WWII 1939-1945WWII 1939-1945

Chapter 26Chapter 26

The Rise of DictatorsThe Rise of Dictators

By the mid 1930’s many countries By the mid 1930’s many countries had been taken over by dictators… had been taken over by dictators… i.e. Italy, Germany, Japan, and the i.e. Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union. This was possible Soviet Union. This was possible because many of these countries because many of these countries economic and political conditions economic and political conditions were devastated by WWI. were devastated by WWI.

The major problemThe major problem

The Treaty of Versailles which ended The Treaty of Versailles which ended WWI did not resolve the issues that WWI did not resolve the issues that caused the war. caused the war. Italy and Japan were on the allied side Italy and Japan were on the allied side

during WWI, however they were not during WWI, however they were not happy with the results of the treatyhappy with the results of the treaty

Germany was treated very harshly by Germany was treated very harshly by the treatythe treaty

Additionally, WWI left Europe’s Additionally, WWI left Europe’s economy in ruins. economy in ruins.

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

Because of the Great Depression the Because of the Great Depression the economic conditions of most economic conditions of most European countries went from bad to European countries went from bad to worse, there was widespread worse, there was widespread unemployment, and unrest… many unemployment, and unrest… many people now turned to new leaders to people now turned to new leaders to solve their problems. (Dictators) solve their problems. (Dictators)

Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini

Dictator of Italy who Dictator of Italy who came to power in came to power in 1922 – he began a 1922 – he began a political movement political movement known as fascism – known as fascism – this political this political movement called movement called for an extreme form for an extreme form of patriotism and of patriotism and nationalism that nationalism that was often linked to was often linked to racism. racism.

Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler

He was the leader He was the leader of the fascist of the fascist National Socialist National Socialist German Workers’ German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party, or Nazi party. The Nazi party. The Nazi party attracted party attracted supporters by supporters by preaching German preaching German superiority. superiority.

Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin took Joseph Stalin took over the Soviet over the Soviet Union power in Union power in 1924, under Stalin 1924, under Stalin the government the government tried to control tried to control every aspect of life every aspect of life in the nation. It in the nation. It crushed any form crushed any form of opposition. of opposition.

Hideki TojoHideki Tojo

Became prime Became prime minister in Japan – minister in Japan – he increased he increased Japan’s military Japan’s military power, and as the power, and as the war progressed he war progressed he took over Japan as took over Japan as a complete a complete dictatorship. (he dictatorship. (he controlled every controlled every aspect of life.) aspect of life.)

Dictators expand their Dictators expand their territoryterritory

In the early 1930’s dictators began In the early 1930’s dictators began taking over other countries and taking over other countries and expanding their territory… at first expanding their territory… at first little was done to stop them – this little was done to stop them – this became a threat to other democratic became a threat to other democratic countries. countries.

The Axis PowersThe Axis Powers

In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini formed In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini formed an alliance called the Rome-Berlin an alliance called the Rome-Berlin Axis, which became known as the Axis, which became known as the Axis. Japan joined the Axis in 1940. Axis. Japan joined the Axis in 1940.

The beginning of warThe beginning of war

In 1938 Hitler invaded Austria, which was In 1938 Hitler invaded Austria, which was occupied with mostly German speaking occupied with mostly German speaking people – many welcomed the unificationpeople – many welcomed the unification

Hitler also wanted to take over a part of Hitler also wanted to take over a part of Czechoslovakia – they did not want to be Czechoslovakia – they did not want to be a part of Germanya part of GermanyFrance and the Soviet Union pledged their France and the Soviet Union pledged their

support to Czechoslovakia if Germany support to Czechoslovakia if Germany attacked – this threatened another World Warattacked – this threatened another World War

WWII MapWWII Map

British & French British & French appeasementappeasement

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with Hitler to solve the problems… he met with Hitler to solve the problems… he agreed to let Hitler take over a part of agreed to let Hitler take over a part of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to stop trying to take over more countries. to stop trying to take over more countries. This is called British and French appeasement, This is called British and French appeasement,

which means that they were willing to meet which means that they were willing to meet Germany’s demands to avoid war. Germany’s demands to avoid war.

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill British Prime Minister Winston Churchill strongly disagreed with the policy of strongly disagreed with the policy of appeasement, he warned that Hitler would appeasement, he warned that Hitler would not stop taking over other countries. not stop taking over other countries.

Hitler Broke His Promise Hitler Broke His Promise

Hitler soon broke his promise, in Hitler soon broke his promise, in March 1939 he invaded the rest of March 1939 he invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia. He then said he Czechoslovakia. He then said he would seize Polish territory – Britain would seize Polish territory – Britain and France warned him that if he and France warned him that if he invaded Poland it would mean war. invaded Poland it would mean war.

Germany & USSRGermany & USSR

In August 1939 Germany and the USSR (Soviet In August 1939 Germany and the USSR (Soviet Union) promised not to attack each otherUnion) promised not to attack each other Germany then invaded Poland on September 1 Germany then invaded Poland on September 1

1939 & France & Britain declared war on Germany. 1939 & France & Britain declared war on Germany. Hitler quickly took over Poland using a new Hitler quickly took over Poland using a new

method of warfare called Blitzkrieg “lightning method of warfare called Blitzkrieg “lightning war” – (stressed speed and surprise attacks war” – (stressed speed and surprise attacks with tanks, troops and planes) he also quickly with tanks, troops and planes) he also quickly took over Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and the took over Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Netherlands.

France FallsFrance Falls

British and French troops could do British and French troops could do little to stop Hitler. little to stop Hitler. In 1940 Germany attacked France, in In 1940 Germany attacked France, in

less than 2 weeks France surrendered. less than 2 weeks France surrendered. Germany thought that Britain would Germany thought that Britain would

surrender after France fell, however surrender after France fell, however Britain did not and continued fighting Britain did not and continued fighting despite being attacked heavily by despite being attacked heavily by Germany… The British Air Force was Germany… The British Air Force was able to hold off the German Air Force. able to hold off the German Air Force.

Hitler invades the Soviet Hitler invades the Soviet UnionUnion

Despite their agreement not to attack each Despite their agreement not to attack each other Hitler decided to attack the Soviet Union. other Hitler decided to attack the Soviet Union. He was afraid of the Stalin’s ambitions in Europe, he He was afraid of the Stalin’s ambitions in Europe, he

did not want the U.S.S.R to become too powerfuldid not want the U.S.S.R to become too powerful He also wanted the wheat and oil fields in the U.S.S.RHe also wanted the wheat and oil fields in the U.S.S.R

Germany invaded the Soviet Union they killed Germany invaded the Soviet Union they killed and wounded many Soviet troops until and wounded many Soviet troops until December 1941 when the harshest winter in December 1941 when the harshest winter in decades stopped the Nazi advance. decades stopped the Nazi advance.

The U.S. helps the AlliesThe U.S. helps the Allies

In 1941 Congress passed the Lend-In 1941 Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act which allowed the U.S. to Lease Act which allowed the U.S. to lend or lease resources and lend or lease resources and equipment to the Allies equipment to the Allies The U.S. sent Great Britain, the Soviet The U.S. sent Great Britain, the Soviet

Union and other Allies about $50 billion Union and other Allies about $50 billion worth of goods. worth of goods.

Japan Attacks Pearl HarborJapan Attacks Pearl Harbor

In 1941 the Tojo government wanted In 1941 the Tojo government wanted to attack the Dutch East Indies, (a to attack the Dutch East Indies, (a good source of oil) but the U.S. Navy good source of oil) but the U.S. Navy stood in their way.stood in their way.On December 7 1941, Japanese On December 7 1941, Japanese

warplanes bombed a huge American warplanes bombed a huge American naval base at Pearl Harbor – the attack naval base at Pearl Harbor – the attack came as a complete surprise – many came as a complete surprise – many Americans were killed and the U.S. fleet Americans were killed and the U.S. fleet was devastated…was devastated…

The U.S. joins the warThe U.S. joins the war

President Roosevelt asked Congress President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war On Japan. President to declare war On Japan. President Roosevelt called this day “a day that Roosevelt called this day “a day that will live in infamy.” The U.S. now will live in infamy.” The U.S. now declares war against Japan and declares war against Japan and Germany and Italy declared war Germany and Italy declared war

Question 1Question 1

Now that the United States is at war Now that the United States is at war with Japan, how do you think people in with Japan, how do you think people in the U.S. feel about Japanese the U.S. feel about Japanese Americans? Americans?

Japanese Americans might face Japanese Americans might face harassment, discrimination – harassment, discrimination – Internment Internment

New Social ChangesNew Social Changes

This war, like WWI brought about a This war, like WWI brought about a lot of social changes…lot of social changes…The government set up an agency called The government set up an agency called

the War Productions Board which the War Productions Board which coordinated the production of military coordinated the production of military suppliessuppliesBy 1945 the U.S. had produced about By 1945 the U.S. had produced about

300,000 aircrafts and 75,000 ships300,000 aircrafts and 75,000 shipsAll together the U.S. produced 60 percent of All together the U.S. produced 60 percent of

the allies ammunition the allies ammunition

The End of the Great The End of the Great DepressionDepression

The production of military supplies The production of military supplies created a lot of factory jobs for created a lot of factory jobs for people. This in turn ended the Great people. This in turn ended the Great DepressionDepressionIn fact, “Between 1939 and 1945, the In fact, “Between 1939 and 1945, the

U.S. GNP soared from $90.5 billion to U.S. GNP soared from $90.5 billion to nearly $212 billion.” nearly $212 billion.”

American FactoriesAmerican Factories

American factories produced so American factories produced so many military supplies that they many military supplies that they stopped producing other supplies stopped producing other supplies such as cars, tires, shoes, meat, and such as cars, tires, shoes, meat, and sugar. sugar. The government then had to use The government then had to use

rationing, or giving families a fixed rationing, or giving families a fixed amount of certain products to manage amount of certain products to manage the scarce resources. the scarce resources.

More Social ChangesMore Social Changes

Women served in the U.S. ArmyWomen served in the U.S. Army Women Performed important non-combat Women Performed important non-combat

dutiesduties Women built planes, tanks, and other military Women built planes, tanks, and other military

equipmentequipment Minorities also served in the Military Minorities also served in the Military More jobs opened up for minoritiesMore jobs opened up for minorities

More than 1 million African Americans worked in the More than 1 million African Americans worked in the war industry war industry

More than 44,000 Native AmericansMore than 44,000 Native AmericansTens of thousands of Hispanics worked in the war Tens of thousands of Hispanics worked in the war

industry and farming industry. (Braceros) industry and farming industry. (Braceros)

Discrimination affects the Discrimination affects the U.S. U.S.

The rise of minority workers caused The rise of minority workers caused racial tensions. racial tensions. African Americans and Mexican African Americans and Mexican

Americans suffered prejudice and Americans suffered prejudice and violence in the defense industries in the violence in the defense industries in the Northern and Western Coast cities. Northern and Western Coast cities.

The Government tries to stop The Government tries to stop Discrimination for minoritiesDiscrimination for minorities

President Roosevelt issued executive President Roosevelt issued executive order 8802. It outlawed order 8802. It outlawed discrimination in defense industries discrimination in defense industries working for the Federal Government. working for the Federal Government.

Discrimination against Japanese Discrimination against Japanese Americans Americans

Because Japan attacked Pearl Because Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, many Americans directed Harbor, many Americans directed their anger towards Japanese their anger towards Japanese Americans. Americans.

Because so many Americans feared Because so many Americans feared that the Japanese Americans would that the Japanese Americans would be disloyal to the United States, be disloyal to the United States, President Roosevelt signed Executive President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 in February 1942.Order 9066 in February 1942.

Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment

The order allowed the federal The order allowed the federal government to send Japanese government to send Japanese Americans to internment camps Americans to internment camps which were similar to prisons. which were similar to prisons.

More than 111,000 Japanese More than 111,000 Japanese Americans were forced to sell their Americans were forced to sell their property, quit their jobs, and go to property, quit their jobs, and go to these prison-like camps. these prison-like camps.

War in Africa and EuropeWar in Africa and Europe

The Allies wanted to land in France The Allies wanted to land in France as soon as possible. Churchill as soon as possible. Churchill thought the Allies were unprepared thought the Allies were unprepared for such an invasion. for such an invasion. He convinced them that they should first He convinced them that they should first

drive the Germans out of North Africa in drive the Germans out of North Africa in order to gain control of the order to gain control of the Mediterranean and open the way to Mediterranean and open the way to invade Europe through Italy. invade Europe through Italy.

The Allied Plan The Allied Plan

The Allies did as Churchill suggested The Allies did as Churchill suggested and they did defeat the Axis powers and they did defeat the Axis powers of Northern Africa – In May the Axis of Northern Africa – In May the Axis Powers of Northern Africa Powers of Northern Africa surrendered and the Allies planned surrendered and the Allies planned their invasion of Italy. their invasion of Italy.

The Invasion of ItalyThe Invasion of Italy

The Allied forced the Germans out of The Allied forced the Germans out of Sicily and then moved towards Italy. Sicily and then moved towards Italy. By this time Italians had turned on By this time Italians had turned on Mussolini, and officials had Mussolini, and officials had imprisoned him. Although he imprisoned him. Although he escaped, the new Italian government escaped, the new Italian government surrendered to the Allies in surrendered to the Allies in September 1943. September 1943.

Germans Retreat From RussiaGermans Retreat From Russia

In September 1942 Germany invaded the In September 1942 Germany invaded the City of Stalingrad, the Russians fought City of Stalingrad, the Russians fought back and were able to hold off the back and were able to hold off the Germans for months until Winter. A Germans for months until Winter. A German commander begged Hitler to let German commander begged Hitler to let him retreat, but Hitler Refused. him retreat, but Hitler Refused.

Many German Nazi soldiers froze and/or Many German Nazi soldiers froze and/or starved to death. In February 1943 the starved to death. In February 1943 the remaining German troops surrendered. remaining German troops surrendered.

This battle became a turning point of WWII This battle became a turning point of WWII

Germans Surrendering Germans Surrendering

"Dead in the mud and slush of the East. "Dead in the mud and slush of the East. German soldiers died from the cold as much German soldiers died from the cold as much as from enemy action during this first winter as from enemy action during this first winter

in Russia."in Russia."

""The crew of a Pzkw III [Nazi tank] thaw the The crew of a Pzkw III [Nazi tank] thaw the frozen mud round their tank. Vehicles stuck in frozen mud round their tank. Vehicles stuck in the autumn were practically cemented in by the autumn were practically cemented in by

the frosts."the frosts."

““German Captives: Russian soldiers German Captives: Russian soldiers don’t beat them or anything, on the don’t beat them or anything, on the

contrary, they are giving them contrary, they are giving them cigarettes and a light.”cigarettes and a light.”

D-Day (June 6, 1944) D-Day (June 6, 1944)

D-Day was the Allied invasion of France. D-Day was the Allied invasion of France. American, British and Canadian soldiers American, British and Canadian soldiers invaded France and began pushing out the invaded France and began pushing out the Germans. This was the largest land-sea-air Germans. This was the largest land-sea-air operation in army history. operation in army history.

By the end of June 1944, 850,000 Allied By the end of June 1944, 850,000 Allied troops had poured into France. They troops had poured into France. They moved inland towards Paris battling Nazi moved inland towards Paris battling Nazi troops along the way. troops along the way.

On August 25, Allied forces freed the On August 25, Allied forces freed the French capital. French capital.

Hitler’s Final AssaultHitler’s Final Assault

In December 1944, Hitler launched his In December 1944, Hitler launched his final assault, the Battle of the Bulge. final assault, the Battle of the Bulge. German troops pushed back Allied German troops pushed back Allied forces in the Ardennes region of forces in the Ardennes region of Belgium and Luxembourg before U.S. Belgium and Luxembourg before U.S. forces regrouped and defeated them. forces regrouped and defeated them. The battle’s human toll was costly, with The battle’s human toll was costly, with about 120,000 German casualties and about 120,000 German casualties and about 80,000 American casualties. about 80,000 American casualties.

The War Ends in EuropeThe War Ends in Europe

By early 1945 the Germans were By early 1945 the Germans were retreating everywhere. As the retreating everywhere. As the Americans and British advanced from Americans and British advanced from the west, the Russians raced towards the west, the Russians raced towards the German capital from the East. the German capital from the East.

Yalta Conference Yalta Conference

After Germany surrendered Allied After Germany surrendered Allied leaders met in the Soviet resort of leaders met in the Soviet resort of Yalta (Yalta Conference.) Yalta (Yalta Conference.) ““The Big Three” (Roosevelt, Churchill, The Big Three” (Roosevelt, Churchill,

and Stalin.) they had to decide the and Stalin.) they had to decide the future of Europe. future of Europe.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)In office 1933-1945In office 1933-1945

By the time of Yalta By the time of Yalta Conference President Conference President Roosevelt was in poor Roosevelt was in poor health. In April 1945 health. In April 1945 just months after just months after being sworn in for a being sworn in for a fourth term, the fourth term, the president died and the president died and the vice president Harry S. vice president Harry S. Truman, succeeded Truman, succeeded him and continued the him and continued the war effort. war effort.

Germany SurrendersGermany Surrenders

In late April 1945 the Russians In late April 1945 the Russians reached Berlin. Deep inside his air-reached Berlin. Deep inside his air-raid bunker, Adolf Hitler sensed that raid bunker, Adolf Hitler sensed that the end was near. On April 30, the the end was near. On April 30, the man who had conquered much of man who had conquered much of Europe committed suicide. Europe committed suicide. German leaders then signed an German leaders then signed an

unconditional surrender. unconditional surrender.

The Holocaust The Holocaust

As the Allies fought toward Berlin, they As the Allies fought toward Berlin, they made a shocking discovery. Scattered made a shocking discovery. Scattered throughout German-occupied territories throughout German-occupied territories were concentration camps where 6 were concentration camps where 6 million Jews and people of other million Jews and people of other persecuted groups (Gypsies, Russians, persecuted groups (Gypsies, Russians, Poles, political prisoners, and Poles, political prisoners, and homosexuals.) had been murdered. homosexuals.) had been murdered.

An estimated 11 million people were An estimated 11 million people were killed in allkilled in all(More on the Holocaust later in the PP)(More on the Holocaust later in the PP)

Japanese ConquestsJapanese Conquests

Japan did not only attack Pearl Japan did not only attack Pearl Harbor, they also began attacking Harbor, they also began attacking other territories at the same time, other territories at the same time, and expanding their power. and expanding their power. By Christmas Japan controlled Hong By Christmas Japan controlled Hong

Kong, Thailand, and the U.S. islands of Kong, Thailand, and the U.S. islands of Guam and Wake. Guam and Wake.

They also pushed deeper into Southeast They also pushed deeper into Southeast Asia attacking Malaya and Burma. Asia attacking Malaya and Burma.

Japanese ConquestsJapanese Conquests

Britain v. JapanBritain v. Japan

Great Britain fought back, however proved Great Britain fought back, however proved to be no match for the Japanese invaders – to be no match for the Japanese invaders – Japan fought to take over the Philippines, Japan fought to take over the Philippines, mainly against American and Filipino mainly against American and Filipino troops led by General McArthur. troops led by General McArthur.

General McArthur was removed from the General McArthur was removed from the Philippines and sent to Australia, shortly Philippines and sent to Australia, shortly afterwards, Japan mounted an offensive afterwards, Japan mounted an offensive and American troops surrendered and and American troops surrendered and endured the brutal Bataan Death March. endured the brutal Bataan Death March.

Bataan Death March.Bataan Death March.

When Lt. General Masahuro Homma took When Lt. General Masahuro Homma took the soldiers prisoner, he discovered that the soldiers prisoner, he discovered that there were many more men than he had there were many more men than he had anticipated, and he was unable to anticipated, and he was unable to transport all of them by truck to the prison transport all of them by truck to the prison camp in San Fernando. The only way to get camp in San Fernando. The only way to get the men to the camp was to make them the men to the camp was to make them march the 70 miles. The Japanese High march the 70 miles. The Japanese High Command advised him that it should only Command advised him that it should only require a few days, but the men taken as require a few days, but the men taken as prisoners of war were not in good health prisoners of war were not in good health and were malnourished. That set the stage and were malnourished. That set the stage for an onslaught of inexcusable brutality.for an onslaught of inexcusable brutality.

Bataan Death March.Bataan Death March.

To show that they were the superior power To show that they were the superior power in Asia. Japs committed random beatings in Asia. Japs committed random beatings and killings of all kinds. They killed men and killings of all kinds. They killed men without provocation, or if a guard felt that without provocation, or if a guard felt that someone had looked at him the wrong way, someone had looked at him the wrong way, he was at liberty to bayonet him to death. If he was at liberty to bayonet him to death. If a prisoner was found with a souvenir, he a prisoner was found with a souvenir, he was shot immediately because his was shot immediately because his executioners assumed that the only way to executioners assumed that the only way to obtain such an item was to kill a Japanese obtain such an item was to kill a Japanese soldier soldier

Bataan Death March.Bataan Death March.

At one point, 30 POW’s attempted to fill their At one point, 30 POW’s attempted to fill their canteens on the side of the road. That was not canteens on the side of the road. That was not what the Japanese had in mind. As the men were what the Japanese had in mind. As the men were filling their canteens, the Japanese set up filling their canteens, the Japanese set up machine guns and shot them on the spot. Other machine guns and shot them on the spot. Other men were allowed to get water, but when they men were allowed to get water, but when they got to it, it was filled with maggots. That was pure got to it, it was filled with maggots. That was pure torture because there were water spigots nearby torture because there were water spigots nearby with clean water. Anyone who tried to drink water with clean water. Anyone who tried to drink water who was not allowed to, was shot. When the men who was not allowed to, was shot. When the men were allowed to rest, they were forced down on were allowed to rest, they were forced down on burning hot pavement, and those who fell behind burning hot pavement, and those who fell behind even a few yards were bayoneted and shot.even a few yards were bayoneted and shot.

The Allies Turn the Tide at The Allies Turn the Tide at MidwayMidway

The Allies defeated the Japanese The Allies defeated the Japanese during the Battle of Midway. during the Battle of Midway.

This became the turning point of the This became the turning point of the the war in the Pacific. the war in the Pacific.

After the Battle of Midway, the Allies After the Battle of Midway, the Allies went went Island Hopping Island Hopping invading invading Japanese controlled islands and Japanese controlled islands and getting closer and closer to Japan. getting closer and closer to Japan.

The Allies Re-take the The Allies Re-take the PhilippinesPhilippines

In October 1944 the Allies invade the In October 1944 the Allies invade the Philippines and defeated the Philippines and defeated the Japanese.Japanese.The Allies left Japan’s navy so badly The Allies left Japan’s navy so badly

damaged that it was no longer a threat. damaged that it was no longer a threat.

Iwo Jima and OkinawaIwo Jima and Okinawa

The Allies realized that they were defiantly The Allies realized that they were defiantly getting closer to defeating Japan, however getting closer to defeating Japan, however they needed to get closer. they needed to get closer.

They decided to invade Iwo Jima and OkinawaThey decided to invade Iwo Jima and Okinawa This made it possible to U.S. planes to attack Japan.This made it possible to U.S. planes to attack Japan. The Allies could rescue the POW’s from the Bataan The Allies could rescue the POW’s from the Bataan

Death March. Death March. This would mean winning the war.This would mean winning the war.

The Allies successfully took over these islands. The Allies successfully took over these islands.

Why Atomic Why Atomic Weapons????????Weapons????????

The Allies planned to attack Japan’s The Allies planned to attack Japan’s mainland, however military leaders mainland, however military leaders feared that this would cost between feared that this would cost between 200,000 and 1 million American 200,000 and 1 million American casualties… therefore they casualties… therefore they considered using Atomic weapons. considered using Atomic weapons.

The Atomic Bomb is Dropped on The Atomic Bomb is Dropped on Hiroshima Hiroshima

President Truman warned Japan that President Truman warned Japan that if they did not surrender, it faced if they did not surrender, it faced destruction. Japan refused to destruction. Japan refused to surrender and on August, 6 1945, the surrender and on August, 6 1945, the B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped an B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the industrial city of atomic bomb on the industrial city of Hiroshima. The explosion killed more Hiroshima. The explosion killed more than 75,000 people and turned 5 than 75,000 people and turned 5 square miles into a wasteland. square miles into a wasteland.

Hiroshima Hiroshima

"Now is the time to "Now is the time to exterminate the exterminate the Yellow Peril for all Yellow Peril for all time… Let the rats time… Let the rats squeal."squeal." —Congressman —Congressman Charles A. Plumley, Charles A. Plumley, August 1945 August 1945

The Destruction The Destruction

The Atomic Bomb is dropped on The Atomic Bomb is dropped on NagasakiNagasaki

Japan still refused to give in, and on Japan still refused to give in, and on August 9, the United States dropped August 9, the United States dropped another Atomic Bomb on Nagasaki, another Atomic Bomb on Nagasaki, killing another 40,000 peoplekilling another 40,000 people

On August 14On August 14thth Japan surrendered Japan surrendered and the war was over. and the war was over.

NagasakiNagasaki

The Total Human Cost of the The Total Human Cost of the war.war.

The exact human cost of the war is The exact human cost of the war is unknown, however it is estimated to be at unknown, however it is estimated to be at around 20 million soldiers were killed and around 20 million soldiers were killed and millions more injuredmillions more injured

The Soviet Union suffered the greatest The Soviet Union suffered the greatest losses with estimates reaching 8 million losses with estimates reaching 8 million military deaths and another 5 million military deaths and another 5 million wounded. wounded.

More than 400,000 American solders died, More than 400,000 American solders died, and over 600,000 were wounded. and over 600,000 were wounded.

The Economic CostThe Economic Cost

The war also left most of the world’s The war also left most of the world’s economy in ruins…only the United economy in ruins…only the United States – where no major battles were States – where no major battles were fought, came out of the war with a fought, came out of the war with a strong economy. strong economy.

The U.S Helps Europe and The U.S Helps Europe and AsiaAsia

The U.S remained in Japan for years The U.S remained in Japan for years after the war, and helped them after the war, and helped them rebuild their economy. rebuild their economy.

The U.S. also passed the Marshall The U.S. also passed the Marshall Plan which allowed the United States Plan which allowed the United States to give more than $13 billion to help to give more than $13 billion to help the nations of Europe get back on the nations of Europe get back on their feet. their feet.

The Nuremberg Trials The Nuremberg Trials

The Allies put German war criminals on The Allies put German war criminals on trial…The original 24 defendants trial…The original 24 defendants included some of Hitler’s top officials. included some of Hitler’s top officials.

They were charged with crimes against They were charged with crimes against humanity for the Nazi’s murder of humanity for the Nazi’s murder of millions of Jews and others. millions of Jews and others. 19 of the defendants were found guilty and 19 of the defendants were found guilty and

12 were sentenced to death. Over 130 12 were sentenced to death. Over 130 others were found guilty in later trials. others were found guilty in later trials.

Changes in America and the Changes in America and the WorldWorld

Leaders from 50 countries met and Leaders from 50 countries met and created the United Nations as an created the United Nations as an international peace keeping agency. international peace keeping agency.

The war helped spread communism The war helped spread communism which the U.S. will oppose in the which the U.S. will oppose in the years to come. years to come.

The United States passed the G.I. Bill The United States passed the G.I. Bill to help the returning soldiers… it to help the returning soldiers… it gave them money for an education gave them money for an education and a living allowance. and a living allowance.

Changes in America and the Changes in America and the WorldWorld

In response to the Holocaust, the United In response to the Holocaust, the United Nations created the new nation of Israel in Nations created the new nation of Israel in 1948 as a homeland for Jews in Palestine. 1948 as a homeland for Jews in Palestine. Many Arabs in Palestine violently opposed Israel. Many Arabs in Palestine violently opposed Israel.

WWII led to an atomic age – many countries WWII led to an atomic age – many countries will begin developing or attempting to will begin developing or attempting to develop atomic weapons. develop atomic weapons.

The Soviet Union emerged as a major world The Soviet Union emerged as a major world power – will later lead to the Cold Warpower – will later lead to the Cold War

The Holocaust The Holocaust

Adolf Hitler’s Hatred of Jews Adolf Hitler’s Hatred of Jews

In his prison cell, he wrote a book that In his prison cell, he wrote a book that would form the would form the blueprintblueprint for his for his destructive plans to destructive plans to conquerconquer the world the world and rid it of people he considered and rid it of people he considered inferiorinferior. Even then, he had a strong . Even then, he had a strong hatred of the Jews who he blamed for hatred of the Jews who he blamed for Germany's defeat in the first world war.Germany's defeat in the first world war.

The Nazi plan to exterminate Jewish The Nazi plan to exterminate Jewish people is known as the “final solution.” people is known as the “final solution.”

Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler

One of his first acts as leader was to One of his first acts as leader was to constructconstruct six six concentration concentration campscamps. He planned to use them as . He planned to use them as prisonsprisons for German Jews and other for German Jews and other people he disliked. people he disliked.

It wasn't until near the end of the It wasn't until near the end of the war when the Allies finally reached war when the Allies finally reached many of the camps that the true many of the camps that the true nature of his plan became known. nature of his plan became known.

Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler

In this image, Adolf In this image, Adolf Hitler is giving one Hitler is giving one of his famous fiery of his famous fiery speeches. These speeches. These speeches were speeches were given with such given with such conviction, many conviction, many Germans blindly Germans blindly followed him and followed him and became willing became willing participants in his participants in his insane plans.insane plans.

Jewish Ghetto’sJewish Ghetto’s

In Poland and In Poland and Austria, he isolated Austria, he isolated the Jews from their the Jews from their fellow citizens by fellow citizens by placing them in placing them in ghettosghettos, the run-, the run-down sections of down sections of the larger cities. the larger cities.

Jewish GhettosJewish GhettosThis image shows Jews being used as slave labor in the This image shows Jews being used as slave labor in the construction of a wall around a ghetto; the run-down section of construction of a wall around a ghetto; the run-down section of a city where the Jews were held to separate them from the a city where the Jews were held to separate them from the general population. Many Jews were shipped to work camps and general population. Many Jews were shipped to work camps and death camps from these ghettos.death camps from these ghettos.

HolocaustHolocaust

Throughout German Throughout German occupied Europe, Jews occupied Europe, Jews were also ordered to were also ordered to wear the golden wear the golden colored six-pointed Star colored six-pointed Star of David to of David to identifyidentify them as Jews. For no them as Jews. For no reason other than who reason other than who they were, Jews lost they were, Jews lost their jobs, businesses, their jobs, businesses, homes and all their homes and all their earthly earthly possessionspossessions. .

JewsJews

Practicing their religion was Practicing their religion was forbiddenforbidden and Jewish schools were closed. The and Jewish schools were closed. The few children who were able to attend few children who were able to attend other schools were now being other schools were now being ridiculedridiculed by classmates and teachers by classmates and teachers who were once their friends. The who were once their friends. The madness he had started in Germany madness he had started in Germany was now happening across all of Nazi was now happening across all of Nazi occupied Europe.occupied Europe.

School Children School Children

1935: Two Jewish 1935: Two Jewish students are made students are made fun of by their fun of by their class. The writing class. The writing on the blackboard on the blackboard says, "The Jew is says, "The Jew is our greatest our greatest enemy! Beware of enemy! Beware of the Jew!". the Jew!".

Hitler’s PlanHitler’s Plan

As Hitler's plan unfolded, mass arrests of As Hitler's plan unfolded, mass arrests of Jews were ordered. Men, women and children Jews were ordered. Men, women and children of all ages were herded into town squares of all ages were herded into town squares and railway yards in cities throughout and railway yards in cities throughout Europe. Wives were Europe. Wives were separatedseparated from their from their husbands and children from their parents. husbands and children from their parents. Adults with a Adults with a tradetrade and in good physical and in good physical health were taken to health were taken to work campswork camps where where they were forced to work as slaves to supply they were forced to work as slaves to supply the German army with food, clothing, the German army with food, clothing, weapons and weapons and ammunitionammunition..

The Fate of ChildrenThe Fate of Children

In this picture, children separated from their parents are placed with older people. The Star of David Hitler ordered them to wear as a badge of shame is visible on the coats of a few.

Death CampsDeath Camps

Adults who were sick or too weak to work Adults who were sick or too weak to work were taken to were taken to death campsdeath camps where they where they were either hanged, shot or gassed to were either hanged, shot or gassed to death by the thousands. Their bodies, death by the thousands. Their bodies, stripped of clothing, jewelry and even the stripped of clothing, jewelry and even the gold fillings in their teeth. They were gold fillings in their teeth. They were either dumped and buried in mass graves either dumped and buried in mass graves or or crematedcremated in large ovens and open pits. in large ovens and open pits. In some cases, whole families were In some cases, whole families were imprisoned together. This did not, imprisoned together. This did not, however, spare them of the horrible however, spare them of the horrible fatefate Hitler had planned for them all.Hitler had planned for them all.

Death CampsDeath Camps

In this image women and children arrive at a death camp. Unknown to them, they had mere hours to live. Sadly, it is not hard to see how frightened they must have been.

The fate of ChildrenThe fate of Children

The children arrested by the Germans The children arrested by the Germans rangedranged in age from infants to in age from infants to teenagers. The chances of surviving teenagers. The chances of surviving the death camps was greater for the the death camps was greater for the older children who were considered older children who were considered better able to work. Young mothers better able to work. Young mothers were often killed, some still were often killed, some still clutchingclutching their infant children in a mother's their infant children in a mother's loving loving embraceembrace. .

The Fate of ChildrenThe Fate of Children Many school-aged children suffered the same Many school-aged children suffered the same

fate as the sick and fate as the sick and elderlyelderly. Some were . Some were spared the death camps, but their fate was spared the death camps, but their fate was just as horrible. They were used as just as horrible. They were used as subjectssubjects in all kinds of medical in all kinds of medical experimentsexperiments. Some . Some were given germs that caused diseases, and were given germs that caused diseases, and once sick, once sick, injectedinjected with experimental with experimental medicinesmedicines to study how the human body to study how the human body would respond. Even some of the adults did would respond. Even some of the adults did not escape Nazi medical and military not escape Nazi medical and military experiments. Many children suffered greatly experiments. Many children suffered greatly until their deaths. Those that did survive have until their deaths. Those that did survive have carried the physical and emotion scars carried the physical and emotion scars throughout their lives.throughout their lives.

Shipping Jews to Concentration Shipping Jews to Concentration CampsCamps

The Jews arrested by the Nazis were The Jews arrested by the Nazis were transportedtransported to concentration camps to concentration camps on trains but not in comfortable on trains but not in comfortable passenger cars. They were forced to passenger cars. They were forced to travel in overcrowded and poorly travel in overcrowded and poorly ventilated freight and cattle cars. ventilated freight and cattle cars. Even here, no Even here, no dignitydignity was was considered for them.considered for them.

Shipping Jews to Concentration Shipping Jews to Concentration CampsCamps

Inside the rail cars, men, women and Inside the rail cars, men, women and children were forced to stand for hours children were forced to stand for hours without food and water as the trains made without food and water as the trains made their way slowly to concentration camps their way slowly to concentration camps across Europe. A pail in one corner of the across Europe. A pail in one corner of the car served as a toilet for all. When the car served as a toilet for all. When the trains arrived at their trains arrived at their destinationsdestinations, some , some people, especially the sick and elderly, had people, especially the sick and elderly, had died of thirst or died of thirst or suffocationsuffocation en route en route because of the overcrowding. Most of them because of the overcrowding. Most of them were unaware of their fate.were unaware of their fate.

Boarding the TrainsBoarding the Trains

Concentration CampsConcentration Camps

Life in the German concentration Life in the German concentration camps was camps was unbearableunbearable. The camps . The camps weren't much better than the weren't much better than the railway's cattle cars that had brought railway's cattle cars that had brought them there. They were constructed them there. They were constructed with row upon row of barrack-style with row upon row of barrack-style houses and were houses and were securedsecured by by barbed-wire fences, guard towers barbed-wire fences, guard towers and patrolling soldiers. and patrolling soldiers.

Concentration CampsConcentration Camps

Inside, the barracks there was nothing Inside, the barracks there was nothing more than rows of beds stacked from more than rows of beds stacked from floor to ceiling. There was little space floor to ceiling. There was little space between each row and hardly any room between each row and hardly any room to move around in each bed. Here too, to move around in each bed. Here too, there was little food and water. Usually, there was little food and water. Usually, all of the Jews, regardless of age, had all of the Jews, regardless of age, had their heads shaved and their clothes their heads shaved and their clothes confiscated and replaced with stripped confiscated and replaced with stripped prison-like uniforms.prison-like uniforms.

Concentration CampsConcentration Camps

Thousands in the camps died from Thousands in the camps died from starvationstarvation, disease, and , disease, and exposureexposure to to the cold and damp weather. Others the cold and damp weather. Others were shot at the were shot at the whimwhim of the Nazis of the Nazis guards. Those Jews that were guards. Those Jews that were imprisoned in the work camps had their imprisoned in the work camps had their lives spared but were fed only enough lives spared but were fed only enough food to keep them alive. Nutrition was food to keep them alive. Nutrition was poor. Barely more than skin and bones, poor. Barely more than skin and bones, these workers endured equally horrible these workers endured equally horrible conditions.conditions.

Concentration CampsConcentration Camps

In this image, a group of women can be seen marching In this image, a group of women can be seen marching from a concentration camp. Sometimes they were required from a concentration camp. Sometimes they were required to do hard work in gravel pits and rock quarries. Often the to do hard work in gravel pits and rock quarries. Often the work served no purpose but to further humiliate the work served no purpose but to further humiliate the captured Jews.captured Jews.

The Holocaust The Holocaust In this photo, children wait In this photo, children wait

their freedom as Allied their freedom as Allied soldiers reach their camp. soldiers reach their camp. Dressed in prison-like Dressed in prison-like clothing, these children clothing, these children may have been used as may have been used as slave labor or as subjects slave labor or as subjects in medical experiments. in medical experiments. The children that survived The children that survived outside of the camps did outside of the camps did so because they were so because they were hidden in homes, hidden in homes, basements and convents basements and convents or lived with Christian or lived with Christian families who families who concealedconcealed their identities.their identities.

The Human Toll The Human Toll

By the end of the war, an estimated six By the end of the war, an estimated six million Jews had been killed in one way or million Jews had been killed in one way or another inside and outside concentration another inside and outside concentration camps across Europe. No one knows for camps across Europe. No one knows for sure how many children were killed but it sure how many children were killed but it is believed to be between 1.2 and 1.5 is believed to be between 1.2 and 1.5 million. Poland lost the greatest portion of million. Poland lost the greatest portion of it Jewish population. Denmark, thanks to it Jewish population. Denmark, thanks to the concern of almost its entire population, the concern of almost its entire population, saved ninety-seven percent of its Jewish saved ninety-seven percent of its Jewish population, more than any other country in population, more than any other country in Europe.Europe.

Polish Jews and Non JewsPolish Jews and Non Jews

The Polish Jews suffered more than any other The Polish Jews suffered more than any other group at the hands of the Nazis, but they were not group at the hands of the Nazis, but they were not the only victims. Poland's non-Jewish population the only victims. Poland's non-Jewish population also suffered great losses. Anyone who came to also suffered great losses. Anyone who came to the aid of Jews had their homes destroyed or were the aid of Jews had their homes destroyed or were arrested. In Poland, where helping Jews was arrested. In Poland, where helping Jews was punishable by death, many were killed for helping punishable by death, many were killed for helping their Jewish friends and fellow citizens. Millions their Jewish friends and fellow citizens. Millions more Poles were killed as part of Hitler's plan to more Poles were killed as part of Hitler's plan to eliminate people of non-Aryan descent. An eliminate people of non-Aryan descent. An estimated two million Poles were used in slave estimated two million Poles were used in slave labor camps and over 1.5 million, some of them labor camps and over 1.5 million, some of them children, were deported in cattle cars to Siberian children, were deported in cattle cars to Siberian Russia. Many died of exposure. Russia. Many died of exposure.

Destruction of Buildings Destruction of Buildings

Historically important buildings such as Historically important buildings such as churches and synagogues were churches and synagogues were destroyed and many documents destroyed and many documents detailing Polish history were destroyed. detailing Polish history were destroyed. It is estimated that five million Poles It is estimated that five million Poles lost their lives to Hitler's madness. lost their lives to Hitler's madness. Because Polish newspapers were Because Polish newspapers were forbidden, the world knew very little forbidden, the world knew very little about what was happening. For many about what was happening. For many Poles, this tragedy is the forgotten Poles, this tragedy is the forgotten holocaust. holocaust.

The HolocaustThe Holocaust

Shortly after the war ended in 1949, the Shortly after the war ended in 1949, the surviving officers of the German army surviving officers of the German army responsible for killing the Jews were placed responsible for killing the Jews were placed on trial for war crimes. on trial for war crimes.

In the years that followed many of the In the years that followed many of the German officers who German officers who committedcommitted these these crimes but had escaped capture, were crimes but had escaped capture, were hunted down, put on trial for their part in hunted down, put on trial for their part in the crime and imprisoned or hanged for the crime and imprisoned or hanged for their actions. their actions.

The Rescuers The Rescuers

SuspectingSuspecting what was likely to what was likely to happen to the Jews arrested by the happen to the Jews arrested by the Germans, it is little wonder that Germans, it is little wonder that many people wanted to save their many people wanted to save their Jewish friends and countrymen, even Jewish friends and countrymen, even at the risk of their own and their at the risk of their own and their family's lives.family's lives.

The Nazis did medical experiments on The Nazis did medical experiments on children in Auschwitz, one of the Nazi children in Auschwitz, one of the Nazi

death camps. death camps.

Anne FrankAnne Frank Anne Frank and her Anne Frank and her

family, with two other family, with two other familes, hid in this familes, hid in this building in Amsterdam building in Amsterdam in July, 1942, to escape in July, 1942, to escape from the Nazis. After from the Nazis. After more than two years, more than two years, they were betrayed and they were betrayed and sent to the sent to the concentration camp, concentration camp, where Anne Frank died. where Anne Frank died. After the war, it was After the war, it was discovered that she had discovered that she had kept a diary. In it Anne kept a diary. In it Anne about what it was like about what it was like to be in hiding. to be in hiding.

A mass execution of Jews in Nazi A mass execution of Jews in Nazi occupied Soviet Union. occupied Soviet Union.

A mass execution of Jews in Nazi A mass execution of Jews in Nazi occupied Ukraine. occupied Ukraine.

Many of the victims of the Many of the victims of the holocaust were children. holocaust were children.

Concentration CampsConcentration Camps

105064 - aka Fred Wolf 105064 - aka Fred Wolf

Starvation Starvation ““We…shall be We…shall be

compelled to destroy a compelled to destroy a third of the population third of the population in the adjacent lands. in the adjacent lands. We can achieve this by We can achieve this by systematic systematic undernourishment undernourishment which in the end gives a which in the end gives a better result than better result than machine guns do. machine guns do. Physically breaking Physically breaking them will be more them will be more effective especially effective especially among the young.” —among the young.” —German Officer Gerd German Officer Gerd Von Rundstedt, 1942Von Rundstedt, 1942

April 12, 1945: Nordhausen Concentration April 12, 1945: Nordhausen Concentration Camp, where 20,000 inmates were believed Camp, where 20,000 inmates were believed

to have died.to have died.

In occupied Austria, SS Nazis and local residents In occupied Austria, SS Nazis and local residents watch with delight as Jews are being humiliated by watch with delight as Jews are being humiliated by being forced to get on their hands and knees and being forced to get on their hands and knees and

scrub the pavement.scrub the pavement.

Auschwitz SurvivorsAuschwitz Survivors

Holocaust's tragic legacy Holocaust's tragic legacy

Crematorium adjacent to the gas Crematorium adjacent to the gas chamber in Auschwitz. chamber in Auschwitz.

Inside the gas chamber at Inside the gas chamber at AuschwitzAuschwitz