world practice and standard public housing

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World Practice of Standard Public Housing

А Н А Л И Т И Ч ЕС К И Й О Т Ч Е Т

World Practice of Standard Public Housing

2016

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Contents

5 Introduction

6 Social housing in Denmark

10 Social housing in Spain

14 Social housing in Germany

18 Social housing in the USA

22 Social housing in France

26 Social housing in Sweden

30 Social housing in China

34 Social housing in Singapore

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Within the framework of Environment forLiving Forum has been conducted a review and analytical study of international practices of standard and social housing. The purpose of the study is to identify the best global practices for standard and social housing, in order to determine the best practices for the implementation of housing construction on the domestic market. Within the framework of the study, analyzed were the foreign and domestic experiences in the field of public and social housing (the state (municipal) affordable housing). At the preparatory stage, extensive research was carried out on the housing policies and regulatory frameworks of the Russian Federation and the countries of near and far abroad. On the basis of the obtained results, a sample group was created, which included more than 20 countries with the most advanced technologies in the construction of social and standardized housing. The analysis was carried out on 7 key parameters: • year of project implementation; • property type; • features of planning structure; • total and dwelling area; • projected dwelling area per person;

• degree of development of adjoining territories infrastructure; • social attractiveness.An assessment was made taking into account the financing mechanisms specific to the places where the projects were implemented. To ensure correctness of the provided information, a correction factor was entered for climatic and cultural characteristics of the considered regions.After testing the obtained data by SWOT-analysis, 8 of the most successful solutions were revealed. The final group consisted of facilities implemented in China, Singapore, Germany, France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, and the United States.In different countries the concept of «socially affordable housing» is treated in various ways. It is also called public, state, municipal, standard, and affordable. For instance, CECODHAS (an organization dealing with housing problems in the European Union) defines social housing as generally available and decent to different segments of the population. Each state sets its own standards for social housing, in accordance with the historical and cultural traditions and economic opportunities.

Introduction

6 World Practice of Standard Municipal Housing

KEY DATATotal number of housing projects (thousands): 2,762Number of housing units per thousand dwellers: 491Total number of rental social housing: 553,600

1864–1912 — establishment of the first housing associations.1913 — start of social housing construction funding.●

UNTIL 1959 — traditional materials and technologies were used, small apartments were built.

1960–1974 – industrial methods for construction of social housing were used, more buildings were made of concrete, usually in the suburbs.

AFTER 1975, the construction of different types housing start-ed, made of different materials, with a smaller number of apart-ments, floors, lower development density;

Social housing in Denmark

49%private rentals

51%ownership

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AFTER 2000, new construction of social housing – energy-saving houses, ecological housing (made of materials suitable for reuse), mixed building system (social housing among private housing, condominiums).

CURRENTLYThe basic principle of social housing in Denmark – afford-ability for any Denmark citizen, regardless of income or social status. Due to the presence of affordable social housing, includ-ing those aimed at young people, Denmark has the highest rate among the European countries in the share of young people who live separately from their par-ents – 87%.A varied social composition of residents in the housing complex allows preventing social prob-lems – criminalization, social un-rest, transformation of housing into slums.

TYPES OF SOCIAL HOUSING• for families;• for young people (students); • for elderly/disabled people.

FOR WHOM IS SOCIAL HOUSIN INTENDEDBy law, any citizen of Denmark, regardless of in-come and citizenship, has the right to social hous-ing. If a person once became a tenant, he is enti-tled to stay in the apartment as long as possible (provided that he pays the rent and does not violate the rules). The exception is housing for students, which shall be vacated after graduation.

Sourceshttp://delovoy-kvartal.ru/zhiloy-dom-faelledhaven-daniya/http://www.urbaneconomics.ru/sites/default/files/3747_import.pdf


GENERAL INFORMATIONName: Fælledhaven Dwelling HouseArchitect: DOMUS arkitekterLocation: CopenhagenArea of the territory, sq. m.: 9,269Building area, sq. m.: 1,805Total area of the building, sq. m.: 12,892Year of construction: 2006Number of parking spaces: 65Number of apartments: 115Number of floors: 8

FACILITY DESCRIPTIONFælledhaven is located in a new district of Copenha-gen – Ørestad, which began to build up around ten years ago. The building is an extensional reinforced concrete frame, the cells of which are filled with residential units. Some units are brought forward, forming a facade surface, some are subsurfaced, leaving small open loggia, connected by galleries, or, in some cases, large gaps in the body of the building. Figure of this architectural «Tetris» seems random, creating a picturesque plastic game on the outer sur-face of the laconic volume. Going over the top, the massive cornice visually unites the composition, giving the building integrity. Planning concept of residential floors resembles that of a motel. Instead of an internal corridor, open outside galleries are used, due to which each apartment, as if in a separate house, can be accessed from the street.

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LAYOUT FEATURESOn the ground floor, there is a daycare for 80 children, where dwellers of neighboring houses can also send their children. 14% of the apartments are specially equipped for comfortable living of older people or people with disabilities. In all the apart-ments, there are no load-bearing walls, besides those that sur-round the sanitary block. Parti-tions can be placed anywhere or nowhere. Danish designers have provided opportunities for ten-ants, at their sole discretion, to change the area of bedrooms and common rooms, increasing or re-ducing them, according to their taste and needs. Each apartment has a balcony – a dedicated part of the total space of the gallery – and a window on the west facade facing the park and the strait.

Minimum sizes (standards)In Denmark, there are strict limits on the area for social housing: for one-bedroom apartments, considered to be optimal is an area of 75 sq. m., for two-bedroom apartments – 95 sq. m., the maximum size of an apartment with three bedrooms – 110 sq. m.


KEY DATATotal number of commissioned hous-ing projects (thousands): 25,208Number of housing units per thousand dwellers: 538

Social housing in Spain

78,9%Owned housing

13,5%Private rentals

2,4%Social rentals

5,1%Other

1957 – there was adopted the Extraordinary Social Plan of Ma-drid, designed to stop the expan-sion of slums and the arrival of new immigrants. The plan could not fulfill its goals, despite the construction of 60,000 new dwell-ings for people from the slums.

1963 – Viviendade Proteccion Oficial (VPO) law was adopted. VPO aim was to facilitate the acquisition or rental of decent housing through a reward system for citizens with low incomes.

1961–1975 – there was anoth-er attempt to resolve the situa-tion of the slums by construction of the «United consolidation areas» (UVA).

1976 – a law on social housing was adopted. All the applied tools for economic incentives of developers were eliminated, except for a 20-year tax holiday.

1988–1991 – interest rates were subsidized. Autonomous regions played a leading role in the implementation of the hous-ing policy in the field of social housing.

1996–1999 – a new type of social housing was developed, aimed at providing cheaper housing for households with low incomes.

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1998–2001 – interest rate subsidies were cancelled. VPO buyers received subsidies to pay off their mortgage loans. In ad-dition, for some categories of the population with low-income, a subsidy for the initial payment was introduced.

2002–2005 – united typology of the VPO was simplified by leaving only two criteria: price and size.

In 2009, there was adopted a plan (2009-2012), aimed at building millions of social dwell-ing houses, through new con-struction and reconstruction.

CURRENTLYA unique feature of the Span-ish system of social housing is its focus on the tenant-owner: «Spain – a country of owners». In each region, 30% of building land should be allocated for affordable housing. Municipali-ties decide to whom and how to provide subsidies, which houses are to be constructed or recon-structed. In this case, federal money and the city’s budget are applied.

TYPES OF SOCIAL HOUSING• VPO – publicly protected housing (after the com-pletion of construction, it shall be transferred into ownership). A special feature of such housing is the temporary nature of social housing status – af-ter expiration of the statutory period (qualification period), it shall be transferred to the «market» housing stock. After this period (in 2014 – 20 years), sale at the market price is possible. For 20 years resale is controlled, if a sale is made, the owners must return the subsidies.• Rented social housing – Programa Alquiler Ase-quible, Programa Alquiler Solidario.

FOR WHOM IS SOCIAL HOUSING INTENDED (FEATURE – RAFFLED OFF)• homeless;• people with income below a certain level;• young people under 35 years of age;• people aged over 65;• large families;• single-parent families with minor children to support;• victims of gender (family) violence;• victims of terrorism;• Spanish emigrants that returned home;• people with disabilities;• people in a marginal situation;• people who have experienced a natural calamity or a natural disaster.

Sourceshttp://archi.ru/lib/publication.html?id=1850570121Photo: BAILO+RULL


FACILITY DESCRIPTIONHouse of 18 apartments was built at the urban fringe, almost at the edge of the city and private construction, in the area with a view over the planned green zone. The house has planned dimensions of 14 x 60 meters, there are three floors, wide balconies, spectacular concrete structures, and a park-ing lot. Final cost of one square meter – about 450 euros.

GENERAL INFORMATIONName: 18 VPO Social Housing Dwelling HouseArchitects: Manuel Bailo Esteve and Rosa Rull Bertrán, BAILO+RULL Bureau Location: Santa Eugenia de-BergaTotal area: 2,700 sq. m.Number of floors: 3 Number of apartments: 18

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LAYOUT FEATURES2/3 of all apartments in the two-section building have a dou-ble-sided orientation. The main part of the living rooms is oriented towards the west, in the direction of green parkland. For protection from the sun, the west facade is complemented by an advanced spatial structure of protruding balconies, galler-ies and terraces, for the fencing of which used are openwork met-al shields and profile panels.

Minimum sizes (standards)The minimum area of a small apartment, since 2008, is not less than 30 sq. m., but on average, ranges from 50 to 70 sq. m.


KEY DATATotal number of housing projects (thousands): 40,545Number of housing units per thousand dwellers: 506

Social housing in Germany

50,4%private rentals (rent at market value)

45,4%in ownership

4,2%social rentals

1950s – the legal foundation of social housing in the Federal Republic of Germany was the Second Home-building Law.

1945–1957 – 5 million hous-ing units were built with a total area of about 250 million sq. m. – about 50 sq. m. per family.End of the 1950s – the problem of housing for the poor in Germany was solved, the government seri-ously reduced subsidies: almost every year, the original figure decreased by 10%.

1970s – mass industrial con-struction of panel buildings started in the periphery of new residential areas (Neubaugebi-eten) and then spread to the East German cities.

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TYPES OF SOCIAL HOUSINGPersons who are entitled in the country to apply for social housing, include:• people who are raising children alone;• students;• students of all educational institutions;• people with disabilities;• people of retirement age;• foreigners (upon availability of permanent residence status). FOR WHOM IS HOUSING INTENDEDEvery German citizen in need is guaranteed by law to receive means of subsistence and accommoda-tion costs. Social apartments can be provided not only to those unemployed and receiving benefits, but also to those who work full-time, but do not earn enough for a decent living minimum.

1989 – Germany once again was faced with the problem of acute shortage of social housing. Particular emphasis was made on specific groups (rather than on general policy), with great attention to provide housing for elderly people, single-parent and large families;

2001 – the Law on the Reform of Housing Regulations was adopt-ed, which included the Law on Provision of Social Housing.

CURRENTLYIn Germany, most people live in apartment houses of social type and pay for rental to companies or private landlords.

Sourceshttp://prian.ru/pub/17298.htmlhttp://ru.exrus.eu/Vazhneyshiye-pravovyye-polozheniya-dlya-predostavleniya-sotsialnoy-kvartiry-v – id569549fbae2015fb25f98666


FACILITY DESCRIPTIONSocial housing complex at Velfen-shtrasse in Munich consists of two six-floor buildings with 78 apartments of various areas. The complex is part of a housing estate, designed by Bureau 03 Architekten, featuring typical construction for Haydauzen Dis-trict neighborhoods and clearly defined design code.Two Peter Ebner social houses stand out against the rest of the buildings, due to an interesting solution of triangular loggias, which create an impression of a folded, structured facade.The complex includes not only apartments. The architect includ-ed in the building a small num-ber of common premises – offices and stores, and two daycares. In the courtyard of the complex, the landscaping of which was designed by the Studio B Bureau, there is a spacious children’s playground.

GENERAL INFORMATIONName: Dwelling House at VelfenstrasseArchitect: Peter Ebner, Peter Ebner and Friends Bureau Location: Germany, MunichArea of the territory, ha: 4,209Dwelling area, sq. m.: 9,960Year: 2012Number of floors: 6Number of apartments: 78

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LAYOUT FEATURESIn the complex there are 78 apartments of various areas, including some two-level ones. Corner layout of loggias does not violate the privacy of the space, due to partitions separating the adjoining apartments. This is particularly important consider-ing the high building density and short distances between adjoin-ing buildings.

Minimum sizes (standards)A prerequisite for reimbursement of housing expenses is the so-called proportionality of social housing in Germany. There are no clear legal provisions for this proportionality, everything is decided at the specific place, depending on the land, the city and the state of the housing market. For an unemployed single person, generally considered as commensurate shall be an apartment of 45 to 50 sq. m. For a childless unemployed couple, the dwelling area is increased to 60 sq. m., and if they have one child – up to 75 sq. m. Currently proportionate shall be considered an apartment of 60 sq. m. and a house of 70 sq. m.

per one person. For each additional dweller, the area is increased by 20 sq. m. for adults and by 15 – for children.According to the total revenues, respectively, shall be issued a Wohnberechtigungsschein certificate of a certain type, which sets the maximum area of housing to be rented on the basis of the number of persons living in the household, namely:• for one person – up to 45 sq. m.;• for two persons – up to 60 sq. m.;• for three persons – up to 75 sq. m.;• for four persons – up to 90 sq. m.;• Further for each next person living in the household – an additional 15 sq. m.


19th century — development of housing assistance program.

1929–1933 — «New Deal» of Roosevelt. The first large-scale construction of social housing (single family homes with three or four rooms, with a front gar-den and backyard, with hot water and a bathroom). Initially social-ly affordable houses were built as housing with improved facilities for workers and the middle class, they were an alternative to the slums and dilapidated neighbor-hoods.

1940–1950 — Due to insuffi-cient volume of construction, they stopped building cottages and townhouses (the state began constructing huge social housing complexes — these were entire neighborhoods with their own infrastructure: roads, hospitals, schools, stores, and, of course, high-rise buildings with comfort-able and cheap apartments).

KEY DATATotal number of housing projects (thousands): 134,700Total number of social housing (thou-sands): n/a

Social housing in the USA

FOR WHOM IS SOCIAL HOUSING INTENDED• people of retirement age;• people with disabilities;• people with low incomes.

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1970 — in Saint Louis, the Pruitt-Igoe Social Housing Com-plex was officially recognized as a disaster area. This typical social housing inevitably turned into a ghetto. Dwellers started being resettled into other social housing — usually one or two small residential buildings in relatively decent areas. The com-plex was to be demolished.

In 1974, the US Congress ad-opted a housing program which stimulated the construction of affordable social housing by pri-vate companies.

1990s — In many cities, they began to build neighborhoods of mixed populations.

CURRENTLYThe development of social hous-ing continues. Typological range keeps expanding, quality of architectural solutions and the levels of comfort are improving. In addition, issues of compliance with the urban environment and existing housing developments are being resolved.

Sourceshttp://www.archdaily.com/792776/boston-road-alexander-gorlin-architectshttp://www.marhi.ru/AMIT/2016/3kvart16/kutsevych/AMIT_36_kutsevych.pdfhttp://journal.samgasu.ru/vestnik_sgasu/2011_03_10.pdfФото: Майкл Моран


FACILITY DESCRIPTIONBoston Road Residential Com-plex has 154 compact studio apartments, intended for former-ly homeless people: many of them are pensioners, people with low income, and HIV/AIDS-infected. The building was constructed in accordance with green stand-ards. Energy efficient elements – green roof, building management system, which adjusts the level of consumption of electricity, heat-ing and lighting. Eco-friendly materials are used in the decora-tion of the premises.

GENERAL INFORMATIONName: Boston Road Residential ComplexArchitects: Alexander Gorlin ArchitectsLocation: New York, BronxArea: 27,432 sq. m.Year of construction: 2015

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LAYOUT FEATURESThe internal layout of the build-ing includes private apartments (studios) and public spaces locat-ed on the first floors. Common areas include multipurpose premises for meetings and social services. In addition, there is a large courtyard and a garden, a rooftop terrace, a computer room, a gym, a bicycle storage room, and a laundry room.

Minimum sizes (standards)According to the current US regulations, in each apartment or a dwelling house, there should be at least one living room of at least 11 sq. m. Other dwelling premises must have a minimum area of 6.5 sq. m., while the minimum kitchen area is 4.64 sq. m. At the same time the minimum parameters of the premises in the plan (width or length) shall be not less than

2.134 m., the minimum width of the corridor – 0.914 m. Living rooms, hallways, bathrooms, toilets, laundry rooms and basements shall have a minimum height of 2.1 m. At the same time, it should be noted that these minimum parameters of premises in dwelling houses do not prevent the United States from rank first in the world, in terms of total housing area per resident (74 sq. m./person).


KEY DATATotal number of housing projects (thousands): 28,077Number of housing units per thousand dwellers: 423

Social housing in France

57,7%in ownership

21,9%private rentals

3%other

17,4%state rentals

1950s – there was developed mass construction of apartments for social rentals (HLM).

1956 – there were built 300,000 apartments, 95,000 of which related to the HLM. Most often, there were built large residential complexes of rectangular shape which are convenient to mount by a crane and which can accom-modate many small apartments. They are not very comfortable: in the 1970s, only 40% of the «apart-ments for social rentals» had a bathroom.

1988 – it became possible to conclude contracts in respect of existing facilities, without con-ducting works on their improve-ment.

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2000 – the government made it mandatory for authorities of all cities and districts to allocate to social housing at least 20% of the total volume of new construction, to offset the spatial separation.

2004 – French social sector to-taled 4.2 million apartments (17% of the total housing stock).

CURRENTLYMore than 50% of the social fund is made up of buildings constructed before 1976, 10% – buildings constructed after 1995. Net increase in the Social Fund (taking into account both new construction and a growing demolition) after 1995 is at the level of about 40,000 new apart-ments per year. More than 80% of the existing Social Fund are apartments (mostly three and four-room), and almost all of them are located in Paris and its suburbs. About 30% of the fund is placed in apartment (over 100 apartments) buildings. The gov-ernment finances the construc-tion of social housing through special funds, soft loans and tax

incentives for real estate devel-opers. Market of such housing is almost not interfering with the normal market. To apply for an apartment in an HLM residen-tial complex, one must have an annual income not exceeding a certain amount – this criteri-on corresponds to 2/3 of French households. However, standing in a queue takes a very long time, and, actually, only the poorest receive apartments.

TYPES OF SOCIAL HOUSING• standard (about 70% of the fund);• improved (upper segment);• cheap (lower segment).

Sourceshttp://www.vsedela.ru/index.php?topic=638.0http://decision.ru/files/social_living.pdfhttp://www.marhi.ru/AMIT/2016/3kvart16/kutsevych/AMIT_36_kutsevych.pdfhttp://journal.samgasu.ru/vestnik_sgasu/2011_03_10.pdf


FACILITY DESCRIPTIONTwo dwelling houses are located at the two gateway port basins. The area around them is now transformed from the indus-trial zone to the area of mixed development – with apartments, offices, commercial and leisure facilities. Moreover, the objects of industrial heritage are saved: transformed into a cultural center is the famous submarine base BETASOM, elevators, cranes, gates, various warehouses, etc. Included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, the surrounding environment inevitably affected the project: architects gave the building an image of a “hangar”, the facades of which are decorat-ed with metallic profiled panels, reminiscent of the industrial history of this district.

GENERAL INFORMATIONName: Bassins à flot Residential ComplexArchitect: ANMA BureauLocation: BordeauxTotal area: 27,363 sq. m.Year: 2014Number of floors: 5–7–9Number of apartments: 345

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LAYOUT FEATURESThe complex consists of two buildings standing parallel: Résidence Blanqui for 149 social apartments and Native origin for 196 apartments. Dwelling area of the first is 10,222 sq. m. and another 533 sq. m. are provided for business premises, parking and service facilities. Number of bedrooms in the apartments of this building var-ies from one to five. In the Native origin housing – 15,663 sq. m. of dwelling area and 945 sq. m. of commercial premises. Its apart-ments are also presented in 5 «sizes», and the duplexes with 4 bedrooms have a terrace-solari-um on the roof.The inner space between the buildings is blocked by trans-lucent structures and is aimed for inner public promenade and a winter garden. On the ground floor, under the entire space of the yard, there is a parking lot built. Inner complex facades are painted white, so it seems that the yard space is filled with light and air. The yard is not heated and is ventilated naturally. How-

ever, serving as an air buffer, it has a positive effect on the micro-climate in the apartments and allows to save on heating costs. On the roof of the com-plex, solar panels are installed, partly providing for the build-ing’s energy needs.

Minimum sizes (standards)According to the new urban development standards, in all kitchens and bathrooms, there must

be natural lightening. Areas are increased compared to old-style social housing, apartments have loggias, balconies or terraces.

Types of apartments Т1 Т2 Т3 Т4 Т5 Т6 Т7Number of dwelling rooms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Total area, sq. m. 30 46 60 73 88 99 114Minimum area upon reconstruction, sq. m.

27 41 54 66 79 89 103


KEY DATATotal number of housing projects (thousands): 4,634Number of housing units per thousand dwellers: 480Total number of housing in 2013: 29,225

Social housing in Sweden 22%

tenant ownership

44%direct ownership

19%state rentals

19%private rentals

1923 – 12 city associations of tenants established a national organization.

1930 – municipal housing companies (MHCs) were allowed to take loans under state guaran-tee, within a certain period, they built housing for pensioners and poor families with children.

1946 – adoption of a new hous-ing policy, containing the operat-ing scope for municipal housing companies that received a strate-gic role of «housing providers for the common people».

1965 – the Social Democratic Party of Sweden proposed and started to implement an ambi-tious plan to create a million of new housing units. At that time, 7.7 million people lived in the country, and one of the largest high-altitude districts was built in Malmö – Rusengard.

1964–1974 – the state pro-gram «Million» was carried out according to which, for low-in-come families, there was rapidly built more than 1 million units of rather decent housing.

1974–1975 – new legislation reflected the prevailing influence of municipalities on the MHCs. The influence of municipal hous-ing companies on the private rental market was confirmed.

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1991 – most subsidy programs started to decline, which lasted for the next five years.

IN 2014, more than 2,000 «social mediation contracts» for housing were concluded in Sweden.

CURRENTLYIn Sweden, the construction of social housing is extremely small. Today, the housing short-age has an effect on 240 of the 290 municipalities of the coun-try, which is 57 more than in the previous year. The worst situation is in the big cities. According to the State Administration of Housing, in the next 11 years, it will be necessary to build more than 700,000 apartments.

FOR WHOM IS HOUSING INTENDEDFor some groups in society – such as people with disabilities, refugees – there is a possibility of preferential acquiring of hous-ing through a common queue. Currently, the need for housing is so great, that many people who do not have such problems have to apply to social services.

Sourceshttps://vk.com/doc90898048_438242268?hash=40c7e0c4f76faea7d1&dl=14ade28495e4762087http://journal.samgasu.ru/vestnik_sgasu/2011_03_10.pdf


FACILITY DESCRIPTIONThe building is an orthogonal framework structure of different heights, reminiscent of artificial-ly grown crystals. The deliberate orderliness of the volume-spa-tial complex design contrasts with the beautiful buildings of the surrounding districts of the city of Malmö and the natural surface relief. The territory of the complex is also effectively laid out, publicly accessible areas are separated from the private spaces using amenities and land-scaping.

GENERAL INFORMATIONName: Ankarspelet Dwelling House Architect: Kim Utzon ArkitekterLocation: MalmöTotal area: 8,000 sq. m.Year: 2009Number of floors: 3-5Number of apartments: 70

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ОБЩАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ

Minimum sizes (standards)In 1994, the minimum dwelling area was 20 sq. m. Then there were proposed dimensions emanating from the furniture sizes ratio. The minimum dimensions are not specified, but it is assumed that the furniture described in Swedish Standards demonstrates ergonomic housing space.

LAYOUT FEATURESThe main spatial element of the building – load-bearing concrete frame – partially is left blank, due to this technique, the facade surfaces are complemented by an open work structure of the columns, beams and open balco-nies. Overhang and impassable elements of the building give it a special expressiveness, due to the play of forms, light, and shadows.In addition to multi-apartment sections, the complex includes several blocked two-floor houses. They are located in the courtyard of the complex and can be ac-cessed via the through passages in the building.


KEY DATATotal number of housing projects (thousands): 445,940Number of social rental housing, introduced in 2015 (thousands): 7,720

FOR WHOM IS THE HOUSING INTENDED (special feature: social housing is raf-fled off in a lottery):• poor (have no more than 10 sq. m. per family member and a wage of no more than $570 per month for a family of 3 persons); • people with disabilities;• working migrants (special category).

Social housing in China

1994 – the program of afford-able housing Cheap Rent Hous-ing, CRH. In this program, local authorities charged a very low rent or did not collect any.

1998 – a new program of social housing – Economic and Com-fortable Housing, ECH. This program was supposed the low rental housing to households. The government also prohibited the resale of subsidized housing on the market for 5 years. After 5 years, homeowners who sold their homes, had to pay fees for the subsidized land.

2007 – China launched Price Cap Housing program, PCH. It supposed that the local govern-ment pre-set the price cap for land acquired by developers for re-sale. Unlike the ECH program, PCH assumes full ownership. Prices for such housing are lower than at the real estate market, but higher than for housing un-der the ECH program.

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Sourceshttp://www.shcngz.com/pages/house_effect.aspx?houseid=3&typeid=7

CURRENTLYIn order to allow families with low and middle-income to live comfortably, the government se-lects the best plots of land, plan-ning to build social housing also in elite areas. At the same time, there are carefully thought out questions of transport schemes and location of social infrastruc-ture. Social housing is combined

with commercial elite housing. Based on the specific family situ-ation, the authorities either pro-vide housing for social rentals or sell it at a lower price. Most of the housing in China is built based on standard designs.


STANDARD LAYOUTSBuilding area: 41-49 sq. m. In the apartment: bedroom with a bed and mattress, a bedside table; living / dining room, storage room, table, chairs, wardrobe, air conditioning, shower booth; appliances rental services are available.

Building area: 57-62 sq. m. In the room: bedroom with a bed and mattress, a bedside table; living / dining room, storage room, table, chairs, wardrobe, air conditioning, shower booth; appliances rental services are available.

CURRENTLYIn order to allow families with low and middle-income to live com-fortably, the government selects the best plots of land, planning to build social housing also in elite areas. At the same time, there are carefully thought out questions of transport schemes and location of social infrastructure. Social housing is combined with commercial elite housing. Based on the specific family situation, the authorities either provide housing for social rentals or sell it at a lower price. Most of the housing in China is built based on standard designs.

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Minimum sizes (standards)Upon construction of social housing, there are applied standards, limiting the areas of the apartments. They are determined by local governments, based on the average level of availability of apartments for families in the relevant region, and financial capabilities. The adjustment of standards is limited by clear frameworks. Area of one-room apartment with a low rent rate varies in the range of 35-40 sq. m., two-room – 50-60 sq. m., three-room – 60-70 sq. m. Space standards at affordable prices are less stringent. Area of two-room small apartments is about 60 sq. m., three-room –

100 sq. m, which corresponds to the basic needs of the population. Regardless of the type of social housing, the share of dwelling space should not be below 75% of the total area.

Layout featuresAccording to the «National Project of Comfortable Housing» (1995) program, in new apartments there should be a bedroom, kitchen, living room, toilet, pantry and balcony, composed in such a way that the use of these facilities is reasonable and comfortable for living. Residential buildings over 7 floors must have elevators.


KEY DATATotal number of housing projects (thousands): 1,271.1Total number of social housing: 977.5

Social housing in Singapore

76,9%social rentals

7,1%other

16%in ownership

1960–1966 – the program of the first Five-Year Plan.

1960 – commencement of the national housing program, which was assigned to the Council on Housing Development (HDB). HDB immediately initiated a con-struction program of the first five-year plan, aimed at provid-ing housing for people with low income (in the form of standard rental apartments).

1964 – a program was devel-oped, which allowed low-income groups to own their own homes.

1966–1970 – the program of the Second Five-Year Plan.

1966 – priority shifted from the speed of construction to quality and convenience. New neighbor-hoods were better planned, were larger and less standardized, more attention was paid to land-scaping.

1968 – there was introduced an innovative housing financing scheme. Monthly installment payments were allowed.

1970 – 35.9% of the population in Singapore lived in public hous-ing

1971 – to encourage dwellers to relocate to more spacious apart-ments, HDB allowed the owners to sell their apartments in the open market.

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FOR WHOM IS HOUSING INTENDED The use of social housing in Singapore itself is not considered as an indication of poverty or poor quality of life – in comparison with other countries. Often the rental fees for the smallest apartments in the social sector may exceed similar ones in the private sector. Among the people occupying social housing in Singapore, very few are living below the poverty line.

CONDITIONS FOR ACQUISITIONTo buy an apartment, a candidate must be a cit-izen of Singapore or have a residency permit, be 21 years or older and have a family. Foreign citizens or unmarried cannot buy a new apartment under the HDB program. Other requirements relate to household status, the time required for the con-struction, income, and other issues. Apartments are usually transferred under a rental agreement for 99 years.

1974 – HDB started to provide housing for people with average incomes. As a result, there was a shift to more spacious and attractive apartments.

CURRENTLY Programs of social housing construction in Singapore are arranged by the HDB – the Hous-ing and Development Board. The Board deals with the erection and management of residential areas and complexes, apart-ments which meet certain re-quirements and are called “HDB flat”. Most of the housing rented in Singapore is owned by the state and is constructed under standard designs.

Sourceshttp://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/about-us/our-role/public-housing – a-singapore-iconhttp://www.globalurban.org/GUDMag07Vol3Iss1/Yuen.htm


LAYOUT FEATURESSome apartments have addi-tional rooms for use as offices, dining rooms, etc. The largest apartments (executive apart-ments) include three bedrooms, as well as separate dining and living rooms.

executive apartment

Four-room apartment

Five-room apartment

Two-room apartment

Three-room apartment

CURRENTLY Programs of social housing construction in Singapore are arranged by the HDB – the Housing and Development Board. The Board deals with the erection and management of residential areas and complexes, apartments which meet certain requirements and are called “HDB flat”. Most of the housing rented in Singapore is owned by the state and is constructed under standard designs.

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Minimum sizes (standards)There is a wide variety of types of apart-ments, usually classified based on the number of rooms (allocated two and three-room, four-room, five-room apart-ments, and executive apartments with an extra room, designed as an office).Two-room apartment with one bedroom and a living room has a dwelling area of 45 sq. m.

Three-room apartment has two bed-rooms (living area of about 60 sq. m. and total area of 74 sq. m.). Four-room apartment has three bed-rooms – 93 sq. m.Five-room apartment – 110 sq. m.Executive apartment – 150 sq. m.

Customer: Foundation “Institute of social development of the cities of the Republic of Tatarstan”

Contractor/developer: Agency for strategic development «CENTER»

Office 13, Bolshaya Mochanovka 21, Moscow, Russia

October 15, 2016

world practice and standard public housing

Real Estate