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WORLD SMALL HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2013 www.smallhydroworld.org PAKISTAN

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Page 1: World Small HydropoWer development report 2013Pakistan is blessed with a hydropower potential of more than 40,000 MW. However, only 15 per cent of total hydropower potential has been

World Small HydropoWer development report 2013www.smallhydroworld.org

PAKISTAN

Page 2: World Small HydropoWer development report 2013Pakistan is blessed with a hydropower potential of more than 40,000 MW. However, only 15 per cent of total hydropower potential has been

Published in 2013 by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP).

2013 © UNIDO and ICSHP

All rights reserved

This report was jointly produced by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide information about small hydropower. The document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentations of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of UNIDO and ICSHP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process: Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO or its partners. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in the articles are the responsibility of the author(s) and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO and its partners.

While every care has been taken to ensure that the content is useful and accurate, UNIDO and ICSHP and any contributing third parties shall have no legal liability or responsibility for the content or the accuracy of the information so provided, or for any loss or damage caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with reliance on the use of such information.

Copyright: Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint.

Recommended citation: Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. (2013). World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013. United Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. Available from www.smallhydroworld.org.

Disclaimer

Page 3: World Small HydropoWer development report 2013Pakistan is blessed with a hydropower potential of more than 40,000 MW. However, only 15 per cent of total hydropower potential has been

3 Asia 3.3 South Asia  

3.3.7 Pakistan Mariam Gul, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan; Ugranath Chakarvarty, International Center on Small Hydro Power  

Key facts 

Population  190,291,1291 Area  796,095 km2.1

Climate  Mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north1 

Topography  Flat Indus plain in east; Balochistan plateau in west; mountains in north and northwest (highest point: K2 /Mount Godwin‐Austen 8,611 m)1  

Rain pattern 

Mean annual rainfall varies from 0 mm in the desert areas of the country and up to 1,800 mm in the north2 

Electricity sector overview The  electrification  access  in  Pakistan  was  62.4  per cent  in  2009,  leaving  more  than  63.8  million inhabitants  without  access  to  electricity.  Electricity consumption per capita  is estimated at 465 kWh per year.3 Major energy  resources  in  the country  include natural  gas, oil  and hydropower  (figure 1).  The  total electricity  generation  capacity  in  Pakistan  is  23,412 MW (as of 2010). 

Electricity generation  in Pakistan  is carried out by the public sector and  independent power producers. The electricity  market  restructuring  and  liberalization processes have been difficult, resulting  in unpaid bills and  sub‐marginal  electricity  tariff.  According  to  an Asian  Development  Bank  (ADB)  Pakistan  suffers power shortages, estimated at over 4,200 MW during peak  demand,  leading  to worsening  brownouts  and blackouts across the country, and necessitating power rationing.5 

Pakistan  is  blessed  with  a  hydropower  potential  of more than 40,000 MW. However, only 15 per cent of total hydropower potential has been harnessed so far. The total installed capacity of the hydropower stations in the country is about 6,595 MW, out of which 3,767 

MW  is  in Khyber‐Pakhtunkhwa, 1,698 MW  in Punjab, 1,036 MW in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and 93 MW in the  Northern  Areas.  The  hydropower  sector  in Pakistan is mainly owned and managed by Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) which  is also the largest electric power producer in Pakistan owning more  than  55  per  cent  of  total  electric  power generation  and  serving  88  per  cent  of  Pakistan’s electricity consumers. 

65%

28%

3%

2%

1%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Thermal

Hydro

Nuclear

Rentals

Others

Figure 1 Electricity generation in Pakistan  Source: Private Power and Infrastructure Board4 

WAPDA has however been working on  its  ambitious plan called National Water Resource and Hydropower Development  Programme  Vision  2025  with  an objective  to  develop  16,000 MW  of  hydropower  for providing  cheap  electricity  to  consumers  along with preventing  water  shortages  in  future, compensate/adjust  for  predicted  climate  changes, protection of agriculture from drought and  increasing reservoir capacities.6 

Small hydropower sector overview and potential In  Pakistan  the  small hydropower definition  is up  to 50 MW  upper  capacity  limit.  Table  1  below  shows small hydropower resources by province.  

Coincident with  the precipitation pattern  in Pakistan, hydropower has been harnessed  in the northern part of  the  country  and  small  hydropower  resources  are scarce  in  the  southern  part  (Sindh  and  Balochistan provinces) due  to  its desert  climate.  The majority of these  projects  are  public  sector‐based.  A  further summary of micro hydropower plants  in Pakistan can be seen in table 2 below.  

Table 1 Small hydropower up to 50 MW in Pakistan 

Operation  Construction Province 

Number of plants  (n) 

Installed capacity (MW) 

Number of plants  (n) 

Installed capacity (MW) 

Gilgit Baltistan  78  44.275  15  49.83 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa  8  125.800  7  115.68 Azad Jammu & Kashmir  8  38.800  11  25.47 Punjab  5  64.00  6  30.31 Total  99  272.875  39    221.29 

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Page 4: World Small HydropoWer development report 2013Pakistan is blessed with a hydropower potential of more than 40,000 MW. However, only 15 per cent of total hydropower potential has been

Source: Farooq7 

Table 2 Installed micro hydro plants up to 150 kW in Pakistan Region  Plants installed 

(Number) Installed capacity 

(kW) Households 

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA  470  6 790.5  59 437 Gilgit Baltistan  22  401.5  4 010 Balochistan  3  80.0  800 Azad Jammu and Kashmir  43  592.0  3 915 Total  538  7 864.0  68 162 

Source: Farooq7 

Note: FATA – Federally administered tribal areas 

Table 3 Small hydropower potential in Pakistan 

Completed feasibility study  Raw sites Province  Capacity (MW) 

Number (n) 

Capacity (MW) 

Number (n) 

Capacity (MW) 

Gilgit Baltistan  764 ‐ 71.50  136  814.15 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa  564 ‐ 143.00  78  426.41 Azad Jammu & Kashmir  337  9  78.10  24  177.00 Punjab  409  6  131.28  306  349.00 Sindh  191  5  69.05  3  48.55 Balochistan  ..  ..  ..  ..  .. Total potential  2 665  20  492.93  547  1815.11 

Northern  Pakistan  boasts  about  an  estimated potential of 300 MW for micro hydropower projects.8 Aga  Khan  Rural  Support  Programme  (AKRSP)  has provided  electricity  to  Gilgit  Baltistan  and  Chitral,  a district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In fact, 50 per cent of Chitral’s population receives electricity from over 180 micro hydropower plants now being managed by the local  communities.9  The  ADB  has  co‐financed  the Malakand  Rural  Development  Project  in  the  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to build 76 micro hydropower schemes ranging 5‐50 kW of capacity in the Malakand division.10  

According to WAPDA, Pakistan is endowed with a total small  hydropower  potential  of  2,265  MW.  Table  3 below shows its geographical division. 

Balochistan  is  a mineral  rich  province  boasting  iron and hydrocarbon  resources. There  is no potential  for small hydropower development due  to unavailability of required head to generate electricity; however, the National Water  Resources  Development  Programme has included eight sites for irrigation facility.  

281 MW

2265 MW

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

SHP potential (upto 50 MW)

SHP installedcapacity (up to 50

MW)

Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Pakistan Note: Data on installed capacity and potential for small hydropower up to 10 MW is not available.  

The  Pakistan  Environmental  Protection  Act  of  1997 mandates the provision of environmental assessment for approval of development projects,  including small hydropower. An Environmental  Impact Assessment  is compulsory.11  

Renewable energy Policy  The Alternative Energy Development Board  (AEDB)  is the focal centre for preparing policy for promotion of alternative  renewable  energy  in  Pakistan.  The  policy takes  four  key  aspects  into  consideration  which include  energy  security,  economic  benefits,  social equity  and  environmental  protection  as  policy objectives with an evolutionary nature.12 In 2006, the Government  of  Pakistan  approved  Policy  for Development  of  Renewable  Energy  for  Power Generation  (short  phase/introduction  of  the  first phase)  prepared  by  AEDB  which  includes development of the following renewable resources:  Small hydropower; Solar photovoltaic and thermal energy for power

generation;

Wind power generation.

The  second  phase  of  the  policy  introduced  the  ARE Policy 2011 and recognized three categories:13  Alternative  fuels  (biogas, bio‐fuel, hydrogen and

fuel from waste);  Renewable  energy  (geothermal,  small  hydro,

marine, solar, wind, energy from waste);  Fossil Fuel Hybrids Systems (at  least 70 per cent

renewable sources) 

2

Page 5: World Small HydropoWer development report 2013Pakistan is blessed with a hydropower potential of more than 40,000 MW. However, only 15 per cent of total hydropower potential has been

The  third  phase  or  maturity  phase  for  competitive growth would commence 2015 onwards.14 Moreover, the Government of Pakistan aims at achieving 15 per cent  of  its  Total  Primary  Energy  Supply  (TPES)  by renewable sources and  to  further  increase  its  role  to 20 per  cent by 2020.15 Pakistan’s  total and per head CO2 emissions remain well below developed countries and  the main  focus  of ARE  Policy  2011  is  to  reduce Pakistan’s dependence on imported fossil fuels.   

Barriers to small hydropower development 

Long gestation period; Small/micro  hydropower  schemes  are  generally

constructed  in  remote  off‐grid  areas with  poorinfrastructure;

Lack  of  trained  local  staff  for  operation  andmaintenance;

Restricted optimal usage due to off‐grid nature; Lower  interest  by  private  sector  due  to  lacking

proper tariff structure; Difficult socio‐economic conditions and generally

weak implementation and coordination capacity.

References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The WorldFactbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the‐world‐factbook/. 2. Pakistan Meteorological  Department (n.d.). Meanannual rainfall. Available from www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/Pakistan_mean_rainfall.pdf. 3. Government of Pakistan, Private Power andInfrastructure Board, Ministry of Water and Power (n.d.). About Pakistan Available from www.ppib.gov.pk/N_about_pak.htm. 4. Government of Pakistan, Private Power andInfrastructure Board, Ministry of Water and Power (2011). Key Statistics about Pakistan’s Power Sector (FY 2010‐11). Available from www.ppib.gov.pk/N_key.html. 5. Asian Development Bank (2011). New PakistanHydro Plant to Ease Nationwide Power Shortages. 11 October 2011. Available from www.adb.org/news/new‐pakistan‐hydro‐plant‐ease‐nationwide‐power‐shortages. 6. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Water andPower (2003). Pakistan’s Vision of Water Resources Management. Paper presented at Pakistan Development Forum, 14 May 2003. Available from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/Pakistan‐Development‐Forum/water‐Mgmt.pdf.   7. Farooq H. M. (2011). Workshop on Mini/MicroHydropower Development: Prospects and Challenges in South Asian Countries, Water and Power Development Authority. 13 September 2011.  8. Alternative Energy Development Board (2005).Report: Power Sector situation in Pakistan. Prepared 

by Alternative Energy Development Board in collaboration with German Agency for Technical Cooperation. Islamabad. September 2005. 9. Aga Khan Development Network. (n.d.)Development in Rural Areas, Rural Development in Pakistan.  Available from www.akdn.org/rural_development/pakistan.asp.  10. Asian Development Bank Completion Report:Pakistan: Malakand Rural Development Project. 11. Environmental Impact Assessment.  Available fromhttp://eia.unu.edu/index.html.   12. Government of Pakistan (2006). Report: Policy forDevelopment of Renewable Energy for Power Generation: Employing Small Hydro, Wind, and Solar Technologies.  13. Government of Pakistan (2011). Alternative andRenewable Energy Policy. Islamabad. 14. Alternative Energy Development Board officialwebsite (n.d.). Available from www.aedb.org/midtermpolicy.htm. Accessed December 2011.  15. Economist Intelligence Unit (2011). Pakistan:Energy Report, 14 October 2011, Economist Intelligence Unit, The Economist.  

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