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Study Project TRANS-CSP

Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power (WP01 Transmission Technologies)

Project for the Research & Development Programme of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU)

IFEED

NREA

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WP01 Transmission Technologies

Scope:

Assessment, characterisation and comparison of technology options for the transmission of solar electricity produced by Concentrating Solar Power Plants or by other renewables from MENA to Europe

Result:

High Voltage Direct Current transmission (HVDC) is the least cost and most efficient solution

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Power transmission via Hydrogen is possible, but 75 % of the solar electricity would be lost.

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After closing the Mediterranean Ring in 2010, about 0.5 % of European electricity demand could be imported through the conventional AC grid. If upgraded to European standards, 3 %. However, 45 % of the solar electricity would be lost over 3000 km.

Source:OME

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Security and Redundancy of Power Supply by a Future

TRANS-Mediterranean HVDC Grid High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) power transmission looses only 10 % over 3000 km distance.

Like interstate highways, HVDC lines will serve long distance transfer, with only few outlets to the conventional Alternating Current (AC) grid which will be used analogue to country roads and city streets.

By 2050, 700 TWh/y solar electricity could be imported from 20 locations in MENA at a cost of 5 c/kWh providing about 15 % of European electricity demand.

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Options for Solar Electricity Transfer over 3000 km Distance

Solar Power Transfer by:

Hydrogen AC / HVAC HVDC Line

Losses 75 % 45 % / 25 % 10 %

Cost very high high low

Adaptation to Consumers (Transformer)

has to be transformed to AC first

directly transformable

has to be transformed to AC first

Over Sea Transport

by tankers or pipelines

not over 30 km standard solution

Visibility Impact very low high low

Materials and Emissions

moderate moderate low

Preferred Application

eventually fuel for transport

regional and local power

long distance power transfer

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Year 2020 2030 2040 2050

Capacity GW 2 x 5 8 x 5 14 x 5 20 x 5

Transfer TWh/y 60 230 470 700

Capacity Factor 0.60 0.67 0.75 0.80

Turnover Billion €/y 3.8 12.5 24 35

Land Area CSPkm x km HVDC

15 x 153100 x 0.1

30 x 303600 x 0.4

40 x 403600 x 0.7

50 x 503600 x 1.0

Investment CSPBillion € HVDC

425

13416

24531

35045

Elec. Cost CSP€/kWh HVDC

0.0500.014

0.0450.010

0.0400.010

0.0400.010

Total EU-MENA HVDC Interconnection 2020 – 2050 *

* All countries analysed in TRANS-CSP

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Interconnecting HVDC* to the AC** System

Source: ABB

Monopolar HVDC System,e.g. sea cable

Bipolar HVDC System, e.g. overhead line

* HVDC High Voltage Direct Current (electricity flows steadily from a negative to a positive pole)** AC Alternating Current (the flow direction is reversed 50 or 60 times per second)

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Cost of 5 GW Overhead Link

0

500

1000

1500

20002500

3000

3500

4000

4500

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Distance [km]In

vest

men

t [M

€]

1150 kV HVAC ± 800 kV HVDC

Cost of HVDC and HVAC Links with 5 GW Capacity

HVDC High Voltage Direct CurrentHVAC High Voltage Alternating Current

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(Quelle: ABB, erweitert)

Space required for 10 GW Power Transmission

AC Alternate CurrentHVDC High Voltage Direct CurrentUHVDC Ultra High Voltage Direct Current

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HVDC is well established, transmitting 75 GW world wide,mainly remote hydro- and geothermal power

Source: ABB

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Year 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Austria 0 0 0 0 0 0Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0 0Denmark 0 0 0 2 3 5Finland 0 0 0 0 0 0France 0 0 10 35 70 110Czech Republic 0 0 0 5 15 30Belgium 0 0 0 10 16 24Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 0Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 0 0Netherlands 0 0 5 10 15 17,5Sweden 0 0 0 0 0 0Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0 0United Kingdom 0 0 0 15 35 65Poland 0 0 0 15 50 90Bulgaria 0 0 0 4 6 6,5Slowac Republic 0 0 0 2 8 12,5Slowenia 0 0 0 0 0 0Germany 0 0 15 40 80 120Hungary 0 0 0 8 10 12Greece 0 0 0 5 10 15Italy 0 0 10 25 45 60Malta 0 0 0 0 0 0Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 0Spain 0 0 15 25 35 45Turkey 0 0 5 15 45 60Macedonia 0 0 0 0 0 0Croatia 0 0 0 0 0 0Romania 0 0 0 15 30 35Serbia & Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0 0Bosnia-Herzegowina 0 0 0 0 0 0Iceland 0 0 0 0 0 0Norway 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 0 0 60 231 473 707,5

Solar Import Electricity in TWh/y

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Year 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Austria 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0 0Denmark 0 0 0 0,4 0,5 0,75Finland 0 0 0 0 0 0France 0 0 2 5 9 15Czech Republic 0 0 0 1 2 4Belgium 0 0 0 2 2,5 3,5Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 0Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 0 0Netherlands 0 0 1 1,5 2 2,4Sweden 0 0 0 0 0 0Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0 0United Kingdom 0 0 0 2,5 5 9Poland 0 0 0 2,5 8 14Bulgaria 0 0 0 0,75 1 1Slowac Republic 0 0 0 0,5 1,5 2Slowenia 0 0 0 0 0 0Germany 0 0 3 6 11 16Hungary 0 0 0 1,5 1,75 2Greece 0 0 0 1 1,5 2Italy 0 0 2 5 8 10Malta 0 0 0 0 0 0Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 0Spain 0 0 2,5 4 5 8Turkey 0 0 1 2,5 6 7,5Macedonia 0 0 0 0 0 0Croatia 0 0 0 0 0 0Romania 0 0 0 3 5 5Serbia & Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0 0Bosnia-Herzegowina 0 0 0 0 0 0Iceland 0 0 0 0 0 0Norway 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 0 0 11,5 38,65 69,25 102,15

Solar Import Capacity in GW