WWIISection 3: On the Home Front

Section 3: On the Home FrontReview- Hitler has taken power of Germany- Nazi army has invaded most of Europe- Nazis failed to defeat Britain - Nazis invade Russia (opening an Eastern

Front)

- Japan invades China, America responds with sanctions

- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Building an ArmySelective Service Act has been building an

army since 1940.

15,000,000 Americans will join armed forces.

New recruits would have a physical and vaccinations (JFK’s forged documents)

G.I. = Government Issue (uniform, boots, etc)

Building an ArmyBasic Training was 8 weeks. (similar to

edu)

Women’s Army Corps (WACs)Women Appointed for Volunteer

Emergency Service in the Navy (WAVES)250,000 women serve in WWII. None

were combat soldiers. Most were office workers and nurses. Along with factory workers at home.

Creating a War EconomyMobilization: military and civilian preparations

for war

War Production Board agency helped industries switch to war material.

Office of Price Administration set limits on prices and rent.

National War Labor Board kept production going by preventing strikes and other disruptions.

Financing the WarDuring WWII (1941-1945), the U.S.

spends over $320,000,000,000 (10x the price of WWI).

Where does that kind of money come from?

- Raised income taxes- Raised corporate taxes- Borrow money: war bonds

Making SacrificesOverseas: a place that you have to cross a

large body of water to get to. Also caused “over there”

Mexico and Canada = not overseasEurope and Africa = overseas

Problems faced at home:Letters saying loved one was dead, wounded

or captured Shortage of goods (metal and food in demand)

Making SacrificesRationed: buying needed materials was

regulated

Helping the War EffortVictory Gardens: People planted personal gardens to supply

their family with fruits and vegetables. (short supply of food)

Civil Defense: Citizens helping to defend the continental

U.S.Volunteers would watch the skies for planes

and costal cities would enforce blackouts.

Rosie the RiveterRosie was used to encourage women to work at a factory and help the war cause.

20 millionwill answerthe call.

What does the word ‘civil’ mean?

African AmericansAbout 1,000,000 signed up. 1942, integration started (12 years before CR)

332nd Fighter Group shot down over 200 enemy planes (Tuskegee Airmen)

Another, smaller, Great Migration and conflict.

Philip Randolph: Wanted ban on discrimination in government jobs.

FDR passes Fair Employment PracticeCommission

Benjamin Davis Jr.- Member of Tuskegee Airmen - 1st Black general in Air Force

Doris Miller- Cook turned hero at Pearl

Harbor- Received Navy Cross (died

12/7/43)

Native AmericansCode Talkers: A code was developed using the Navajo

language. It was an unwritten, completely original language that 30 people could speak.

Code took 30 seconds to translate instead of 30 minutes. The code was never broken. (Windtalkers) Statue in Arizona

Hispanics in WWII250,00- 500,000 served.Military was segregated. Hispanics were considered white.12 received Medal of HonorOpen border to fill jobs during war.

Eugene Valencia Jr. – 23 air victories, Navy Cross, 5 Distinguished Flying Crosses, 6 Air Medals

Japanese Americans 2/3 were born in U.S.

100,000 were placed in internment camps.

Living conditions were crowded, uncomfortable, and in the desert.

1988 we said sorry and gave $20,000 to survivors.

Bell RingerHow much did WWII cost and how did

the U.S. pay the bill?

World War II Profiles

“Death solves all problems… no man? No problem.”

“History shows that there are no invincible armies.”

“I trust no one, not even myself”

“Ideas are more powerful than guns. we would not let our enemies haveguns, why should we let them haveideas?”

“In the Soviet army it takes more courage to retreat than advance”

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)Early LifeBorn to a dysfunctional family in GeorgiaDid not trust smart people (felt inferior)Went to school to be a priest, learned about

revolution

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)Rise to PowerAs Secretary of the Communist Party, gave jobs to

gain loyalty thereby taking power away from leaders

Through violence and manipulation, rose to power

Built up military, farming and industry during 30s

Killed anyone that was a threat= 4-60 millions deaths

Labor camps, Great Purge, famine

Stalin During WWIIWas surprised by Hitler’s attack on RussiaTook a few months to get army together

(killed or imprisoned most of the military leaders

Captured BerlinDemanded land at end of WWII

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)After WWIICold WarDeveloped Nuclear Weapons (2nd most in world today)

If you voted against him or gave a hint ill feelings, you’d be killed

Set up a space program: 1st animal in space, satellite, human and woman in space, spacewalk, space rover, and space station (NASA sent last space ship up in April of 2012)

Dies of stroke

Section 4: War in Europe and Africa

World War II

North African CampaignAllies: Soviet Union (Russia), U.S.A., Britain and 23

others

U.S. decides to focus its attention on Europe, not Japan.

Why?Big problem if Germany defeats Russia

Europe= Friends China= Not as close

North African CampaignThe BasicsItaly moved into Northern Africa (June of 1940)British forces have success against Italy (Sept-

Dec,1940)German Commander: Erwin Rommel (Dec, 1940)

American Commander: Dwight D. EisenhowerBack and forth until Axis surrender May 1943 (275K)

Successes in Africa were a result in:British code breaking and Russian attacks

North African Campaign

CausalitiesAllies: about 40,000Axis: about 50,000

With Africa secured, the fight for Europe can begin.

Section 4: Invasion of Italy and Gen. Patton Day 2

World War II

The Invasion of ItalyNovember, 1942- May, 1943: North

Africa Summer, 1943: Sicily (Eisenhower directs,Patton leads)June, 1944: Rome Falls

Citizens overthrow Mussolini and surrender to Allies.

Air attacks on Germany begin.

“A pint of sweat, saves a gallon of blood”

“All men are afraid in battle. The coward is the one who lets his fearovercome his sense of duty. Duty isthe essence of manhood”

“A good plan violently executed nowis better than a perfect plan executednext week.”

“If everyone is thinking alike, then somebody isn’t thinking.”

Gen. George Patton (1885-1945)Early Life- Grew up hearing stories of the Civil War from his

grandpa- Family members in every American war dating back to Revolutionj - Member of the 1912 and 1916 Olympic team - 1916, first motorized attack - Impatient, impulsive

Gen. George Patton (1885-1945)Military LifeCommander of the United States Third ArmyMilitary style: constant-firing, fast moving tanks

“They don’t shoot as well when they’re on the run”

Nickname: “Old blood and Guts”

Slapped at least 2 soldiers that complained of being war torn

Was a part of many major battles

Gen. George Patton (1885-1945)DeathDied in a car accident on 12/21/1945Took 12 days to die (was paralyzed when his car

hit a military truck while going 30 mph2 other people in the car went nearly unhurt

Conspiracy?Rumor that Russian sniper shot him in the neckWanted to invade RussiaWife paid PI to find out truth

Section 4: Eastern Front, D-DayDay 3

World War II

The Tide TurnsVictory in N. Africa and Italy

The Eastern Front:Germans advanced (June 1941) into Russia.Leningrad fighting lasted for 900 days= Russians winMoscow (capital) = Russians win (temp and supplies)Stalingrad = Germans win but then surrounded (2/43)

Germans retreat from Russia

The Invasion of FranceOperation Overlord: Mission to invade EuropeD-Day, June 6, 1944: 5 beaches in France were landed on

while paratroopers were dropped behind enemy lines.

Operation Fortitude: British broke the German code early in the war and were able to locate Nazi spies in England. Many were convinced to be double agents and told Germans that Normandy was a diversion. The main attack would be at a place further east. Hollywood stagehands built dummy oil docks, landing craft, planes, tanks and trucks at Dover, England. Few hundred men simulated an entire army with constant radio transmissions.

Result = Germans did not send reinforcement to Normandy

(Air attacks and misinformation)Part I:

Midnight on June 6th, 24,000 paratroopers were dropped behind enemy lines.

Job: to take out certain sites to help invasion (bridges, machine gunners, outposts

Part II:Invasion begins at 6:30 a.m. Cloudy, calm water.

Operation Overlord

Most heavily guarded secret in the worldGermany had 55 divisions in France, Allies

could only deliver 8 (156,000 troops) on D-Day morning

2 million military men were involved with D-Day

156,000 initially landed195,000 navy officers on almost 7,000 ships7 million tons of supplies were gathered by U.S.12,000 pilots died leading up to attack127 planes lost on D-Day

Normandy

Section 4: Battle of the Bulge and Bastogne, V-E DayDay 4

World War II

The Battle of the BulgeGermany was facing defeat after defeat.Russians were coming from the East.Americans from the South.British and Americans from the West.

December 16th, 1944 – January 25th, 1945Hitler has one final plan.Attack West. Circle the Americans and British and

force them to surrender.This should lead to victory on the Western Front

and allow the German army to focus on Russia.

The Battle of the Bulge Siege of Bastogne:

-Bastogne is a city in Belgium. -The Nazis wanted to fortify an area called Antwerp.-The 7 major roads of Belgium come together in Bastogne.-American soldiers had little “cold-weather gear, ammunition, food, medical supplies and senior leadership”-Some of the worst winter weather in years.

The Airborne troopers (82nd and 101st) will hold off the Germans until Patton’s 3rd Army arrives.

V-E DayJanuary 25th: Allies win Battle of the Bulge,

Invasion into Germany

April 12th: FDR dies, Harry Truman becomes President

April 30th: Hitler commits suicide

May 7th: Germans surrender

May 8th: Victory in Europe Day

Hitler is DeadHitler married his mistress on April 29th.

On the same day he learned of Mussolini’s death by the people of Italy. He and his wife were hung up by the ankles and defaced.

Hitler chose to get poison so that he would not have the same fate.

On May 30th, Hitler took the poison and shot himself.His body was then taken outside and burned.