www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands a joint research councils research project co-sponsored by...
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www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
Klaus Hubacek, Mark Reed, Tim Burt, Pippa Chapman, Stephen Cornell, Andy Dougill, Evan Fraser, Joe Holden, Brian Irvine, Nanlin
Jin, Mike Kirkby, Bill Kunin, Christina Prell, Sigrid Stagl, Lindsay Stringer, Mette Termansen, Sam Wong, Fred Worrall
Stakeholder Participation in the Strategic Management of Upland
Landscapes
Claire Quinn
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
Uplands provide a range of goods and services, but are affected by:
• Historic pollution• Current land use• Future change
– Burning regulation– CAP reform– WFD implementation– Kyoto– Cultural, demographic & climate change
Background
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
Project Goals (1 of 3)
1. Combine knowledge from local stakeholders, policy-makers and social and natural scientists to anticipate, monitor and sustainably manage rural change in UK uplands
• Visions for a sustainable future from multiple users• Barriers, uncertainties, driving forces behind change• Adaptive responses to rural change scenarios in
uplands
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
Project Goals (2 of 3)
2. Develop tools and approaches for stakeholder engagement
• Enhancing stakeholder analysis• Environmental applications of social network
analysis• Stimulating and evaluating social learning• Multi-stakeholder mediated modelling
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
Project Goals (3 of 3)
3. Stimulate two-way learning and meaningful interaction between:
i) different stakeholder groupsii) social and natural scientistsiii) stakeholders and researchers
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
Different approaches and methods
Integrated modelling
Futures Research
Adaptive Management
Disparate Disciplinary Approaches
Mediated Modelling
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
ContextContext
Goals, Goals, Scenarios Scenarios
& Indicators& Indicators
Management Management OptionsOptions
Social Social Learning Learning ProcessProcess
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
System boundaries & local research
foci
Social Network Maps
Interviews
Current & Future Drivers
Sustainability Goals
Sustainability Indicators
Conceptual model & qualitative scenarios
Quantitative, spatially explicit scenarios
Model outputs for strategies
Stakeholder-Led Site Visits
Draft Concept-ual Model
Stakeholders identified,
described & categorised
Stakeholder revisions & priorities
Innovative management
strategies
ContextContext
Management Management OptionsOptions
Advisory Panel & Co-I
Meetings
Literature Review: key drivers, system components & research foci
ABM rules
Stakeholder evaluations
of model outputs
Refined strategies
Social Learning
Short-List Options
Management & Policy Recommendations
12
Goals, Scenarios & Goals, Scenarios & IndicatorsIndicators
Social Network Data
Grounded Theory
Analysis
FG3: Review, test &
short-list indicators
Social Network Analysis
Stakeholder Selection
Evaluate
learning
FG 5
Run model
Run model
GIS & photo manipulation
Questionnaires
Focus Group (FG) 1: Stakeholder
Analysis
Scoping Interviews
FG 2: Academic
Illustrated story-lines
FG 3
PESERA parameters
Integrated computational
model
Model development
Stakeholder Selection
ii) Scenarios & indicators (2 of 4)
Managedburns overless area
No changein managed
burns
Defra Burning Code Re
view
10% leftunburned
Blanket BogBurning Ban
ShorterBurningSeason
Increasedbiodiversity
More birdsof prey
Less grouse
Lessshooting
days
Futureshooting ban
Increasedanimal rights
activism
Lower economic returns from grouse
Less moorland managed for grouse
Smaller rurallabour pool
Demographic change
Culturalchange
Conservation priorities
More longheather
Less shortheather
Lessground-nesti
ng birds
BLANKET BOGDRY HEATH (or if
hydrology not restored)
More scrub
Morebroadleaf
forest
Moreaccidental
fires
If no firebreaks
If hydrologyrestored
Climate Change to warm
er/drier
dryer conditions - specie
s change
Lowerwater table
Uncertainbiodiversity
Less erosion Less watercolour
Moreerosion
More watercolour
Lessvegetation
cover
Lessattractivelandscape
Moreattractivelandscape
In valleys only
On plateaux
More waterpollution
Atmospheric deposition
Afforestation schemes
WaterFramework
DirectiveProgrammesof Measures
Coniferreplacement
schemesDesire to
keep grouseshooting
Desire tokeep hillsheep
Burningtechnologyadvances
Traditionalrural cultural
values
CAP reform
Single farmpayment
Environmental Stewardship Scheme
Entry-LevelScheme
High-LevelScheme
Hill sheepless
profitable
Less gamekeepering
Rural-urbanmigration
Ageing ruralpopulation
Less interestin rural
livelihoods
Less grazingLess hillsheep
Agriculturalmarkets
No changein hill sheep
Declining market
Improvingmarket
Diversification?
No changein fringe
biodiversity
Concentrateon moorland
fringe
With less managedburns and noshepharding
Ecologicalrestoration
Raisedwater table
Hydrological restoration
Desire tokeep openlandscape
Recreationalpriorities
Moreburning days
Morecontrol ofburning
Lessaccidental
fires
No changeaccidental
fires
Less bareground
Irreversiblevegetation
loss
Decrease inbiodiversity
Of acidifyingsubstances (S
& N)
Atmosphericdepos ition ofnutrients (N)
change inspecies
composition
incr. heather
decr. grasses incr. fireintolerantspecies
moreblanket bog
species
more herbs
more heather
i
less 'flashy'hydrology
loss ofombrotrophi
c species
FG 4
Activities
OutputsKey:
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERADwww.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
• Focus group with MFF to identify key stakeholders
• Scoping interviews• Snowball sample
Who are the stakeholders? .
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERADwww.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
Talking with stakeholders…
What are the issues? .
– Focus on burning
– Water quality
– Climate change
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
DEFRA’s Heather & Grass Burning Review
• Unique opportunity to provide a multi-stakeholder response that provided a voice to groups that may otherwise not have been involved
• Positive response from stakeholders
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERADwww.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
What does the future hold?• Interviewing stakeholders:
– Where do we want to go?– What is likely to cause change?– What will the future hold?– What signs could tell us if we are heading in the right direction?
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERADwww.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
We combined information from:• Interviews with stakeholders• Literature review • Brainstorming session with researchers• Result = conceptual model from which we can extract
storylines showing different potential futures
Putting the pieces together
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
Managedburns overless area
No change inmanaged
burns
Defra BurningCode Review
No burnareas?
ShorterBurning
Season?More birds of
prey
Less grouse
Lessshooting
days
Futureshooting ban
Increasedanimal rights
activism
Lowereconomic
returns fromgrouse
Lessmoorland
managed forgrouse
Smaller rurallabour pool
Demographicchange
Culturalchange
PSI targetsfor SSSIs More long
heather
Less shortheather
Lessground-nesting
birds
ON INTACTBLANKET BOG
More scrub
Morebroadleaf
forest
Moreaccidental
firesIf no firebreaks
Unknowneffect on
biodiversity
Less erosion
Less watercolour &pollution
More erosion
More watercolour &pollution
Lessvegetation
cover
Lessattractivelandscape
Moreattractivelandscape
In valleys only
On plateaux
Increasedadoption of
burningtechnology
Less gamekeeperingRural-urban
migration
Ageing ruralpopulation
Less interestin rural
livelihoods
Grazingconcentrated infewer recently
burned areas &moorland fringeMore burning
days
Bettercontrolled
burning
Lessaccidental
fires
No change inbiodiversity,accidental
fires orerosion
Morevegetation
cover
Irreversiblevegetation
loss
Morefire-sensitive
species
More blanketbog species
Less 'flashy'hydrology
Less openpatches
Lessbryophytes
Lesspredatorcontrol
ON DEGRADEDBLANKET BOG AND
DRY HEATH
ON DRY HEATH ANDINTACT OR DEGRADED
BLANKET BOG
Reducedwater
quality
Improvedwater
quality
Lessdownstream
flooding
Biodiversityand habitat
loss
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERADwww.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
• What do you think of these storylines?– Focus groups with stakeholders
• Scientists translate storylines into mathematical models• How could we respond to modelled storylines?
– Further focus groups to identify responses to future change, which are themselves modelled and fed back to stakeholders for refinement
Responding to future change
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERADwww.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
Looking ahead: future learning• Stakeholders, researchers and policy people
exchange views in site visits and focus groups• Who should take part in these upcoming events?
– Stakeholder selection through Social Network Analysis
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERADwww.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
Social network analysis
• Whom should we include in our site visits and focus groups?– Relationships among stakeholders:
• Who interacts with whom?• How frequently do they communicate with one
another?
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERADwww.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
Social network analysis • We needed to find a means of selecting
stakeholders who had little contact with each other so that we could stimulate new learning opportunities
• Yet who were as central as possible in the network to optimise the diffusion of ideas and new approaches to a wide social network
• Finally, we also wished to maintain our concern over diversity of voices
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
Weak links (bridging ties)
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERADwww.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
Social network analysis • This network is ‘dominated’ by weak ties.
– Weak ties link diverse segments of the network together
– Also an indicator of where more communication and relationship building can take place
• Certain actors play important ‘broker’ roles (strong ties)
– Linking disconnected others and stakeholder groups
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
Strong links (bonding ties)
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
•Whom to involve? (representativeness versus manageable size)
•Continuity (institutions vs. individuals)•Trust•Fatigue (research interests vs. people need to work)•Time aspect •Output orientation versus ‘talkshops’•Decision power versus participation•Different ways of thinking and talking
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
Problems and what have we learned?
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
A joint Research Councils Research Project co-sponsored
by DEFRA & SEERAD
Thank you
www.env.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands