WWI : “The Great WWI : “The Great War” 1914-1918War” 1914-1918

APUSH Chapter 30: The War to End the

War

“4 M.A.I.N.” Causes

1. Militarism 2. Alliances 3. Imperialism 4. Nationalism

1. Militarism

Is the Glorification of war

Nations wanted “bigger armies” and

More destructive weapons

2. Alliances

1. Alliance Systems: defense agreements between nations

2. “Entente Cordiale” = Friendly understanding between 2 nations

3. Imperialism

Nations competed for:

1. new territories 2. Raw materials 3. new economic

markets

4. Nationalism

Extreme Patriotism Who has the biggest

army (militarism)? The most foreign

territory (imperialism)?

Background Info…

Austria- Hungary Took over Bosnia-

Herzegovina in1908 Serbia claimed

territory was theirs

Immediate Cause WWI

The Match: The Assassination of

the Heir to Austria-

Hungarian Throne Franz Ferdinand

Immediate Cause WWI

Ferdinand was murdered 1914

In Sarajevo (Bosnian Capital)

Austria-Hungarians Held Serbians responsible for death

Austria-Hungary Declared war on Serbia, 1914

Began as a “regional” Conflict between

Austria – Hungary vs. Serbia

How Does a “Local” Conflict Transform itself into a World

War? ***

Alliances!!!

1. Russia Had to support Serbia Why?

Alliances!!!

Czar Nicholas II of Russia

Also Declared war against:

Austria-Hungary + Germany , 1914

Why Germany?

Germany had an alliance with Austria- Hungary

In turn, Germany Declared war on Russia + France, 1914 Why France?

Germany, 1914

Invaded Belgium (who was neutral) Belgium asked Great Britain for help

Britain

Declared war on Germany…

From Local Conflict to WWI

WHAT BEGN AS LOCAL CONFLICT Turned into WORLD WAR I “ALLIANCES” dragged the entire

European continent into the war “IMPERIALISM” dragged foreign

territories into war

Sides & Alliances

The Triple Entente /Allied Powers

1. Serbia 2. Russia 3. Great Britain 4. France 5. U.S. (1917) And all foreign colonies

The Central Powers 1. Austria-Hungary 2. Germany 3 .Ottoman Empire

(Turkey) 4. Bulgaria And all foreign

colonies

“War of Attrition”

The Wearing down of the enemy through constant attacks

Introduction of “Trench Warfare”

Trench Warfare

“Western Front” Battle line stretching

500 miles From Switzerland to

North Sea

The Trench Coat

The Wrist Watch

“No Man’s Land”

point: to run across “no man’s land” to enemy trench

Mines, barbed Wire , soldiers protect area in front of trench

New Weapons Introduced

1. Machine guns 2. heavy artillery 3. Poison Gas 4. Tanks 5. U-Boats

(submarines)

“Flaming Coffins”/ Planes

Noisy, “crude vehicles”

Pilot sat directly above fuel tank

Morse Code Transmitter

No brakes…

German U-BOATS

Early Submarines U-Boats fired at

passenger and freight vessels beginning in 1915

American Neutrality

U.S. Remained neutral Between 1914-1917

President Wilson issued Policy of Neutrality during the early years of the war.

From Neutrality to Involvement

What caused the U.S. to become involved in WWI?

1. Sinking of the Lusitania

1. German U-Boat fired & sank the Lusitania, 1915

British passenger liner 1,200 lives lost, 130 Americans

The Lusitania – the ship that launched American involvement in

WWI

1.The Sinking of the Lusitania

Caused outrage in American Public

Germany claimed Ship was carrying American weapons and supplies to Great Britain

2. “Zimmerman “ Telegram

British intercepted a telegram

Sent to German Ambassador in Mexico

If Mexico forms an alliance with Germany, Germany will help it regain the Southwest territories

3. German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German U-boats patrolled the Atlantic off the coast of Great Britain

Defiance of right to free trade The war disrupted trade, worldwide

economies, and businesses

4. Pro-Allied Propaganda

British reminded U.S. of their British Heritage

French reminded U.S. they helped them during American Revolution

5. American Idealism

Which is better? Central Powers dominating Europe? OR a

collection of smaller democracies ?

6. American Security

Was the U.S. safe? Issues of security concerned the nation

U.S. Entered WWI on…

April 2, 1917 American President Woodrow Wilson

asked congress to Declared war on Germany and allies

President Woodrow Wilson

1. accused the Germans of violating freedom of the seas, killing innocent Americans, and interfering with Mexico

2. the U.S. should become involved “to make the world safe for democracy”

U.S. In Preparation For War:Military Expansion

1. National Defense Act , 1916 – expanded the federal army from 90,000 to 175,000

2. Naval Construction Act , 1916 – authorized $500-$600 million for 3 year expansion program

U.S. In Preparation For War:Military Expansion

3. Selective Service Act, 1917 -

“conscription” All men 21- 30 (later

18-45) Must register for draft

U.S. In Preparation for the War

4. Commission on Training Camp Activities

Presented films, lectures, to new recruits Topics: Dangers of alcohol & prostitution

abroad IQ Tests – reinforced racial & ethnic

stereotypes

Mobilizing a Nation

1. Lever Fuel and Fuel Control Act, 1917

Herbert Hoover’s “Food Administration”

Purpose: To reduce civilian use of foodstuffs

Mobilizing a Nation

Voluntary compliance instead of food rationing

Limited consumption of meat, sugar, energy

Housewives monitored consumption:

“meatless Mondays”, “Wheatless Wednesdays”

Mobilizing A Nation

12,000 Native Americans Served– American Expeditionary Force

260,000 African Americans served (excluded from Marines)

The War Industries Board, 1917

Most important mobilization agency

(WIB) could: 1. Allocate raw materials,

2. tell manufacturers what to produce,

3. order construction of new plants

4. fix prices with approval of the President

New Labor Force Needed

Foreign immigration was closed off

4 million men at war Created labor

shortage Women, African

Americans, ethnic minorities encouraged to enter industries

“ The Great Migration”

Over 400,000 African Americans

Moved from South to North and West

Between 1910-1930 number of African Americans in Northern States tripled

Women and WWI

At first: Helped organize war

bonds, war-relief drives

Conserved foodstuffs, war related materials

Supported Red Cross Joined Army Nurse

Corps

Women & “War Work”

1 million women went to work

Available jobs: loading docks, farms, railway crews, armament industries, machine shops, steel & lumber mills, chemical plants

19th Amendment

Women’s Suffrage Woodrow Wilson:

“giving women the right to vote is vital to the winning of the war”

When War Ended…

African Americans, Women, and other minorities lost their jobs

And were replaced by WWI vets…

Civil Liberties – U.S.

The Espionage Act, 1917- $10,000 fine or 20 years in prison for anyone who aids “the enemy”

Civil Liberties in U.S.

The Sedition Act, 1918 – penalties for saying, writing, or printing anything “disloyal, profane, or abusive” the American govt., constitution, Army, or Navy

Civil Liberties?

At least 1500 pacifists, socialists, German supporters were arrested after the passage of the Espionage and Sedition act

Fear & Ignorance

Performances of German –authored or German Themed music cancelled

German language no longer taught in schools

“German” streets & food re-named: Sauerkraut = “liberty cabbage” Hamburgers = “Salisbury Steaks”

Wilson’s (most important) 14 Points- Jan.1918

1. Abolishment of secret treaties

2. Freedom of the seas 3. Economic freedom 4. Reduction of arms 5. End of colonization 6-13. Freedom of all

people to choose independence

14. Formation of League of Nations

The End of WWI

Germans sought “Armistice” – agreement to end fighting

WWI ended : 11-11-1918

Paris Peace Conference,1919

Resolution is discussed Central Powers excluded from negotiations

The “Big Four”, 1919

1. Woodrow Wilson = U.S.

2. Georges Clemenceau = France

3. Lloyd George = Great Britain

4. Vittorio Orlando = Italy

New European Borders

New Countries formed as a result of WWI: 1. Hungary 2. Austria 3. Czechoslovakia 4. Romania 5. Serbia 6. Yugoslavia 7. Poland 8. Finland 9-11. Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia

Treaty of Versailles, 1919

Article 231: Placed sole blame for the war on Germany German Army/navy reduced Germany lost all of its colonies

Wilson’s League of Nations

International forum the answer for peace

U.S. congress voted against it

Article X: called for members to stand ready if another member nation’s sovereignty was threatened

League of Nations Would Have..

1. Dealt with economic & social problems 2. Encouraged world disarmament 3. Settled disputes between nations

peacefully

WWI Aftermath

10 million soldiers killed 3-5 million civilians killed 28-30 million wounded or disabled Cost: $400 billion (modern day currency)

The Spanish Influenza

More casualties than the war! Spring 1918- 1919 “ Pandemic” 22 million people throughout the world In 1 month : 10,000 Americans died

The Roaring TwentiesThe Roaring Twenties

APUSH:

Topic 19: The New Era- The 1920’s

“The Lost Generation”

Economic Prosperity Mixed with…

Disillusionment & Uncertainty ( after WWI)

Young, Urban intellectuals rebelled against conservative ways and consumerism

American Economy in the 20’s

U.S. Experienced an economic boom

Unprecedented burst of consumer activity

Credit introduced– “buy now, pay later”

Rise in industrial production

Automobiles Became Affordable

By 1915, L.A. had heaviest traffic in the country…

20% of Americans owned automobile by 1930

1920’s -“Birth of Modern Culture”

The “New Morality” of women

“Jazz Age” Culture The arts: writers,

musicians, the motion picture industry

Prohibition 1919-1932

Temperance movement began in 1840’s

alcohol a “moral issue”

German “enemies” – Pabst, Schlitz, Miller (beer companies)

18th Amendment

Manufacture, sale and transportation of liquor was made illegal (1919)

The Volstead Act – enforced 18th Amend.

In Context of 1920’s Consumerism

Prohibition created a culture of

1. Speakeasies (underground clubs)

2. organized crime

Random “Liquor” Inspection Checks

Organized Crime

Illegal manufacturing /sale of alcohol provided criminals with wealth

“mobsters” Could afford automobiles, machine guns, “nice suits”

Al Capone

Chicago based bootlegging, gambling empire

Earned him an income of $60 million!!

Was sentenced to 11 years in prison 1931 for tax evasion…

Jazz Music- “Truly American”

African American Music becomes mainstream

Louis Armstrong, Duke Elligton

Jazz Age – popular amongst rebellious young adults

Scandalous dances such as “Charleston”

Harlem Renaissance

Harlem, New York Center of African

American life & culture

Writers, musicians, poets, artists expressed the joy and pain of being African American

The Flapper

Women defy expectations of womanly behavior

1. Shorter skirts 2. heavy make up 3. “bobbed” hair The “bad girl” Margaret Sanger

encourages birth control

Women & Freedom

Radical Change

The Flapper Controversy

A sign of “degenerating society”? Or An expression of female American

Individualism?

Celebrating the End of Prohibition

Entertainment Industry Emerges

National Broadcast System (NBC)

Commercial radio Reached 5 million

homes across country Established common

cultural identity

“Moving Pictures”

Silent films 1927 The Jazz Singer first

“talkie” Hollywood, CA became

entertainment capital “You ain’t heard nothin’

yet!” First Animated film:

Steamboat Willie, 1928 Introduction of Mickey

Mouse & Walt Disney

Hollywood

The center of movie making by 1927

85% of film making in or around Hollywood

Promoted jobs & new industries (costume, agents, casting )

Impact of Film

Impact of radio & film: What does society learn from these methods of communication?

Do films “undermine morality” OR

Reinforce traditional values?

Impact of Film

1. Movies reached all social classes

2. Created an obsession with celebrities

3. Reinforced Gender roles

4. Introduced Fashion to mass audience

Celebrity Culture

New models of femininity & masculinity:

1. Miss America pageant

2. Sports figures: Babe Ruth (baseball), Jack Dempsey (boxing)

Celebrity Worship…

Charles A. Lindbergh

1st to fly solo across the Atlantic in his plane

Spirit of St. Louis , 1927

Charles Lindbergh…

The Price of Fame

1932 - Lindbergh’s baby was kidnapped & held for ransom

Sensational news coverage

Social Commentary

*Authors Concerned about the influence of money

F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby

Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pond

The (Monkey) Scopes Trial

Science vs. Religion 1925 John Scopes Biology Teacher in

Tennessee arrested For teaching the

theory of evolution ! Scopes found guilty,

ruling later overturned

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

Accused of armed robbery & murder

Un- Fair trial? Their political views

overshadow evidence of crime

Italian anarchists Convicted Executed 1927

The Red Scare

Fear of Communists Due to Russian

Revolution (1917) Labor strikes, unions

seen as negative 1919 deportation of

“Radical Aliens” – Russians targeted

Immigration

1921,1924 Quotas on European Immigrants– Quotas favored northern European countries– Immigrants form Asia banned (1882 Chinese

Exclusion Act)– Mexican Revolution (1910-1921) prompts

immigrants to cross border

1920’s Republican Presidents

1. Warren G. Harding

elected, 1920 Promised return to

“normalcy” And a return to

domestic prosperity Interest World affairs

a thing of the past

Harding Controversy

His cabinet made of friends “ Ohio Gang”, “Poker Cabinet”

Close friends accepted bribes

Presidency labeled as “dishonest”

2. Vice President Calvin Coolidge

Takes over 1923 Following Harding’s

death Won election 1924 “Silent Cal” Rarely

worked Refused to pay WWI

vets their promised bonuses

3. Herbert Hoover

Wins election 1928 Promised “prosperity &

progress” “rugged individualism” –

anyone can become successful if they work hard enough

Economic disaster 8 months away…

Stock Market Crash & Stock Market Crash & The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

APUSH:

Chapter 32: The politics of Boom &

Bust

Chapter 33: The Great Depression & New

Deal

Economic Crises

Prior to 1929 Labeled “panics”

Short lived economic depressions

Corresponded with natural business cycle

1819-1907

Economic Terms

1. “Bull Market” – upward trend in stock prices 2. “Bear Market” – downward trend in stock

prices 3. “Stocks” – certificates of ownership in a

company 4. “Stockholders” – owners of certificates,

receive certain percentage of corporation’s profits through dividends

“Overconfidence”

As demand (for stocks) rise, so do stock prices

*”Bull Market”

By 1929, stocks are selling for 16 times their actual worth

Economy Out of Control

1. 1920’s Era of permanent economic growth

2. “Get rich quick” schemes- people gamble life savings

3. buying stock “on margin”- pay small down payment, borrow rest from a broker

4. Overproduction of manufactured goods

Oct. 24, 1929

“Black Thursday” Nervous Investors

begin to sell shares Prices plunge

Oct. 29, 1929

“Black Tuesday” – the most devastating single day in market history

Prices sank to all time low

Brokers tried to recover loan money owed to them

People could not repay loans

Had to sell stocks

Farmers Suffered

Overproduction = surplus goods

Purchase of new tractors & machinery on credit = heavy debt

Led to foreclosure of farms

Workers Suffered

Overproduction of manufactured goods

Both consumer & industrial

Flooded American market

Companies & Factories laid off workers, cut wages

Banks In Trouble

9,000 banks closed People could not re-

pay loans People lost savings

What is An Economic Depression (1929-1933)?

Sharp drop in business activity accompanied by rising unemployment

Gross national product= total value of all goods + services

- GDP fell from $103 billion to $56 billion

Top 5 Causes of The Great Depression

1. Stock Market Crash, 1929 2. Overproduction farm & factory 3. Overexpansion of credit “buy now pat later” 4.American Economic Policy in Hawley-Smoot Tariff in 1930 (import tax) high import taxes led to less trade between America and

foreign countries

5. Drought in the Mississippi Valley in 1930 “dust bowl”

Widespread Unemployment

1929 = 1.5 million 1932= 12 million Wages fell Immigration

decreased 1932 = 20,000

American suicides

Widespread Poverty

Breadlines, soup kitchens

“shantytowns” emerged as People lost homes

President Hoover’s Response

“Rugged individualism “– success comes through individual effort”

Offered no economic relief!

Encouraged Americans to contribute to charity “volunteerism”

Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1932

Created by Congress RFC’s purpose: To stimulate economy Authorized to issue

loans to assist railroads, banks, municipalities

Wealthy benefit, but what about regular people?

“Bonus Army” March to Washington, 1932

WWI vets (Bonus Expeditionary Force)

Demanded early release of $ owed to them by the govt.

WWI Vets in Washington D.C.

Camped in capital “hoovervilles” – make

shift shelters

Violence Erupted

WWI vets not given bonuses

Protest turned violent Hoover sent in army 2 veterans died Nation horrified

Dustbowl, Early 1930’s

Massive dust storms Due to drought, poor

agricultural practices Oklahoma, W. Kansas

Dust Bowl- Ecological Disaster

Thousands died of “dust pneumonia”

10,000 farm homes abandoned

People packed and move west : “okies”

Dust Bowl Migrants

Faced discrimination in the West

The Grapes of Wrath- John Steinbeck

Between 1933-1939

957,000 people moved to California

1. Immigrants 2. Migrant farmers

displaced by Dust Bowl

Depression Era Discrimination

Mexican immigrants accused of “stealing jobs” from Americans

La Placita Raid

Feb. 26, 1931 (3:00pm)

immigration agents arrived & arrested populace

Hundreds deported

Goals of Mexican Repatriation

1. to return immigrants to their homeland

2. to save “welfare” for “real Americans”

3. to create jobs for “real Americans”

Mexican Repatriation

Between 200,000 -345,839 individuals were deported between 1930-1935 in U.S.

Some by train, others by ship

Mexican Repatriation

60% of those deported- American citizens

children of immigrants

FDR & THE NEW DEAL (1933-1939)

Chapter 33

President Franklin D. Roosevelt elected 1932

“the only thing we have to fear…is fear itself” – FDR Inaugural Address (1933)

Presidential Platform: NEW DEAL

Franklin Delano Roosevelt & the New Deal

1933-1935 3 goals: Relief, Recovery, Reform “First 100 Days” – passage of bills which: 1. Repaired banks 2. Restored faith in the economy 3. Provided jobs for the unemployed

FDR’s “Fireside Chats”

Weekly radio speeches informed and soothed American public

Banking Act, 1933

Paved the way for FDIC (Federal deposit insurance corporation)

Protected American’s banking deposits

Restored confidence in Banks

New Deal Programs- Employment

1. Public Works Administration (PWA) employed Americans to rebuild infrastructure

New Deal Programs- Employment

2. Civilian Conservation Corps: employed men ages 18-25 in forests, parks, soil conservation projects

New Deal Programs- Employment

3.Tennessee Valley Authority:

brought hydroelectric power to Tennessee

Flood Control and Hydro-electric dams built (1933-1944)

Second New Deal

1935-1938 Focused on more relief & reform Works Progress Administration

(WPA)– employed Americans to build bridges, refurbish parks, write plays, paint murals

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

6,000 new schools 2,500 hospitals 13,000 playgrounds Constructed

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Created jobs for artists, playwrights, writers, Musicians

Social Security Act

– 1935 guaranteed benefits to retirees, disabled, unemployed

1930’s… Golden Age of Cinema