world war i: “the great war” began in europe 1914 central powers (germany, austria, turkey)...
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World War I: “The Great War”Began in Europe 1914
Central Powers (Germany, Austria, Turkey)
fought
Allied Powers (England, France, Russia)
No one thought it would last long, but it did: 9,000,000 men died
World War I
What happened?Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his
wife were visiting the Bosnia city of Sarajevo June 28, 1914
They were assassinated by a group – “the
Black Hand” - seeking an independent Bosnia
Within a few weeks, most of Europe was plunged into war
Causes of World War I
NATIONALISM
Extreme feeling of pride or devotion IMPERIALISM
Austria-Hungary trying to expand late 1800’s
Great Britain & France: had colonies in Africa, Middle East, Asia
Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm II): wanted colonies
Causes of World War I con’tMILITARISM: military preparedness / building
up weapons
1900 Germany began building a Navy to compete with Great Britain
Also, Germany began to enlarge its Army ALLIANCES
Nations formed alliances, or partnerships
Alliances…
TRIPLE ALLIANCE
Germany / Austria-Hungary / Italy TRIPLE ENTENE:
Britain / France / Russia
Video Clip
“Causes of World War I” The Mr. Smith 7
“Assassination of Franze Ferdinand” part 2mr. allsop or crypt 375
WAR BREAKS OUT
Some thought these alliances created a balance of power, but it didn’t work…
After the assassination of Ferdinand, EUROPE EXPLODED INTO WAR!
Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the murder – Russia had promised to protect Serbs, and so Russia began to mobilize troops
War Breaks Out…
Germany viewed Russia’s mobilization as an act of aggression
Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia – Germany declared war on France, Russia’s ally
August 1914 German troops crossed the border into neutral Belgium
War Begins:
Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany) believed Germany needed to make this first move to catch Belgium and France by surprise
Great Britain, pledged to defend Belgium, declared war on Germany
Everyone was choosing sides!
THE TWO SIDES
CENTRAL POWERSGermany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
Empire
ALLIED POWERSGreat Britain, France, Russia
Eventually 30 other nations would join the conflict!
The War
Schlieffen Plan: called for a surprise German invasion of France by passing through Belgium, and a two-front war
German attack on Belgium was brutal!Villages burnt to the ground; women and children executed
New Kind of Warfare
France had not altered its “warfare style” since the 1800’s, and were not prepared for Germany’s massive firepower
FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE: German army quickly advanced through northern France – though France’s losses were heavy, she pushed the Germans back some 40 miles
YOUTUBE WORLD WAR I in color Catastrophe, part 1
New Kind of Warfare
Russia mobilized, causing Germany to pull some troops out of France to fight Russia on the eastern front
TRENCH WARFARE: no soldiers had ever experienced war in trenches on this scale!
(see pages 234-235) YOUTUBE “WWI in color”
New Weapons
New technologies made new weapons:
Machine guns: 600 bullets per minutePoison gas: both sides usedHand grenades & TanksSubmarinesAirplanes: spectacular air battles
called “dogfights”
President Wilson’s foreign policy
From 1914 to 1917, Wilson was guided by a desire for freedom of navigation on the seas…
But, Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare would challenge U.S. neutrality!
U.S. in WORLD WAR I
May 1915 some 1,900 passengers and crew boarded the British ship LUISITANIA in New York Harbor
Week later, ship approached British Isles – German torpedo slammed into ship’s right side – Sank in only 18 minutes – about 1,200 people died, including 128 Americans
U.S. stays neutral
Before this, U.S. had tried to remain neutral
Isolationism: policy of not being involved in affairs of other nations
Leaning toward Allies: Britain had been purchasing war materials from U.S.
German submarine warfare
Britain had been blockading Germany
German Navy devised plan to attack British, including use of U-BOATS, small submarines
Feb. 1915 German government announced waters around Great Britain would be treated as a war zone
Heading Toward War
American public outraged by 1915 sinking of Luisitania
Wilson re-elected 1916 and began working for peace settlement – January 1917 urged both sides to accept “peace without victory”
Zimmerman Note
German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent telegram to German official in Mexico, proposing alliance between Germany and Mexico, promising Mexico would get back New Mexico, Texas, Arizona
British intercepted telegram – more Americans began to call for war against Germany
U.S. Declares War
Uprising in Russia forced Czar Nicholas II to give up power
Mid-March 1917 German U-boats sank three American merchant ships
April 1917 Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany to make the world “safe for democracy”
Americans in Europe
U.S. military began preparing for battle:
May 1917 Selective Service Act (draft)
Conscientious Objectors / Discrimination
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES: led by General John Pershing arrived in France June 1917
Allied Setbacks
When Americans arrived, Allies’ situation grim: Germany occupied Belgium, northeastern France – Russia struggling in the East
November 1917 Bolsheviks (Communists) gained power in Russia (U.S. sent combat troops to Russia to keep war material from falling into enemy hands)
WAR ENDS
American forces major factor in the war
July 1918 Germany launched last offensive – U.S. Army blew up every bridge German had built – German Army retreated
Allies counterattacked September 1918 – Americans defeated Germans near French-German border
Armistice
By late 1918 war almost overGerman and Austrian economy destroyedSoldiers disheartened
Central Powers began to surrender
Early November Austria-Hungary signed peace agreement – then German bean peace negotiations
November 11, 1918
Armistice went into effect
Germany:-leave all territories it occupied-surrendered aircraft, heavy artillery, tanks-allow Allies to occupy some German territory
Some hoped this “war to end all wars”
THE HOME FRONT during WWI
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMYRegulating industry, food, fuel
MOBILIZING WORKERSNational War Labor Board: to mediate disputes between workers / management
Influenza epidemic
INFLUENCING PUBLIC OPINIONWilson created COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC
INFORMATION
Propaganda: materials designed to influence American support for the war effort
“Uncle Sam”
THE FOURTEEN POINTS
Wilson’s vision for just and lasting world peace(open diplomacy / fair system to resolve disputes over colonies / self-determination / League of Nations)
New philosophy for American foreign policy
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE January 1919Treaty of Versailles – Germany had to disarm
and pay reparations – signed June 1919
Paris Peace Conference
January 1919: Treaty of Versailles – Germany had to disarm and pay reparations (though Germany not allowed in the negotiations)
Signed June 1919(lead to rise of German nationalism, Adolf Hitler, and the Third Reich – devastation of Europe’s industrial base helped bring on the Great Depression)
U.S. RESPONSE TO TREATY
Treaty of Versailles “harsher” than what Wilson wanted
U.S. Senate divided:Democrats: supported ratificationIrreconcilables: urged rejectionReservationists: ratify if changed
U.S. …
Ends up NOT joining the League of Nations (and League very weakened!)
Senate refuses to ratify Treaty of Versailles(opposition lead by Henry Cabot Lodge)