world war two. who’s who in wwii? grand alliance leaders united states – franklin d. roosevelt...
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World War Two
Who’s Who in WWII?Grand Alliance Leaders
United States – Franklin D. Roosevelt (Truman - end) Great Britain – Neville Chamberlain, Winston
Churchill France – Eduard Daldier (PM); Marshal Pétain and
Pierre Laval in Vichy France; Charles de Gaulle in GB Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin
Axis Leaders Italy – Benito Mussolini Germany – Adolf Hitler Japan – Emperor Hirohito & Prime Minister Tojo
War in Europe - Alliances
1939: Non-aggression pact b/w Soviet Union and Germany
1939: Non-aggression pact b/w Soviet Union and Japan
1939: Great Britain & Poland w/France 1940: Italy joins Germany vs. France 1941: U.S., France, Great Britain, Soviet
Union (Grand Alliance) vs. Axis Powers (Ger, It, Jap) The Soviet Union is invaded, June 1941, changing
sides
Technology of Warfare Maginot Line – Underground fortress Tanks
Particularly German Panzer and Tiger versions
Blitzkrieg (Tanks + Air Support)
Types of Naval Equipment: Submarines – continuing to advance Battleships – increasingly less useful Destroyers – submarine hunters (Sonar
developed) Aircraft Carriers – essential in the Pacific
Technology of Warfare Light machine guns
Designed for use by one or two people at most New styles of aircraft & techniques of
attack German Luftwaffe (air force) Royal Air Force deals with “the Blitz” in the
Battle of Britain (Radar developed) Mass bombings of military & civilian sites
Atomic bombs U.S. invented & owned = Nagasaki &
Hiroshima
War in Europe• Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland• Sept. 3 – France & GB declare war• Sept. 28 – Germany and SU divide Poland
• Blitzkrieg and Panzer Divisions
• April 9, 1940 – Germany attacks Denmark & Norway• End of the “phony war”
• May 10 - Germany attacks France, Belgium, & Netherlands – Maginot doesn’t hold up
War in Europe - 1940• Trapped at Dunkirk
• Nazis move through Ardennes forest, split Allied troops
• June 5 Germany attacks Southern France
• June 10 Italy declares war on France• June 22 France surrenders
• 3/5 go to Germany- Nazi-occupied France• 2/5 go to Marshal Henri Petain = Vichy France =
authoritarian regime (Nazi puppet government)• Charles de Gaulle in GB
War in Europe - 1940• May 10, 1940 Winston Churchill elected
PM• Aug. 1940 Luftwaffe invades GB
• Radar system• Ultra intelligence operation
• End of Sept. = Germany lost Battle of Britain• Hitler focuses in Egypt & Suez Canal (think
Napoleon) but Italy inept• End of July, 1940 – prepare to invade SU
• Hungary, Bulgaria & Romania on board• Yugoslavia & Greece taken in April 1940
War in Europe - 1941• March 1941 – U.S. Lend-Lease Act• June 22, 1941 - Operation Barbarossa
• Launch attack along 1,800 mile front against SU• Took Ukraine, Leningrad• w/in 25 miles of Moscow, early winter, SU resistance =
German army halted (1st time in WWII)• Aug. 1941 – Atlantic Charter
• U.S. and GB meet to discuss goals for war – Wilson’s 14 Points upheld
• Dec. 11 Germany declares war on US after US declares war on Japan
• Grand Alliance = unconditional surrender
War in Europe - 1942• Spring 1942 – Germans capture Crimea • Fall 1942, Afrika Korps under Rommel
break British defenses, but by May 1943 Germans and Italians surrender
• Nov., 42 – Feb., 43 Battle of Stalingrad• German Sixth Army destroyed• SU can’t be beat – How do they do it? (pg. 793)
• July 5-12, 1943 Battle of Kursk : beginning of end of Eastern Front
Battle of Stalingrad
Conference in Tehran Nov. 1943, Tehran, IRAN Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt – what will final
phase of WWII look like? Churchill – move from Africa and Italy to
indirectly attack Germany through Balkans Stalin & Roosevelt – open a second front in
France in spring 1944 North-South divide line through Germany Eastern Europe to be liberated by SU
War in Europe – 1944-45• June 6, 1944 Operation Overlord
• Battle of Normandy• amphibious assault lead by Dwight D. Eisenhower• the deception of Calais
• end Aug. 1944, Liberation of Paris • Dec. 16, 1944 - Battle of the Bulge
(German counteroffensive = Allied victory)
• March 1945 – Allied forces cross the Rhine
• end of April meet Russians at the Elbe
Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945 Western powers meet in Ukraine
Discuss future of Germany Stalin unsure of West’s intentions – wants buffer
zone btw. SU and West Roosevelt wants “self-determination” and free
elections; asks SU to aid USA against Japan Stalin agrees – receives warm-water ports,
Sakhalin & Kurile Islands; railroad rights in Manchuria
United Nations - meet in San Francisco, April ‘45
The End of WWII in Europe - 1945• April 28 Mussolini executed• April 30 Hitler commits suicide in Berlin• May 7 German commanders surrender
Potsdam Conference: July, 1945
Potsdam Conference: July, 1945 FDR dead, Churchill out of office as
Prime Minister during conference. Stalin only original.
The United States has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany is to be divided into occupation zones
Truman demands free elections in the East
Stalin = free elections would be “anti-Soviet, and that [he] could not allow.”
P.M. Clement President Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin
The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos,
NM
The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos,
NM
Dr. Robert Oppenheimer
I am become death,
the shatterer of worlds!
I am become death,
the shatterer of worlds!
Major GeneralLesley R. Groves
Tinian Island, 1945Tinian Island, 1945
Little Boy Fat ManLittle Boy Fat Man
Enola Gay Crew
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
© 70,000 killed immediately.
© 48,000 buildings.
destroyed.© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning & cancer later.
Bombing Hiroshima
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
©40,000 killed immediately.
©60,000 injured.©100,000s died of
radiation poisoning& cancer later.
Bombing of Nagasaki
The Cold War begins…
Concentration Camps Concentration Camps
Different types existed Political Camps Labor Camps Death Camps Different Victims
Dec. 7, 1941 Night and Fog decree
Night and Fog SS Reichsführer Himmler issued the following
instructions to the Gestapo. "After lengthy consideration, it is the will of the Führer
that the measures taken against those who are guilty of offenses against the Reich or against the occupation forces in occupied areas should be altered. The Führer is of the opinion that in such cases penal servitude or even a hard labor sentence for life will be regarded as a sign of weakness. An effective and lasting deterrent can be achieved only by the death penalty or by taking measures which will leave the family and the population uncertain as to the fate of the offender. Deportation to Germany serves this purpose."
“The Final Solution” – Jan 20, 1942 – Wannsee Conference (pg. 330, End of European Era)
Warsaw Ghetto
Auschwitz
Anne Frank: 12 March 1945 at Bergen-Belsen
Mass Grave at Bergen-Belsen