world history: the earth and its peoples chapter 5 an age of empires: rome and han china 753 b.c.e....
TRANSCRIPT
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World History:The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 5
An Age of Empires:
Rome and Han China
753 B.C.E. - 330 C.E.
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Objectives
• Explain how the Roman and Han Empires came into being.
• Be able to describe the sources of their stability or instability.
• Discuss the benefits and liabilities that these empires bring to the rulers and their subjects
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Rome and Han China
Common Characteristics
• largest empires world had seen• greater central control than earlier empires• greater cultural impact• remarkable stability
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Rome’s Mediterranean Empire
Crossroads• Italian peninsula• Europe and Africa
Natural Resources• ample, arable land
– volcanic soil
• timber and minerals• navigable rivers
Support of a large population
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A Republic of Farmers
Inhabitation by 1000 BCE– Romulus 753 BCE
• Seven Hills– original Latins– Etruscans immigrants 700 BCE
• Economy– agriculture and land
• Politics– “Council of Elders”– seven kings of Rome
• 753 - 507 BCE
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A Republic of Farmers
• Roman Republic - 507-31 BCE– ruled by assemblies of wealthy
male citizens
• Roman Senate– real center of power; made laws– served for life– consuls
Society• multi-generational family
– paterfamilias• oldest-living male
• hierarchical– patron/client relationship– mutual benefits and obligations
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A Republic of Farmers
Women• child in eyes of the law• more freedom than Greeks• influence over husbands / son
Religion• polytheistic
– numina - invisible shapeless forces controlling nature
– pax deorum• peace with the gods
– diffusion with Greek gods
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Roman Expansion
Early Roman Republic - 500 BC• Rome as ‘city-state’
– aggression or self-defense?
• friction– pastoral tribes / agriculturalists– Romans serves as ‘protectors’
• Roman loyalty - 290 BCE– privileges of citizenship to
conquered– military service
• Carthage Wars - 264-202 BC– control of western
Mediterranean Sea
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Punic Wars: Rome - Carthage
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Roman Expansion
Eastern Mediterranean• Hellenistic (200-30 BCE)
– Egypt and Greece
Interior• Gaul (59-51 BCE)
– Celts– Gaius Julius Caesar
Administration• considerable autonomy to
cooperative local elites– provincial governor from Senate
• inadequate and corrupt
Caesar
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Caesar’s Empire
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The Failure of the Republic
Forces• military service for farmers
– decline of independent farms• unemployment
– decline in soldiers• mercenaries
• war wealth of upper classes– rise in latifundia; cash crops
• slave labor– loss of food supply
• Civil War - 88 BCE - 31 BCE– allegiance to generals, not state
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The Failure of the Republic
Octavian - 63 - 14 BCE– ends civil wars by 31 BCE– military dictator
• offensive to defensive– Augustus
• Roman Principate– “first among equals”
• equites– wealthy merchants / landowners– civil service
• Good Emperors– line of succession
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An Urban Empire
Pax Romana– “Roman peace”– safety and stability
Importance of trade– support for emperor & govt– rich interior provinces
• Gaul and Egypt
Romanization– spread of Latin language /
Roman ways
• citizenship– Before 212 CE: military service– After 212 CE: all free males
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Rome: 14 - 117 C.E.
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The Rise of Christianity
Judea– Jewish homeland– Roman control by 6 CE
• Jesus– personal faith and spirituality
• Paul - (45 - 58 C.E.)– Jesus as Messiah (“anointed
one”– benefits of citizenship to preach
Disloyalty to Rome– refusal to worship emperor
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Spread of Christianity
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Roman Technology
Aqueducts– road system– water conduits using gravity– arches– domes
• concrete
“Third-century crisis”– 235 - 284 C.E.– frequent change of rulers
• coin devaluation– permeable frontiers
• loss of trade revenues– exodus from city to country
Aqueducts
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Roman Transformation
Diocletian (284 - 305 C.E.)– government regulation
• prices and vocations
Constantine (306 - 337 C.E)– reunites entire empire– conversion to Christianity– Rome to Byzantium
• Constantinople
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Diocletian’s Empire
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Origins of Imperial China, 221 BCE - 220 CE
Warring-States Period• 1st empire under Qin
– Shi Huangdi (221-206 BCE)
• Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 CE)
Resources• agriculture
– free peasant taxes
• human labor– public works projects– military service
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Hierarchy, Obedience, & Belief
Family– all generations; ancestors
• Values– Confucianism– obedience and proper conduct
• Women– three submissions
• parents, husband, son– live with husband’s family
• Nature– nature spirits– feng shui
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Qin Dynasty
Qin - 221 - 206 B.C.E.– Imperial Age
• Shi Huangdi– “First Emperor”– totalitarianism
• primogeniture– outlawed sole land inheritance– abolished slavery
• standardization– coins, law code, writing– roads, canals, walls– unification of civilization
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The Long Reign of the Han
Han - 206 BCE - 220 CE– replaces Qin
• Legalism reform– Confucianism social order– Mandate of Heaven
• Chang’an– capital of Early Han
• model of urban planning
• alignment with gentry– class below aristocrats
• efficient and responsive– Confucian guide to government
• civil service
• Daoism– popular among commoners
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Han Dynasty
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Technology and Trade
Metallurgy– poured versus pounded
• Military– crossbow and cavalry
• watermill– grindstone
• horse collar
Trade– silk as leading export
Fall of Han– reform failure; corruption– nomad attacks; hungry peasants