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Queensland University of Technology FIT School of Information Systems MM 1 CRICOS No. 00213J

Maintenance

INFORMATION LIFE CYCLEcreate

distribute

use

maintain

recall

reuse

store

dispose

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Subject analysis

Examination of a document to determine the subject content and describe it fully. It results in assigning:

• Subject heading(s) • Descriptor(s)• Classification codes

Carried out to facilitate subject searching

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Aboutness

• What’s it all about?

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SUBJECT CONTROL• Indexing and Classification

• The ‘Art’ of assigned indexing:– Empathy– Meticulousness– Consistency– General knowledge– Patience

• Knowledge-based system?

• Index term maintenance (metainformation)– classification scheme development– thesaurus control

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Indexing alternatives• Assigned Indexing (indexer-assigned)

– Human problems• Cost• Inaccuracy• Inconsistency

• Derived Indexing (using terms existing in text)– Computer problems

• Empathy• General knowledge• Flexibility

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Indexing Language

• A list of terms or notations that might be used as access points in an index

• The set of terms (the vocabulary) AND the devices for handling the relationship between them in a system for providing index descriptions.– Alphabetical indexing languages

– Classification schemes

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Assigned indexing Principles

• Alphabetical vs Classified

• Pre-coordinate/Post-coordinate

• Semantics vs syntax

• Specificity vis generality

• Subdivisions

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Alphabetic-specific/Alphabetic-classified

Specific

Direct entry

Amalthea 234

882Ganymede 882Moon (Earth's natural satellite) 109

ClassifiedIndirect entry

SatellitesNatural satellites Jupiter satellites

Amalthea 234882

Ganymede 882Io 78

545 Mars satellites

.

. Moon (Earth's natural satellite)

109

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Battle of the cookbooks

EGGS 28.

Omelettes 30

Apricot soufflé omelette 32

Basic omelette 32

Cheese fluffy omelette 32

Cheese omelette 31

Dessert omelettes 32.

.

Sauces 36

Aurora sauce 38

Basic white sauce 36.

.

FISH

Fish44

Baked fish 48.

.

Shellfish 52

Crabs 54.

.

.

.

Coq au vin, 296

coriander, 276

Chicken Breast with Ham, Noodles and Coriander, 276

Tripe with coriander, 258

corn, 29

Beef and Corn Pie, 102

Chicken and Sweetcorn omelettes, 305

Corn Cooked with Red Pepper, 29

Soup of Pureed Corn with Noodles and Chicken, 14

courgettes see zucchini

crab, 59

A Fragrant Stew of the Sea, 68

Crab in Parsley Crepes, 59

crayfish, 60.

.

.

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Queensland University of Technology FIT School of Information Systems MM 10

CRICOS No. 00213J

Coordination of descriptors

• Pre-coordinationConcepts are combined at time of assigned indexing

Chemistry -- Study and teaching (Secondary) (LCSH)

• Post-coordinationConcepts held separate at time of indexing on assumption that they will be

combined at time of retrieval

ChemistryScience instructionSecondary education (ERIC)

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Semantics of assigned indexing• Categories of concept (from Aristotle to …)

• Reality (ontological) or expressions of reality

• Word variations– Nouns; singular vs plural– Homographs

• Relationships– Equivalence– Hierarchy– Affinitive/associative

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Syntax of assigned indexing• Relational operators

– ‘and’ to show relationship exits– Operations such as functional dependence (Games played by Queensland),

(Farradane’s ‘analets’)

• Role indicators– 'demonstration', 'radiation', 'food', 'student', and 'cooking’

– BOTTLES; polyethylene, blow moulded (eg. From BTI)

• Combination order– Geographical photography or photography in geography

• Chaining– Ethnic groups–young people-ethnic identity-psychotherapy-cultural aspects

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Specificity

Finding an expression for the complete content• Classification• Subject headings• The generality of the content

Finding an expression for individual parts• Indexing• Thesauri• Specificity

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Subdivisions

• Subheadings that may be repeatedly used• Generally not used in thesauri (post-coordination

expected)• Standard subdivisions in classification schemes

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Derived indexing principles

• Index files

• Computer-assisted/ Computer-based

• Vocabulary control

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CRICOS No. 00213J

CLASSIFICATION

• Natural

• Artificial

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Controlling the subject content

Controlled vocabularies

• Classification schemes

• Thesauri

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CRICOS No. 00213J

CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES

• Document-based ACM, UDC, Colon, LC

• Role-based ASIC, ASCO, Patient

• Discipline-based Music, law....

• Internet applicationsYahoo, ACM, Dewey...

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Composite subjects

• Waste Disposal

• Statistics on the health of Australians

• Agriculture as depicted in the paintings of the impressionists

• Computer-controlled mining operations

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CRICOS No. 00213J

CLASSIFICATION METHODS

• Enumerative– Each subject present in the collection that it is

intended to classify has its own notation or term - all simple & all complex subjects are listed

• Faceted– Subjects are considered as simple Isolates, and a

facet which describes a subject is the sum of its isolates

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Thesaurus extract

35 mm CAMERAS

BT MINIATURE CAMERAS

CAMERAS

BT OPTICAL EQUIPMENT

NT MOVING PICTURE CAMERAS

STEREO CAMERAS

STILL CAMERAS

UNDERWATER CAMERAS

RT PHOTOGRAPHY

CINE CAMERAS

BT MOVING PICTURE CAMERAS

NT UNDERWATER CINE CAMERAS

RT CINEMA

CINEMA

RT CINE CAMERAS

DIVING

RT UNDERWATER CAMERAS

INSTANT PICTURE CAMERAS

SN Cameras which produce a finished

print directly

BT STILL CAMERAS

Land cameras USE VIEW CAMERAS

MICROSCOPES

BT OPTICAL EQUIPMENT

MINIATURE CAMERAS

BT STILL CAMERAS

NT 35 mm CAMERAS

MOVING PICTURE CAMERAS

BT CAMERAS

NT CINE CAMERAS

TELEVISION CAMERAS

OPTICAL EQUIPMENT

NT CAMERAS

MICROSCOPES

PHOTOGRAPHY

RT CAMERAS

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Thesaurus FeaturesA thesaurus is the vocabulary of a controlled indexing language

formally organised so that the a priori relationships between concepts are made explicit.

• Hierarchical structure • Syndetic Structure• Descriptor Construction• Term Display

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Classification Scheme Features

• Notation• Structure

– Relative index to schedules

• Naturalness– Literary warrant

– Orientation

• Detail of classes• Subdivisions• Integrity of numbers

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Knowledge-based systems

• Rule-based• Semantic net• Frame-based

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Camera in a frame

Slot Permitted category Instance

Frame type tool camera

Part of tool optical equipment

Process operation take photograph

Agent person photographer

Time phase night

Place building toolshed

With tool tripod

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CRICOS No. 00213J

Summary

• Aboutness– Retrieval relevance

• Subject analysis– Assigned– Derived

• Control of subject content– Classification schemes– Thesauri

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