tropics
DESCRIPTION
Tropics. Regions between 23.5 ° N and S (tropics of Cancer and Capricorn). These are areas where the sun is directly overhead at some point during the year. This area includes 40-50% of the globe ’ s surface area (including both land and oceans). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Tropics
Regions between 23.5 ° N and S (tropics of Cancer and Capricorn). These are areas where the sun is directly overhead at some point during the year.
This area includes 40-50% of the globe’s surface area (including both land and oceans).
Some defining characteristics of most tropical areas
Warm temperatures
Biological complexity (many species and thus many species interactions)
Many soils with low levels of mineral nutrients
In temperate areas (like Michigan), low temperatures and low soil moisture in winter constrain biological processes, like the growth and reproduction of individuals
In tropical areas, other factors like biological interactions and low soil nutrients may take over this constraining role
Terrestrial tropical ecosystems vary greatly
Rain forests (these get most of the attention)Deciduous forestsScrub forestsSavannaMangroves
Holdridge life zones (1947)
Based classification of life zones on
1. Biotemperature (based on temperatures starting at 0° C--below 0° C plants are dormant)
2. Precipitation3. Ratio of mean annual potential
evapotranspiration to mean total annual precipitation.
Evapotranspiration is evaporation from ground surface plus the water released from plant leaves (transpiration)
When ratio of annual evapotranspiration to annual precipitation is more than 1, what can we say about the climate?
http://www.city-data.com/states/Michigan-Climate.html
Detroit’s annual rainfall is about 32.9 inches or 836 mm per year
Detroit’s daily average temperature of 49 degrees F or 9 degrees C
A strong influence on tropical climates is the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
Easterly winds from north and south converge near the equator to produce a low pressure area
This band of low pressure shifts north and south over the year according to where the earth is in relation to the sun (to changes in solar angles and radiation)
ITCZ does not cover the same area (or latitude range) in different areas of the globe—because of features like mountains
The shifting location of the ITCZ over the year leads to varying patterns of rainfall
When ITCZ is present, rainfall is heavy
Rainfall diminishes as ITCZ leaves a region
Since the ITCZ is in the vicinity of the equatorial regions (O° latitude) yearround, these regions tend to be wet year round, often with two “rainy” seasons
Further from the equator (20° latitude), ITCZ is not in the vicinity as much of the year. These regions often are somewhat drier and have one “rainy” season
Image source: Pearson Education, Inc.Troipical rain forests.
Tropical Rain Forests
Image source: Pearson Education, Inc.Tropical savanna.
Tropical Savanna
Conclusions from two previous slides
1. Tropical rain forests and savannas are not very seasonal with regard to temperature.
2. Tropical rain forests and savannas both show seasonal precipitation patterns
3. Seasonal precipitation patterns are more pronounced in tropical savannas.
There is much variability in rainfall, even within an ecosystem type (like savannas), because of features like mountains
El Niño Southern Oscillation Cycle (ENSO) influences tropical climates
Multi-year cycle of surface air pressure changes in the tropical Pacific Ocean, resulting in changes in ocean temperature
El Niño events happen every 2-8 years and vary greatly in strength
In a normal year, pressure systems are as above. Trade winds over the Pacific Ocean move from east to west. The easterly trade winds bring warm surface waters westward, bringing convective storms to Indonesia and coastal Australia. Along the coast of Peru, cold bottom water wells up to the surface to replace the warm water that is pulled to the west.
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7z.html
In an El Niño year, air pressure drops over large areas of the central Pacific and along the coast of South America. The normal low pressure system is replaced by a weak high in the western Pacific (the southern oscillation). This change in pressure pattern causes reduced trade winds. This reduction means warm ocean water along the coastlines of Peru and Ecuador. This accumulation of warm water causes the thermocline to drop in the eastern part of Pacific Ocean which cuts off the upwelling of cold deep ocean water along the coast of Peru.
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7z.html
Three phases in ENSO cycle
El Niño phase—warm ocean surface temperatures
La Niña phase—cool ocean surface temperatures
Normal phase—normal surface temperatures
Strong El Niño years generally lead to
Dry periods in rain forests, which influence biological systems:
These dry periods can lead to mass flowering in Indonesian and Malaysian forests, then fruiting, then the appearance of many animals following the fruiting cycle
In other tropical areas, these dry periods can lead to tree mortality
Predicted effects of El Niño
http://www.eoearth.org/images/b/b2/El_nino_global_map.gif
Throughout the course, keep in mind that the “tropics” are not the same from place to place
Much variability, so generalizations are often difficult
Neotropics Africa MadagascarSoutheast Asia New Guinea
Main Geographical Feature
Amazon River basin, Andes
Congo River basin
Forests in east
Peninsula and islands on Sunda Shelf
Large, mountainous island
Distinctivebiological features
Bromeliad ephiphytes, high bird diversity, small primates
Low plant richness, forest elephants, many forest browsers
Lemurs, low fruit abundance
Dipterocarp tree family, mast fruiting of trees, large primates
Marsupial mammals, birds of paradise
Annual rainfall (mm) 2000-3000 1500-2000 2000-3000
2000-3000, often > 3000
2000-3000, often > 3000
Largest Country Brazil
Democratic Republic of Congo
Malagasy Republic Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
From the Times Atlas of the World 1994
Major rain forest regions
Neotropics Africa MadagascarSoutheast Asia New Guinea
Main Geographical Feature
Amazon River basin, Andes
Congo River basin
Forests in east
Peninsula and islands on Sunda Shelf
Large, mountainous island
Distinctivebiological features
Bromeliad ephiphytes, high bird diversity, small primates
Low plant richness, forest elephants, many forest browsers
Lemurs, low fruit abundance
Dipterocarp tree family, mast fruiting of trees, large primates
Marsupial mammals, birds of paradise
Annual rainfall (mm) 2000-3000 1500-2000 2000-3000
2000-3000, often > 3000
2000-3000, often > 3000
Largest Country Brazil
Democratic Republic of Congo
Malagasy Republic Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
From The Times Atlas of the World 1994
Major rain forest regions
(Wettest areas of Michigan receive 1000 mm)
Neotropics Africa MadagascarSoutheast Asia New Guinea
Main Geographical Feature
Amazon River basin, Andes
Congo River basin
Forests in east
Peninsula and islands on Sunda Shelf
Large, mountainous island
Distinctivebiological features
Bromeliad ephiphytes, high bird diversity, small primates
Low plant richness, forest elephants, many forest browsers
Lemurs, low fruit abundance
Dipterocarp tree family, mast fruiting of trees, large primates
Marsupial mammals, birds of paradise
Annual rainfall (mm) 2000-3000 1500-2000 2000-3000
2000-3000, often > 3000
2000-3000, often > 3000
Largest Country Brazil
Democratic Republic of Congo
Malagasy Republic Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
From The Times Atlas of the World 1994
Major rain forest regions
Neotropics Africa MadagascarSoutheast Asia New Guinea
Main Geographical Feature
Amazon River basin, Andes
Congo River basin
Forests in east
Peninsula and islands on Sunda Shelf
Large, mountainous island
Distinctivebiological features
Bromeliad ephiphytes, high bird diversity, small primates
Low plant richness, forest elephants, many forest browsers
Lemurs, low fruit abundance
Dipterocarp tree family, mast fruiting of trees, large primates
Marsupial mammals, birds of paradise
Annual rainfall (mm) 2000-3000 1500-2000 2000-3000
2000-3000, often > 3000
2000-3000, often > 3000
Largest Country Brazil
Democratic Republic of Congo
Malagasy Republic Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
From The Times Atlas of the World 1994
Major rain forest regions
Over 30 species of gliding species in Borneo
None in the Amazon
A few in Africa
Why?
It could be that the dipterocarp trees that dominate Bornean forests produce fruit at unpredictable intervals, making food harder to find in these forests than in other tropical forests. Therefore, many species have evolved gliding to be able to range more widely in search of food.