World History:World History:WWI to Modern DayWWI to Modern Day

Roots of WWIRoots of WWI

World War IWorld War I– ““The Great War”The Great War”

Nationalism- loyalty to one’s countryNationalism- loyalty to one’s country The BalkansThe Balkans

– Ethnic groups launching revolutions against Ethnic groups launching revolutions against the Ottoman Empirethe Ottoman Empire

– Some annexed by Austria-HungarySome annexed by Austria-Hungary– Poland v. RussiaPoland v. Russia– Ireland v. BritainIreland v. Britain

Roots of WWIRoots of WWI

MilitarismMilitarism– Countries began building up their Countries began building up their

militaries to intimidate othersmilitaries to intimidate others AlliancesAlliances

– Agreements between nations to help Agreements between nations to help each other in case of wareach other in case of war

The War BeginsThe War Begins

June 28, 1914- June 28, 1914- Archduke Francis Archduke Francis FerdinandFerdinand, heir to Austria-Hungary, was , heir to Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalistassassinated by a Serbian nationalist– Austria-Hungarian/German allianceAustria-Hungarian/German alliance– Serbian/Russian allianceSerbian/Russian alliance

Triple EntenteTriple Entente– Great Britain, France, RussiaGreat Britain, France, Russia

Central PowersCentral Powers– Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman EmpireGermany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

The War FrontThe War Front

WeaponsWeapons– Machine gunsMachine guns– Poison gassesPoison gasses– Tanks and airplanesTanks and airplanes

Stalemate develops Stalemate develops Trench warfareTrench warfare

– Dirty ditchesDirty ditches– ““no man’s land” in betweenno man’s land” in between

The End and AftermathThe End and Aftermath

1917- the US enters the war1917- the US enters the war 1918- the war ends when Germany is defeated1918- the war ends when Germany is defeated

– 20 million Europeans dead20 million Europeans dead President Wilson wanted peace but the allies President Wilson wanted peace but the allies

wanted to punish Germanywanted to punish Germany Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

– Forced Germany to accept blameForced Germany to accept blame– Germany to pay reparations ($)Germany to pay reparations ($)

Hapsburg Dynasty (ruling European family) fellHapsburg Dynasty (ruling European family) fell Ottoman Empire- no longer existedOttoman Empire- no longer existed

The AftermathThe Aftermath

Allies redrew national borders to Allies redrew national borders to benefit themselvesbenefit themselves

New countries created causing New countries created causing conflictconflict

Promised independence to Arab Promised independence to Arab nations but went back on their wordnations but went back on their word– Mandate systemMandate system

Germans left resentfulGermans left resentful Laid the path for WWIILaid the path for WWII

League of NationsLeague of Nations

President Wilson proposed itPresident Wilson proposed it Was meant to provide a place where Was meant to provide a place where

countries could peacefully discuss countries could peacefully discuss solutionssolutions

Many countries joined but no the USAMany countries joined but no the USA Could not enforce anythingCould not enforce anything

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

Czar Nicholas II- lead Russia in Czar Nicholas II- lead Russia in WWI but was overthrown in 1917WWI but was overthrown in 1917

LeninLenin– Marxist/CommunistMarxist/Communist– Bolsheviks- socialist partyBolsheviks- socialist party– Gained control of the Russian Gained control of the Russian

governmentgovernment Western nations sided with the Western nations sided with the

non-communistnon-communist Soviet Union= Communist RussiaSoviet Union= Communist Russia

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin

Became communist dictator of Russia Became communist dictator of Russia Five Year PlanFive Year Plan

– Sought to increase industrialization in the Sought to increase industrialization in the USSRUSSR

– State owned farms and starvationState owned farms and starvation PurgePurge

– Stalin eliminated those he saw as a threat; Stalin eliminated those he saw as a threat; some killed some sent to prisonssome killed some sent to prisons

– Murdered millions of his own peopleMurdered millions of his own people

Effects of the RevolutionEffects of the Revolution

End of the Romanov Dynasty End of the Romanov Dynasty transferring power to the lower transferring power to the lower classesclasses

Urbanization and technologyUrbanization and technology Mistrust between the Russia and the Mistrust between the Russia and the

westwest Later led to the Cold War after WWIILater led to the Cold War after WWII

Totalitarian v. Authoritarian Totalitarian v. Authoritarian GovernmentsGovernments

Democracy does not exist in eitherDemocracy does not exist in either AuthoritarianAuthoritarian

– Only interested in political powerOnly interested in political power– Conservatives who want to preserve traditional way Conservatives who want to preserve traditional way

of lifeof life– Expects people to accept government policies and Expects people to accept government policies and

carry on with their livescarry on with their lives TotalitarianTotalitarian

– Government seeks to control politics, economy, Government seeks to control politics, economy, culture, and social lifeculture, and social life

– Terror and fear used to force citizensTerror and fear used to force citizens

ItalyItaly

FascismFascism– Nationalistic movement that is anti-Nationalistic movement that is anti-

democratic and anti-communistdemocratic and anti-communist– Rules by intimidationRules by intimidation

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini– Used violence to settle unrestUsed violence to settle unrest– Became dictator of Italy after gaining support Became dictator of Italy after gaining support

from the middle classfrom the middle class– Repressive governmentRepressive government

Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler Took control of Germany with the Nazi PartyTook control of Germany with the Nazi Party Rose in power through Nationalism and Rose in power through Nationalism and

promised of rebuildingpromised of rebuilding ““Third Reich”Third Reich” Began militarily expanding Began militarily expanding

– Empire buildingEmpire building– AppeasementAppeasement

Anti-Semitism-hatred of the Jewish peopleAnti-Semitism-hatred of the Jewish people– ““Final Solution”-called for the total elimination of the Final Solution”-called for the total elimination of the

Jewish peopleJewish people– The HolocaustThe Holocaust

JapanJapan

Emperor HirohitoEmperor Hirohito– Did not have complete control of Japanese Did not have complete control of Japanese

governmentgovernment– Militarily controlledMilitarily controlled

Hideki TojoHideki Tojo– Japan’s premier and led Japan through WWIIJapan’s premier and led Japan through WWII

Leading to WarLeading to War

Hitler’s invasion on the Rhineland, Hitler’s invasion on the Rhineland, Austria, and the SudetenlandAustria, and the Sudetenland

Japan expanding in the Pacific and Japan expanding in the Pacific and into Chinainto China

Axis PowersAxis Powers– GermanyGermany– ItalyItaly– JapanJapan

WWIIWWII

Hitler invades PolandHitler invades Poland Britain and France enter the warBritain and France enter the war Hitler takes over France Hitler takes over France Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

– Thousands of German planes bomb Thousands of German planes bomb BritainBritain

– Winston Churchill- British prime ministerWinston Churchill- British prime minister– Britain holds onBritain holds on

US InvolvementUS Involvement

US had remain neutral until US had remain neutral until December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl HarborHarbor– US declares warUS declares war

AlliesAllies– United StatesUnited States– BritainBritain– Soviet Union/RussiaSoviet Union/Russia

Hitler invades Soviet UnionHitler invades Soviet Union

StrategyStrategy Stalin wanted US and Britain to open the Stalin wanted US and Britain to open the

western front of Europe to help him outwestern front of Europe to help him out Churchill and Roosevelt decided to attack Churchill and Roosevelt decided to attack

Germany in Africa, Italy, and then the Germany in Africa, Italy, and then the Western European FrontWestern European Front

Tehran ConferenceTehran Conference– Allies agree to invade EuropeAllies agree to invade Europe– D-dayD-day– Significance: Paved way for Western Significance: Paved way for Western

European invasion that would end the warEuropean invasion that would end the war France is won backFrance is won back

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference ““Big Three”Big Three”

– Roosevelt/Truman (US)Roosevelt/Truman (US)– Churchill (Britain)Churchill (Britain)– Stalin (USSR)Stalin (USSR)

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference– After German defeat USSR would help with JapanAfter German defeat USSR would help with Japan– Eastern European countries to get electionsEastern European countries to get elections– USSR gets land in Poland and some in ChinaUSSR gets land in Poland and some in China– USSR gets most reparations because they were the USSR gets most reparations because they were the

hardest hithardest hit– Germany divided into four zones after the war (US, Germany divided into four zones after the war (US,

Britain, France, USSR)Britain, France, USSR) Significance: Laid out post-WWII Europe between the Significance: Laid out post-WWII Europe between the

west and the communistwest and the communist

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference War in Europe ended May 1945War in Europe ended May 1945 PotsdamPotsdam

– Truman meets with Stalin and ChurchillTruman meets with Stalin and Churchill– Unconditional Surrender of JapanUnconditional Surrender of Japan– Significance: led to the decision of the atomic Significance: led to the decision of the atomic

bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasakibombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki War on both fronts were finally endedWar on both fronts were finally ended Use of the atomic bombs led to the Use of the atomic bombs led to the

nuclear arms race between the US and the nuclear arms race between the US and the USSRUSSR– Hydrogen bomb createdHydrogen bomb created

Post WWIIPost WWII Cold WarCold War

– Tension b/w the US and USSR that many feared Tension b/w the US and USSR that many feared would lead to nuclear warwould lead to nuclear war

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan– Money given to help Western Europe’s economy and Money given to help Western Europe’s economy and

help rebuild countrieshelp rebuild countries Post War JapanPost War Japan

– Created democratic government ad helped rebuildCreated democratic government ad helped rebuild– Today a modern, industrial, and wealthy nationToday a modern, industrial, and wealthy nation

United NationsUnited Nations– Organization of different countries to find peaceful Organization of different countries to find peaceful

solutions to problemssolutions to problems– Permanent Members: US, Britain, France, Russia, Permanent Members: US, Britain, France, Russia,

ChinaChina

Indian IndependenceIndian Independence

DecolonizationDecolonization India was under control of BritainIndia was under control of Britain Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi

– Leader of the Indian Independence MovementLeader of the Indian Independence Movement– Supported non-violent protests even through Supported non-violent protests even through

beatings by the Britishbeatings by the British– Unity b/w Hindus and Muslim IndiansUnity b/w Hindus and Muslim Indians

Gained independence but not religious peaceGained independence but not religious peace Pakistan created as a Muslim statePakistan created as a Muslim state Gandhi was assassinated but inspired manyGandhi was assassinated but inspired many

China’s Communist RevolutionChina’s Communist Revolution

Nationalists v. CommunistsNationalists v. Communists Mao Zedong Mao Zedong

– Communist leader who gained control of Communist leader who gained control of ChinaChina

– USSR supportedUSSR supported

IsraelIsrael

Zionism- Jewish nationalism Zionism- Jewish nationalism increased after the Holocaustincreased after the Holocaust

1948 Israel created for Jewish people1948 Israel created for Jewish people Arabs upset because part of Palistine Arabs upset because part of Palistine

was takenwas taken Wars have broken out and still Wars have broken out and still

tensiontension

Latin AmericaLatin America US was backing governments in Latin America US was backing governments in Latin America

that nationalists did not supportthat nationalists did not support Latin American nationalism associated itself Latin American nationalism associated itself

more with the Soviet Unionmore with the Soviet Union Cuba (Castro), Chile (Salvador Allende), Cuba (Castro), Chile (Salvador Allende),

Nicaragua (Sandinistas), Mexican attempt Nicaragua (Sandinistas), Mexican attempt (Zapatistas)(Zapatistas)

US backed anti-communist takeoversUS backed anti-communist takeovers Today’s anti-US Latin American governmentsToday’s anti-US Latin American governments

– Venezuela and Hugo ChavezVenezuela and Hugo Chavez– Bolivia and Juan Evo Morales AymaBolivia and Juan Evo Morales Ayma

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

Decolonizing after WWIIDecolonizing after WWII Many of the countries experienced Many of the countries experienced

unrestunrest Vietnamese Nationalist led by Ho Chi Vietnamese Nationalist led by Ho Chi

Minh fought the French and the US Minh fought the French and the US – Communist nationalist won in the endCommunist nationalist won in the end

AfricaAfrica African nationalism also came about after African nationalism also came about after

decolonization decolonization Several African countries gained Several African countries gained

independenceindependence South AfricaSouth Africa

– Apartheid- official policy of racial segregation Apartheid- official policy of racial segregation in South Africain South Africa

– Nelson Mandela- arrested for his leadership Nelson Mandela- arrested for his leadership for 27 years but 1994 was elected presidentfor 27 years but 1994 was elected president

– 1994 South African elections where black 1994 South African elections where black population was allowed to participatepopulation was allowed to participate

Middle EastMiddle East

Arab National arose after the Arab National arose after the founding of Israelfounding of Israel

Abdul Nassar became president of Abdul Nassar became president of Egypt and united Arabs in standing Egypt and united Arabs in standing against the west and supporting against the west and supporting PalestinePalestine

Ethnic ConflictsEthnic Conflicts

African tribes fighting one another African tribes fighting one another Kurds, Persians, Arabs, and Jews Kurds, Persians, Arabs, and Jews

fighting in the Middle Eastfighting in the Middle East Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

– Serbs, Bosnians, and Croats fightingSerbs, Bosnians, and Croats fighting– Serbians conquered Bosnia and began Serbians conquered Bosnia and began

ethnic cleansing killing many Bosniansethnic cleansing killing many Bosnians– NATO helped to maintain peaceNATO helped to maintain peace

TerrorismTerrorism TerrorismTerrorism

– Use of violence against innocent people in Use of violence against innocent people in the name of a causethe name of a cause

Al-QaedaAl-Qaeda– Largest and most active terrorist groupLargest and most active terrorist group– Led by Osama bin LadenLed by Osama bin Laden– Sept. 11, 2001Sept. 11, 2001– War on Terror- invasion into AfghanistanWar on Terror- invasion into Afghanistan

How does this affect us today?How does this affect us today?

GlobalizationGlobalization Globalization- worldwide interdependenceGlobalization- worldwide interdependence United NationsUnited Nations

– Allows representatives to negotiate Allows representatives to negotiate peacefully, provide aid, and back military peacefully, provide aid, and back military forces to maintain stabilityforces to maintain stability

World Trade OrganizationWorld Trade Organization– Monitors countries making sure they stick to Monitors countries making sure they stick to

international trade agreementsinternational trade agreements OPEC (Organization of Petroleum OPEC (Organization of Petroleum

Exporting Countries)Exporting Countries)– Several oil producing nations that control the Several oil producing nations that control the

cost and supply of oilcost and supply of oil