

í ' rC e the co rêct answer

L The c imate ofTrinidad and Tobago is (cool/tropical).2. The topography ofTrÌnidad and Tobago is (somewhat

rno u nta Ì no u s,/com p letely fl at).3. The pr incipal language ofTr inÌdad and Tobago is

(Spanish/Eng l ish).

B. Complete the sentences with a word from the box.

wildlife hummingbiÍd paÌadise nest oÍnithologist

is a very t iny bird.studies birds.

4.

is a place where everything is beautiful,de ightful, and peaceful.Panda bears, honeybees, and dolphÌns are a lexamplesof

5 . 4 is a horne that birds bui ld fortnemselves.

While You Watch4ìì A, Watch the video, Trinidad Bird l\,,4on. Check (.rz) Roger Neckless<-7 job, qua ifications.

E l le enloys being outdoors.

! Fle can take photographs.

! He doesnt mind working for a low salary.

n He's very patient.

n !es knowledgeable and enthusiast ic about birds.

! Hes an excellent writer.

An1 .2.3.

The scarlet ibis Ìs the nationalbird oflrinidad and Tobago.

132 Careers


fÉfl B. wut.f' the video aga n. Fill Ìn the blanks with the word or words you hear'

L "This is the best time of the day for me, getting up at - Ìn themornlngl '

2. lt seems Neckles really has found hls own -.3. There are about - different types of birds on the island, and

Neckles is t ry ing to photograph them a l l .4. He's been trying to photograph this hummingbird for - weeks.

It's been a very long wait.5. "l have no plans to give this up at a I because I figure I could do this for

Every time I go out I seesomethlng new.'

AfterYou WatchA, JntervÌew a partner and write down hls or her answers.

4. Do you prefer to wear casual c othes or stylish cLothes?5. What do you think is the most interest ing kind of wi dl i fe?

B. Shou d your partner become a wÌ ldl Ì fe photographer?Te l the class whyor why not.

LOmmunrcaïronT. BraÌnstorm the names of 15 occupat ions and wri te each one on a smal

piece oí paper. Mix up the papers and put them face down ìn a stack.2. Start wÌth one classmate ln you r g roup. Take th ree of the pieces of pa per,

but don't let your cLassmate see them. Ask questions about his or herqua ifications, llkes, and dÌslikes.

3. Declde which of the th ree occupaÌÌons would be best for you r classmaÌe.

What time do you ike to get up Ìn the rnorning?How do you feel about spending a lot of tìme outdoors?Are you a very patient person? Why or why not?

1 .2.3 .

You shou ld becomea _ because . . .


1 -

t-

I+tt

uì,Jl'f g?/\l_5Describe a festival

Compare holidays in different countriesTalk about personal celebrationsShare holiday traditions


t2

liï,fi947.,"'"ffi-$Z I

mH

ffi#,,r.


VocabularyA. aoad abo . t o ,pec id \pv \ \pa .

New Year s Day Ìs a hol iday around the world, but people in Edinburgh,Scot and, celebÍate lt in an exciting way. They have a festival ca ledl logmanay. Hogmanay takes place al around the cÌ ty, f rorn December 29 tcJanuary I . t starts with a parade on the nlght of December 29. On December30, there are concerts and dancÌng. Fina ly on New Year's Eve, there rs a streetparty with fireworks, and people wear very colorful costumes.There is a waysa bÌg crowdeventhough i t s very co d. One year, morethan 100,000 peoplepaÍt ic ipated. The ce ebrat ion Ìn Edinburgh is very wel l -known, but iheannual Hogmanay fest ivals Ìn other c l t les in Scot land are popular too.

B. WrÌte the words Ìn blue next to the correct meanÌnqs.

1 .2.3 .4.56.7.o ,

9.1 0 .

New Year's isHogmanay is

every yearna ppenfamous

^ N4en ln traditlonal ScottÌshcostumes take par t inHogmanay celebfat ions.

a day when peop -. don't work. /e v aroê otouo O' peop ê in o^e p la.omakes you fee happy and enthusiast icwith many dlfíerent co orsa t lme wlth many performances ol music, dance, etc.do something enjoyab e for a specia daytook part in

l l C. Discuss these quest ions wlth a partner.

L What festlva s have you participated ln? What other festivals do you knowa bout?

2. Would you ike to part lc lpate in Hogmanay in Edinburgh? Why, or why not?

Grammar: Compar isons wi th as. . . asA. Study the sentences and circ le the correct response.

Mother's Day is as important as Father's Day.The Art Fair isn't as big as the Film Festival.

1. The first sentence ta ks about thlngs that are (the sa me/d ifferent).2. The second sentence ta ks about things that are (the same/different).

As , . . asSubject + óe + ínot,ds + adjectÌve + as + comp ement

as excrtrng asnot as popu lar as

Nat ional Day.Carnival .

nwe use .i i . . . dJ to say that two things ãÍe the same 1n some way.nwe use /lot ds. . . d5 to say that two th inqs are d ifferent in some way.

no\'! oo yorlce ebrate NewYeaí's Day?

13ó eelebrat ions


B. Look at the information about the two festivals. Write sentences with(not) os. . . os.

1. (old)2. ( long)3. (popular)4. (expensive)s. (bÌs)6. (well-known)

started in 19702 days5000 peopletickets were $5'10 concertson a few TV shows

started in 19704 days5000 peopletickets were 52023 concerÌson many TV shows

t .2 .3 .4.5 .6.

is as olà as Lhe l,arveet, Falr

l l C. Choose two lestiva s or holldays. Make sentences Ìhanksgrv ng s

wi th cs. . . os comparÌng the ce ebrat ions. a\ chr Ìs t rnas

ConversationA. Close your book and l isten to the conversat lon. When is the fest ival

they ta k a bout?

Dave: Yuki, are there any special festÌvaLs in your city?Yuki: Oh, we have ots offestÌvals ÌnTokyol My favorite is called Setsubun.Dave: Rea ly? What s that?Yuki: We l , i t ta kes place Ìn February. We celebrate the astdayoÍwinter.Dave: What do you do then?Yuki: People throw specìa beans íor good luck, and they say"Oui wÌth

bad luck, Ìn wlth good uckl"Then you eat one bean for each yearof you r age. And there a re lots of parties.

Dave: I h6 l 569 ' j5 i t .o r .1 .

Yuki: lt Ìsl

B. Practice the conversation with a partner. Switch ro es and practÌce lt again.

/

{co" t tTalk to a partner about a special ce ebration Ìn your city. Tell your partner

when, why, and how you celebrate this festrva .

T h ê q n r n ô F ê < t l \ / :

a5 enloyao e

| :i;:l:ï:::Jil::;,' I-7rÍrcck 2 27

Âr

a Setsu bu n processìon ofpeople dresseo as warT otmonks

Lesson A 137


Track 2-28

ListeningA. Listen to three people talk about a ho iday in. their country. Number the

countr les Ìn the order that you hear about them.

a. Japa n _ b. Mexico _ c. UnÌted States

O B . I s te^ ao " i r "nd f i |

r ^c -a r .

Track 2-28

Halloween Cou ntry:

When is it?

How do people celebrate it?a. pur onb. ask forc. watch

What is the specia food?a .o.

Day ofthe Dead Country:

When Ìs it?

llow do people ceÌebrate Ìt?a. go to the cemetery withb. br ing

What is the special food?a. Sweetb. sha ped l ike skul Ìs

O-Bon

ECountry:

When is it?

How do people celebrate lt?

a. go Dack to

b. participate in a special

c. make big

138 Celebrations


ll C. Dlscuss these questions with a partner.

1 . Do you know about any other holidays like this?2. Why do you think different countries have similar holidays?

orack 2-

)

Pronunciation: Question intonation with listsA. Listen to the sentences. NotÌce how the intonation rises and fal s

i ' ì quest iont wi lh a l isr of choices.29

. à à

1 . Would you like cake, ice cream, or fruÌt?

2. ls O-Bon Ìn July or August?

^ B. Read the sentences and markÌhe intonation with arrows.Then listenI t dnd checl your answers.

Track 2-301. Would you like to vìsit Japan, Mexico, or the UnÌted States?2. Would you like coffee, tea, hot chocolaÌe, or water?3. Do you take a bath in the morning or at night?4. Would you rather have a cat, a dog, or a bird?5. Do you want to go Ìo a party or stay home?

I C.Take turns with a partner asking and answerlng the questions in exercise B.Explain your reasons.

Çommunicationll Ìmagine your group can take a trip to parÌicÌpate in one of the holidays ln exerclse

A on page 138. Discuss these questions.Then explain your groups final decisionto tne class.

1 . How are these holÌdays simÌlar? Think of as many ways as you can.2. How are they dÌfferent?3. What could visitors do at each holiday?4. Which hollday would you like Ìo participate in? Why?

Take turns.Tell a panner how the dÌfferent groups'trips wìll be sÌmìlarand how they will be different.

Lesson B 139


La ng ua ge Expa nsion: G reeti n g s for celebrations

A. Look at the greetÌngs and write each one undeÌ the correct card.

BestwlsheslHappy birthdayl

Merry Ch r istmas!Happy New Year!

Cong ratulat Ìons!Happy anniversa ryl

1. Dee lw ishes l

4.

Grammar:Would ratherA. W're L l 'e nd ' re under L l .e Lorrect p ic l - rê.

don't lÌke big pafties. I'd rather ce ebrate my birthday wlth a few frÌends.want to go on a pÌcnic with my lamlly for my bulhday.ld rather not

have a party.

yeslno questions Would you rather go to lunch later?

"Usewould tqther + hase forrn ofthe verb."tJse wauld rather ta talk about things you prefer or like moÍe.

B. Write sentences about things you llke to do on your bithday with ld rather.

have (a big party/a smal partyl l'à raíher have a bíq parl,y.eat (at home/in a restaurant) _invite (lots of people/a few close friends)get (flowers/presents)

Chris:Pat:

Would ratherStaternentNegative

I would/l'd rather go to the movÌes on Saturday.I would rather not/l'd Íathêr not oo to the meetÌno.

L2.3 .4.5 .

140 Celebrationswear (nice clothes/ jeans and a t-shir t )


il C. Wtlt" questions with would rather.Ihen ask a partner.

L eat at horne/go to a restaurantWouÌd you ra|her eal at. home or go l,c e re.NeuranÍ?

. r . r " . . . r . . . ^ . n . n n o . - l lu u d y , t , , u \ l e l

3. watch Tvlread a book

4. go to a basketba I game/(your own idea)

5. (your own Ìdea)/(your own idea)

Track 2-31

ConversationA. Close your book and isten to the conversatÌon. Wh ich ce ebrat lon

Ìs corn ing soon?

Mike: New Year's Eve is next week. What would you ike to do?Kat ie: Let 's go out dancinglMike: I 'd rather lust stay home and go to bed ear y.Kat ie: That s borÌngl We could go out for dinner. Or wou d you rather

go to a roovle?Mike: d rather not go out. t's a ways so noisy and crowded.Kat ie: have an idea. Let 's cook a nice dinner at home and invi te a

few friends.Mike: That sounds l Ìke a better plan.

B. Pract ice the conversat ion with a partner. Switch ro es and pract ice i t agaln.

C . \ 4 " t p o r . . W " t d o ) o - - . - , , 1 , d o r o ê l ' b r o ê h ô ' ê d a .

l l D. Work with a partner. Make plans io ce ebrate one ofthese days together.

{eo^tt. o i ^ d o r ^ e p d i o ' ) l u d e 1 Ì s d ^ d 5 À o ê / o u r o d n c .

Lesson C 141


Readingll A. Dlscuss these questions with a partner.

1. What are the most important ho idaysin your country?

2. Are they new or old? l low dÌd theystart?

Í=l B. Find this Ìnformarion in rhe readlng.'1.

the number of people who celebrateNWANZAA NOW

the dates of Kwanzaa

New York, United States

Shantelle Davis is a nine-year-oÌd girl in New York. On a coldnight in December, her family is standing around the kitchentable while she lights a candle. The table is decorated withbaskets offruit and vegetables and ears of corn for Shantelleand her two brothers.

"This candle repre sents umoja, an African word thatmeans being together," Shantelle says. "That's the mostimportant thing for a family."

Tonight is the first night ofKwânzaa, and Shantelle isspending the holiday with her family. More than 5 miÌlionAfrican Americans celebrate Kwanzaa every year fromDecember 26 until January 1. It's a time when they get togetherwith their families to think about their history and theirancestors in Africa.

Kwanzaa is very unusual because it was started by oneman. In 1966, an American named Maulana Karenga wanteda holiday for African-Arnericans to honor their culture and

2 .3 .4.

5 .

the year when Kwanzaathe person who started

started _KWANZAA

three countries where peop e celellrate(wanzaa

6. the nnost important syrnbol of Kwanzaa

7. the colors of Kwanzaa

C. Circle T for true, F for false, or Nl lor noìnformatian (if the answer is not in thereadÌng).'1.

Kwanzaa is celebrated atthe end ofthe year. T F

2. Kwanzaa is a ho iday forA'r ( dn ATe' ca . . T t

3. Kwanzaa ls a very oldhol iday. T F

4. Peop e in Africa ce ebrateKwanzaa. T F

5. People spend a ot oft ime with their fami iesduring Kwanzaa. T F

6. Ch ildren receive presentsAl hê ê'ìd Al Kwa.vaa. T t

7. Fveryone thinks Kwanzaa isan Ìmportant hol Ìday. T F

NI

NI

N

N

N

NI

NI

142 Ce lebra t ions


traditions. So he used words and customs from Africa tocreate a new celebration. He took the name Kwanzaa fromthe words for "first fruits" in Swahili, an African Ìanguage.At first, a few American families hacl smalÌ ceÌebrations athome. Now, there are also Kwanzaa events in schools andpublic pÌaces, and Kwanzaa has spread to other countries likeCanada and Jamaica.

The main symboÌ ofKwanzaa is a candleholder withseven candles, one for each of the principles of Kwanzaa.Each night, a famiÌy member lights one of the candles andta lks about the idea i t represents: be ing together . be ingyourself, helping each othel sharing, having a goal, creating,and beÌieving. The candles are red, bÌack, and green, thecolors of Kwanzaa. The parents aÌso pour drinks to honorfamily members who have died. On the last night of Kwanzaa,

there is a big dinner with African food, and children receivesmall presents.

Today people can buy Kwanzaa greeting cards andspecial Kwanzaa clothes. Stores sell Kwanzaa candles andcandleholders. Some people dont believe that Kwanzaa is

a real holiday,because it's sonew. But otherpeopÌe say thatcustoms andceÌebrations arealways changingand that Kwanzaashows what isrmportant rnpeople's lives.

ShantelleDavis says shelikes Kwanzaabecause it's fun."But I also learnnew things everyyeari' she says.

Communicat ior ,A. Circ e your opln ion a bout these sentences.

L A new hol lday isn' t a rea hol Ìday

a. lagree. i l . m not sure. c. d sègtee.

2. Some old ho idays are bor ing and not Veryimpottant now.

a. agree. b. l 'm not sure. c. d sagree.

3. Our country shou d start a new ho iday.

a. agree. b. l 'm not sure. c. ld isagree.

4. Peop e spend too much money for ho idays.

a. lagree. b. l ' rn not sure. c. ìd isagree.

5. t's very important to keep a I of the o dhol iday customs.

a. lagree. b. 'm not sure. c. disagree.

B. Compare your opin ion s wlth the opinlons ofother students.Talk about thÌngs your fam ydoes to celebrate holidays.

Writ ingChoose one of the statements from exercise A, i d w fê , r po Íoq Ìdph obou l yoLr op i o . Bê' u ' e L o g i \ e e d ' r o ^ \ d ^ d ^ D l d - a t i o . .

fii

',/eo.ta

Read your paragraph to a partnefor to the cJass.

Lesson D '143


R U S S I

0 kn 600N G M A P S C H I N À

Before You WatchA Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 . What do you know about Mongolia?2. Have you ever seen a horse race? Describe what you saw.

While You WatchA. Watch the video, Young Ríders of Mongolla. WrÌte two unusual

things about the Naadam horse race.

t .2.

ZÍÕ B. Watch the vÌdeo again. Circlel for true or F for false.G-7 L ln À/longol;a today, people ride horses only fo.

special celebrations.2. The Naadam Festival celebrates tradÌtional sports.3. The Naadam horse race is very short.4. PeopÍe want to get close to the horses for

good luck.5. The wìnning horses get a lot of money.

TTT

TT

FFF

FF

A young Mongloian riders144 Celebrations


|lr

tr

C. Watch the vÌdeo agaÌn. Wrìte the numbers.

I . Almost _ years ago, Mongolia became a very large and importantcountry.

2. All of the riders in the race are you nger than _ years old!3. l r 's a b g race about - r iders wi l l pàrt ic ipale in i t .4. The riders must walk the horses over _ mlles to the sta rting point.5. These first riders have already been running for nearly - mlnutesl6. The first - horses that inish the race get a blue sash for winning.

AfterYou WatchDiscuss these questions ln a small group.

L What are some Ìraditional sports in your country?2. Are they stÌll popular?

CommunicationA. CreaLe a fes t Va LO inL tOd-Ce [o ra innar< rn tha r . l t r r re

ofyour country.

. Give the festival a name.

. ThÌnk ofthree sports, three foods, and three shows thatwill be in your festival.

. Make a poster to advertise your festival.

B. When you're finished, present your festival poster to Ìhe class.

EnglandÀ cheese rol l ing in

VideoJournal 145


Uni t Iclimate: normal weaÌher patterns

coastal: de5crÌbes an area neaf the oce,lflcrop: a kind of p ant growf íof fooofarmer: person who produces foodf la t : descr Ìbes an area wì thout mounta insgeography: the Íudy ofthe surface of

I ne ea f l n

grassland: grassy areahumid: descr bes a i r that is nìo is t

meals: breakfast, unch, and dlnnermountainous: describes an area with

mounta n5

rêgion: a large area

staple food: vefy important food. grains: corn wheat fÌceoals m li-ôt

' legumes: soybeans leftils. roots: potatoes yams yucca

Unit 2connect: brlng togethercul ture: peop e wi th the same anguage

and way of livlng

custom: an activity that Ìs usua ina coL.r'rtry

eye contad: a iook d rectly at theeyes of anoÌher person

formal: very serìous and Ìmportant

9èsture: a body rnoverÌìent to showsomething (a íee Ìng, an idea, etc.)

greeting: the ifst words or actÌons usedupon rneeting someone

informal: fi iendly and relaxedrule: the correct way to do sornethingtÍaditional: the same for a ong tÌme

wl thout changlng

smal l ta lk : 01. - or io obou r rg l . " rafen't lmportant

smi le : turn one's lps up at the cofners,usual ly to show good fee ìngs

146 L! !qssary

Uni t 3commute: travel to youf lobcrowded: too full

downtown: the center of a cÌty

east: the dlfection where the sun coore:up usua ly at the r ight of a map

factoÍy: a p ace where workers maketh Ìn gs

freeway: a road where cars go fast

key: (on a map) the sectlon of a mapthat exp a ins the meaning of thesymDors

market: a place where people buy andsel l th lngs outdoors

neighborhood: one afea ln a cityn ight l i fe : th Ìngs to do ln the evenlngnoisy: too oud

north: the d rection that's usually at thetop of a map

population: the nu mber of peop e whol i v e Ì n a p a c e

public transpoÌtation: trains, buses,and subways

Íural: Ìn the country

scale: (on a nìâp) the sect Ìon ofa map that exp a ins the d is tances

skyscraper : a very ta 01Ícebuid lng

south: the direction that's usua yat tne bottom ot a map

suburb: a town outside of a city

symbol: a pl.ture thaÌ represents anoÌherth ing

traffic: cars moving on a streeturban: in the c i ty

wêst: the directlon whefe the sun goesdown usua y at the left ofa map

Unit 4acne: a skìn condit on of red spots,

especia y on the face

artery: one ofthe larqe b ood vesselsqoif g from the heart

bone: a hard, whlte pa rt of the body th;:makes up its Írame (the ske eton)

brain: the organ Ìn the head used forthÌnk ing and fee ing

dandruff: dry skin that forms on the he.:af d drops ln little whlte p eces

headache: a pain in youf head

heart : the organ 1n the chest that pump,blood throug h the body

hiccup: a sharp sound you make ln yo!fIn roat

indigestion: paln 1n the stomach becau,-of something you have eaten

insomnia: not ab e to sleep

laÍge intestine: the ower part of the tu[.ln the body that cafrles tood awayrrom Ine SIomacn

liver: the organ in the body thatheJps in maklng sugar for energyând f ] c eanlng the b ood

lung: one of two breath ing organsln the.hest that supp y oxygen tothÊ b ood

muscle: a part ofthe body that con nectsthe bones and makes the body move

nausea: a feeling like you are goingto vomit

skin: the outer covering ofthe body

small intestine: the upper part ofthetube ln the body that carrles foodaway fron.ì the 5tomach

sore throat: a general fee Ìng of pain nthe throat

stomach: the nternal body part wherefood goes aftef being swallowed

vein: any of the tubes that br lng b ood totne hear t an0 Ltngs

Uni t 5achieve: ' , ^^d r a l i ro onêrht19

nappen

adventure: do someth;ng unusual andexc trn9


amazing: very surprising and wonderful

challenge: somethÌng that is newand dilÍcult to do

cl imb: go up

cÌoss: go from one side ofsomething tothe other side

equipment: things you need for aparticular purpose

extreme: very 9reatgive up: stop tryinggoal: somethÌng yôu hope to be

able to do through your effortsover time

grow up: grow írom a chìld to an adu t

keep on: continue tryingput up with: accept somethÌng bao

without being upset

Íun out of: finlsh the amount ofsomethÌng that you have

set out: eave on a trip

skill: an actìvity that needs specialt ô^ '^ / lô, - l^ô rôÀ ^n.r i .ô

watch out: be very careful

Unit 6 ïra nsr rt lr *adolescence: the part of life when

you are becoming an adult

adult: a person aged 20 or over

adulthood: Ìhe part of life whenyou are an aou t

baby: a person aged 0 1

child: a person aged 2-12

childhood: the part of lÌfe whenyou are a child

childish: describes a person who Ìs oìder,but acting like a child (bad)

elderly: descrìbes a person wholooks and acts old

get married: become husband ancwife

graduatê: cornp ete your studÌes ata scnool

have a child: gÌve birth to a baby

in his/heÍ twenties: describes a personwho is between 20 and 29 (also in histeens, thirties, ÍoÍties, etc.)

infancy: the part of life when you are ababy

mature: describes a person who is oldenough to be responsible and makegood decisions

middle-aged: describes a person who isnot young or old (about 40-60)

move: go to live in a different p ace

old age: the part of life when youare oto

retiÍed: descrÌbes a person who hasstopped working in old age

senioÍ citizen: ân old person (polite term)

teenager: a person aged I3 l9

youthful: describes a person who isolder, but with the energy of a youngperson (9ood)

Unit 7 Luxurieschampagne: a type of wine with bubbles

I n t I

dug (past particÌp e ofdrg): make a holeor opening by taking away earth

expoÌt: sell to other countries

flown (past participle ofíy):transport bypla ne

ÍuÌ coat: a coat made from the hairy skÌnoí an anima

import: buy from other countrìesjewelry: decorative items that people

wear such as rìngs, bracelets, andnecK aces

luxuÌy: great comíort at great expense

meant (past participle of nrean): have apurpose, Ìntend to say

necêssity: a basÌc need or requirement inorder to live

peâÍls: smooth, round, whìte objectsformed naturally in oysters

pÍecious metals: extremely valuable,costly metals such as goLd

pÍecious stones: extreme y valuable,cost y stones such as diamonds

silk the rnate'ial madp by silkworms

spread (past participle of spreadl. covera surface by pushing something a Iover Lt

spun (past participle of spin):twist wool,cotton, etc. Ìnto thread

stolen (past partÌciple of stedD:takesomething that belongs to someonee se wÌthout permissÌon

Unit 8 Naturebadfy: the adverb form of bad

beautifuffy: the adverb,form oÍ beautiful

crocodile: a large lizard that ki ls and eatsotner anrmarS

endangered: in danger ofall dying

extinct: does'ì t exist any rrore, a' dead

Íast: the adverb form of fost

habitat: the place where an anìmausually lives

hunt: to look for animals and kill them

foudfy: the adverb form of loud

predatoÍi an anima that kills othera n ima ls

prey: an animal that other animals k i to

pÍotect to keep safe from danger

shark a large fish with sharp teeÌh thatkil s and eats fish and animals

sfowfy: the adverb form of slow

species: a kind oí animal

tame: trained to ive with people

tigeÌ: a large wild cat with black stripes

weff: the adverb form of qood

wild: Ìn nature, not controlled by people

wi ld l i fe : an inals and p,dnls thaL lve innature

wolf: a wild a^ima ïhdt'5 similar Lo a dog

Glossary 147


U n i t 9 ; ' tbÍing up: raise someone and care

for unt i l fu ly grown

building: makìng somerhÌng by joÌningthings together

combs: a flat piece of plastÌc, metal orwood wÌth narrow pointed teeth onone side you use to fix your hai.

dice: a smal cube with 1 to 6 spotspainted on each side that is used forgames

farming:the activity of growÌng crops orra is ing anÌma s

gambling: playÌng a game for moneygive up: stop doing or having

sorneth ingglass bead: a small round piece ofg ass

with a ho e through ithelp out: do somethÌng good for

someone

hairbrushes: brushes that are used rofix your hair

hunting: the activity of ki ing wildanimals for food

keep away: make someone orsomething stay far from you

pipe: a sma ltube with a bowl at oneend for smokÌng tobacco

put on: (clothing) to dressswitch on: use a switch to turn on arì

e ectrical app íance or machinetools: instruments or sÌmp e pieces of

equipment that you hold in yourhands to do a particular kind ofwork

weapon: a tool used to harm or ki l

u'it 10 ,. .r,r,jr, .:

aiÍline agent: a pe'>on who wo.ls foran aÌrline at an airport

arrivals: the part ofan aÌrport wheretravelers come in

baggage claim: the part of an airportwhere travelers get their bags back

boarding pass: a card that shows yourseat number on an a i rp ane

carry-on bag: a small bag that you cantake on an airplane with you

(heck-in counter: the part of anairpo t where L èvelers sl^ow reirtickets and give their bags to theaÌr l ine

departuÍes: the part of an airportwrlere travelers leave

gatê: the part ofan airport wheretravelers get on an airplane

itineÍaÌy: a plan íor where you wjll goon a trip

passport: an ofciaÌ docu.rent thdïyou rnusÌ snow wnen you enter oreave a country

ÌeseÌvation: a place thãt is saved foryo- ^ a hote, d i .p lane r ra in,etc

security check the part ofan airportwhere officers look for dangerousthÌngs in travelers' bags

sightseeing touÌ: a vacation trìp toook at famous places

teÍminal: a arge building at anairport

ticket: a printed pÌece of paper thatsavs yo- od d ror è prdLe on a ttdin.arrp ane, etc.

travel agênt: a worker who arrangestrÌps for other people

va((ination: an injection that stopsyou írom getting a particulardisease

visa: a stamp or paper that allows youto enter a foreign country

Unit 11 i. :,. 1'; '.1

administrãtive assistant: someone whoa5s;sts i ' ì organiT i ' ìg dnd sJoeÌv is ingan organization or Ìnstitution

assistant: someone who helps another' person do their work;a word usedbeforejob titles to indicate s ightlytower ranK

bored: a feeling of being uninterested insomething

boring: unÌnteresting

boss: the person in charge ofotherscomputer software engineer: someone

who designs computer programs

employee: someone who works fora person, DUstness, or government

expêriènce: understandÌng gaÌnedthrÕugh doing something

health care worker: soneo^c who givesmedicalcare

homemaker: someone who spends alot of tÌme taking care oíthe homeand fami y and usualy does not haveanotherjob

information te(hnology specialist: anexpert in the theory and practice ofusing computers to store and analyzeÌnformation

lawyer: a profe:sio1àl who prdcticeslaw

owneÍ: someone with a business thatbelongs Ìo hÌm or her

qualification: an ability that makes,oneone sJ ïdble to do somerl- ing

sales repÍesentative: someone who sellsgoods and services, usually outside ofa store

satisÍying: somethÌn9 that meets yourwantS 0r needs

surprised: a feeling of pleasure or shockover an unexpected event

terÍifying: causing a strong fear inS0meone

training: a process ofeducation,instruction

volunteer: someone who agrees to dosomething because they want to, notbecause they have to

148 Glossary


Unit 12 Celebrationsannual: every year

Best wishes!: a greetìng you use whenpeople get married

celebrate: do something enjoyab e íor aspecÌal day

colorful: with many differenÌ colors

CongÍatulations!: a greeting you usewnen Someone graduates or gets anew job

costume: special c othes that people wearfor a performance or for a holida,

<rowd: a very large group of people inone place

exciting: makes you feel happy andenthusiastÌc

Íestival: a time wÌth many performancesof rnusic, dance, etc.

fireworks: thÌngs that explode in the skyto make beautiful co ors duringcelebratÌons

float: a dìsplay on wheels that goes Ìn aparade

Happy anniveÍsary!: a greeting you usewhen peop e celebrate being marriedfor a certain number oíyears (such as10,25, or 50)

Hâppy biÍthday!: a greetÌng you usewhen someone has a birthday

Happy NewYeaÌ!: a greeting you use onNew Year's Day

holiday: a day when people don't work

MeÍÍy ChÍistmas!: a greetìng you use onChristmas

parade: people moving ín a line in apublìc place to celebrate a specialevent

paÍticipate: take part in

takê place: happen

well-known: famous

GlossaÍy 149


I NTÉR M[D I ÀTE

I S B N - I 3 : I ? ê - I - q e q 0 - 5 I 0 I - ôI S B N - l , D : 1 - q e q 0 - 5 1 0 1 - ?

aI

H E I N L EC E N G A G E L e a r n i n gHeinle, a part ofCeng.ge Leãrning, is a eadingprovÌderofmâteriasíor English language teachlrg and learning throughout the world.Visit elt .heinle,com lllililllilllillilill ltïilffiil|


world english 2

Documents

o o o o o d o r o o

o r o t o e

e lt r o o

r o e n

e f o o d s r d r p

o o orn oto

o o u d p

ts r o n