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TRUNG TAM LUYEN THI AI HOC AI VIET ( NGUYEN LA TTLT AI HOC S PHAM TP.HCM )

TM TT CNG THC V L THUYT VT L 12-LUYN THI

I HC V CAO NG ONG LC HOC VAT RAN 1. Chuyen ong quay eu:

Tc gc trung bnh tb ca vt rn l : ttb =

Tc gc tc thi : tt

=

0lim hay )(' t =

Van toc goc = hang so. Toa o goc. t += 0 Van toc dai cua iem cach tam quay khoang r : rv = 2. Chuyen ong quay bien oi eu:

Gia tc gc trung bnh tb: ttb =

Gia tc gc tc thi : tt

=

0lim hay )(' t =

Gia toc goc: = hang so. Van toc goc: t += 0 Toa o goc: 2

21

00 tt ++= Cong thc oc lap vi thi gian: )(2 0

20

2 = 3. Lien he gia van toc dai, gia toc cua mot iem tren vat ran vi van toc goc, gia toc goc:

rat = ; rrvan

22

== ; 42422222 +=+=+= rrraaa tn Vect gia toc ar hp vi knh goc vi: 2tan

==n

t

aa

4. Momem: a. Momen lc oi vi mot truc quay co nh: dFM = F la lc tac dung; d la canh tay on (ng thang ha t tam quay vuong goc vi phng cua lc b. Momen quan tnh oi vi truc: = 2iirmI (kg.m2) Vi : m la khoi lng, r la khoang cach t vat en truc quay

P0

P A

z

Hnh

rO

vrtar

nara

rr

OM

Hnh 2

O rFr

L

R

Hnh

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* Momen quan tnh cua thanh co tiet dien nho so vi chieu dai vi truc qua trung iem:

2121 mLI =

* Momen quan tnh cua vanh tron ban knh R truc quay qua tam: 2mRI = * Momen quan tnh cua a ac det truc quay qua tam:

221 mRI =

* Momen quan tnh cua qua cau ac truc quay qua tam:

252 mRI =

b. Momen ong lng oi vi mot truc: IL = (kg.m/s) c. Momen quan tnh cua vat oi vi truc song song va cach truc qua tam G oan d . 2mdII G += 5. Hai dang phng trnh ong lc hoc cua vat ran quay quanh mot truc co nh:

IM = va dtdLM =

6. nh luat bao toan ong lng: Neu M = 0 th L = hang so Ap dung cho he vat : 21 LL + = hang so Ap dung cho vat co momen quan tnh thay oi: 2211 II = 7. ng nng ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh

ng nng W ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh l : 221 IW =

trong : I l momen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay l tc gc ca vt rn trong chuyn ng quay quanh trc

ng nng W ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh c th vit di dng : W IL2

2

= trong : L l momen ng lng ca vt rn i vi trc quay I l momen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay ng nng ca vt rn c n v l jun, k hiu l J.

8. nh l bin thin ng nng ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh bin thin ng nng ca mt vt bng tng cng ca cc ngoi lc tc dng vo vt.

W = AII = 2122 21

21

trong : I l momen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay 1 l tc gc lc u ca vt rn 2 l tc gc lc sau ca vt rn A l tng cng ca cc ngoi lc tc dng vo vt rn W l bin thin ng nng ca vt rn

9. ong nang cua vat ran chuyen ong song phang:

R

Hnh

R

Hnh

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2221

21

C mvIW += m la khoi lng cua vat, vC la van toc khoi tam DAO ONG IEU HOA - CON LAC LO XO I. Dao ong ieu hoa: Dao ong ieu hoa la dao ong ma trang thai dao ong c mo ta bang nh luat dang sin( hoac cosin) oi vi thi gian . 1. Phng trnh dao ong (phng trnh li o) )cos( += tAx trong o :

A, , la nhng hang so. A [m] la bien o ; [rad/s] la tan so goc [rad] la pha ban au +t [rad] pha dao ong Gi tr i s ca li : AxC = ; AxCT = ln: |x|max =A (v tr bin) ; |x|min =0 (v tr cn bng)

2. Van toc: )sin( += tAv (m) Gi tr i s ca vn tc: AvC = VTCB theo chieu dng ; AvCT = VTCB theo chieu am ln vn tc : Av =max (v tr cn bng ) ; 0min =v ( hai bien ) Chu y: vat i theo chieu dng v>0, theo chieu am v 22 xAv = ; 2

2

4

22 vaA +=

5. Tan so goc chu ky tan so:

mk= ; ;22

kmT

== hoac NtT = ; t la thi gian thc hien N lan dao ong.

mkf

21

2== ; hoac

Tf 1=

2

1

2

2

1

2

2

1

2

22

1

11

2

2

==

==

==NN

mm

TT

km

NtT

km

NtT

6. Moi lien he gia li o, van toc, gia toc: )cos( += tAx ;

P

hF

N

F

O

x

l0

hF

P

O

(+)

l

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)2

cos()2

cos()sin()sin( ++=++=++=+= tAtAtAtAv )cos()cos( 22 ++=+= tAtAa ** Van toc nhanh pha hn li o goc

2

** Gia toc nhanh pha hn van toc goc 2

** Gia toc nhanh pha hn li o goc 7. Nang lng dao ong

* ong nang: )(sin21

21 2222 +== tAmmvW

* The nang : )(cos21

21 222 +== tKAKxWt Vi: 2mk =

* C nang: W = W + Wt = 21 kA 2 =

21 m2A 2 = W max = Wt max = Const

lu y: Con lac dao ong vi chu ky T, tan so f ,tan so goc th the nang, ong nang dao ong vi chu Ky 2/T , tan so 2f, tan so goc 2 . Con c nang luon khong oi theo thi gian. * ng nng v th nng trung bnh trong thi gian nT/2 ( nN*, T l chu k dao ng) l:

2 2W 12 4

m A= * Ti v tr c W = nWt ta c:

+ To : (n + 1).21 kx2 =

21 kA2 x =

1nA+

+ Vn tc: n

1n + .21 mv2 =

21 m2A2 v = A

1nn+

* Ti v tr c Wt = nW ta c:

+ To : n

1n + .21 kx2 =

21 kA2 x = A

1+nn

+ Vn tc: (n + 1).21 mv2 =

21 m2A2 v =

1nA+

8. Lc phuc hoi: La lc a vat ve v tr can bang(lc ieu hoa), luon hng ve v tr can bang

xkFrr = ; o ln xkF =

Tai VTCB: 0min =F ; Tai vi tr bien : kAF =max 9. Lc an hoi: la lc a vat ve v tr chieu dai t nhien 0l Tai v tr co li o x: xlkFh = Vi 0lll =

* Con lac co lo xo nam ngang: 0=l do o phh FF = * Con lac co lo xo thang ng: lkmg =

= 300

P

P

P

= 300

P

N

P

hF

x

O

l0

hF

P

O

(+)

l

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+ Chieu dng thang ng hng xuong: xlkFh += + Chieu dng thang ng hng len : xlkFh =

* Con lac nam tren mat phang nghieng mot goc so vi mat phang ngang: + lkmg =sin + Chieu dng hng xuong: xlkFh += + Chieu dng hng len : xlkFh = Lc an hoi cc ai: )(max_ AlkFh += Lc an hoi cc tieu: Neu A l : Fh min = 0 ( v tr lo xo co chieu dai t nhien: Fh = 0) Neu A < l : )(min_ AlkFh = 10. Chieu dai t nhien lo , chieu dai cc ai lmax , chieu dai cc tieu lmin v tr lo xo co chieu dai t nhien: Fh = 0 * lllcb += 0 (tai v tr can bang lo xo b dan) * lllcb = 0 (tai v tr can bang lo xo b nen) * All cb +=max * All cb =min *

22minmax MNllA == , vi MN = chieu dai quy ao =2A

* 2

minmax lllcb+=

11. Con lac lo xo gom n lo xo:

Mac noi tiep: * o cng nnt kkkk

1...111

21

+++=

* chu ky Tnt = 2ntk

m va 222212 ... nnt TTTT +++= Mac song song: * o cng nkkkkk ++++= ...321// * chu ky T// = 2

//km va 22

22

12

//

1111

nTTTT+++= K

Con lac lo xo khi treo vat co khoi lng m1 th chu ky la T1 , khi treo vat m2 th chu ky la T2. ** khi treo vat co khoi lng 21 mmm += th chu ky la : 22212 TTT += ** khi treo vat co khoi lng || 21 mmm = th chu ky la : || 22212 TTT =

12. Neu cac lo xo co o cng k1, k2kn, co chieu dai t nhien l1, l2, ln co ban chat giong nhau hay c cat t cung mot lo xo ko, lo th:

nnklklklkl === ...331100 13. Khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr c to x1 n x2

2 1t

= = vi

11

22

s

s

xcoAxcoA

= =

K2K1

AF

BF

P

m

A B

mK2

K1

K

M

T/4

X -A

T/6 T/12 T/12 T/6

T/4

0-A/2 A/2 A

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v ( 1 20 , ) 14. Van toc trung bnh khi vat i t v tr x1 en x2 :

12

12

ttxx

txvtb

==

15. Toc o trung bnh : tSV =

** Chu y: Trong mot chu ky van toc trung bnh bang 0 va toc o trung TAV 4=

16. Tnh qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong thi gian 0 < t < T/2 trong DH. Vt c vn tc ln nht khi qua VTCB, nh nht khi qua v tr bin nn trong cng mt khong thi gian qung ng i c cng ln khi vt cng gn VTCB v cng nh khi cng gn v tr bin. S dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u. Gc qut : t = Qung ng ln nht khi vt i t M1 n M2 i xng qua trc sin 2

sin2maxAS =

Qung ng nh nht khi vt i t M1 n M2 i xng qua trc cos )2cos1(2min

= AS Lu : + Trong trng hp t > T/2

Tch tTnt +=2

trong 2

0;* TtNn



2

1

2

2

1

2

2

1

2

22

1

11

2

2

==

==

==NN

TT

gNtT

gNtT

ll

l

l

N la so lan dao ong trong thi gian t

3. Con lac vat ly: Tan so goc: I

mgd= ; Chu ky: mgd

IT 22 ==

4. phng trnh van toc khi bien o goc 00 10 : )sin(0 += tSv (m/s) Gi tr i s ca vn tc : 0SvC = VTCB theo chieu dng ; 0SvCT = VTCB theo chieu am ln vn tc : 0max Sv = v tr cn bng ; 0min =v hai bien 5. Phng trnh gia toc (gia toc tiep tuyen) khi bien o goc 00 10 : stSa 20

2 )cos( =+= (m/s2) Gi tr i s ca gia tc : 0

2 SaC = v tr bien am ; 02 SaCT = v tr bien dng ln gia tc : 0

2max

Sa = v tr bin ; 0min =a v tr can bang Chu y: ar luon hng ve v tr can bang (gia toc tiep tuyen), na

rl gia tc hng tm.

Gia tc ton phn 2424

22 svaaa ntp +=+= l 6. phng trnh oc lap vi thi gian:

22

20

vsS += ; lgv22

0 += ; 22

4

22

vaSo += ; l22 == Sa

7. Van toc: Khi bien o goc o bat ky. * Khi qua li o goc bat ky: )cos(cos2 0

2 = lgv => )cos(cos2 0 = lgv * Khi qua v tr can bang: == 1cos0 )cos1(2 0= lgvC ; )cos1(2 0= lgvCT * Khi hai bien: 0coscos 00 === v Chu y: Neu 0 010 , th co the dung: 1 cos 0 = 2 2sin 2

0 = 2

20

00max Sglv == 8. Sc cang day: Khi bien o goc 0 bat ky * Khi qua li o goc bat ky: )cos2cos3( 0 = mgT * Khi qua v tr can bang : )cos23(1cos0 max ovtcb mgTT ====

I

O

K

0

H A

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* Khi qua v tr bien: 0min00 coscoscos mgTTbien ==== Chu y: Neu ,1000 th co the dung: 1 - cos 0 = 2 22sin

2002 =

; )1( 20max += mgT ;

*** Lc phuc hoi cua con lac n : smsmgmgmgFph2sin ==== l

9. Nang lng dao ong:

ong nang: )cos(cos21

020 == mglmvW

The nang: 221)cos1( lmgmglmghWt === Vi )cos1( = lh

C nang: maxmax0 )cos1( tt WWmglWWW ===+= Chu y: Neu 010o th co the dung: 22sin2cos1

2002

0 ==

2 2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 01 1 1 1W2 2 2 2

= = = =mgm S S mgl m ll

* Ti cng mt ni con lc n chiu di l1 c chu k T1, con lc n chiu di l2 c chu k T2. ** Con lc n chiu di l1 + l2 c chu k 22

21

2 TTT += ** Con lc n chiu di l1 - l2 c chu k 22

21

2 TTT = 10. Con lc n c chu k ng T cao h1, nhit t1. Khi a ti cao h2, nhit t2 th ta c:

2

tRh

TT +=

Vi R = 6400km l bn knh Tri t, cn l h s n di ca thanh con lc. 11. Con lc n c chu k ng T su h1, nhit t1. Khi a ti su h2, nhit t2 th ta c:

22

tRh

TT +=

12. Con lc n c chu k ng T ti ni c gia tc g1. Khi a n ni c gia tc g2, th ta c:

gg

TT

2= vi 12 ggg = . con lc chy ng gi th chiu di dy tha:

2

2

1

1

ggll =

Lu : * Nu T > 0 th ng h chy chm (ng h m giy s dng con lc n) * Nu T < 0 th ng h chy nhanh * Nu T = 0 th ng h chy ng * Thi gian chy sai mi giay la:

TT=

* Thi gian chy sai mi ngy (24h = 86400s): )(86400 sTT=

12. Khi con lc n chu thm tc dng ca lc ph khng i: Lc ph khng i thng l: * Lc qun tnh: F ma= ur r , ln F = ma ( F aur r )

Lu : + Chuyn ng nhanh dn u a vr r ( vr c hng chuyn ng)

=

21

20

minmgT

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+ Chuyn ng chm dn u a vr r * Lc in trng: F qE=ur ur , ln F = |q|E (Nu q > 0 F Eur ur ; cn nu q < 0 F Eur ur ) Khi : 'P P F= +uur ur ur gi l trng lc hiu dng hay trong lc biu kin (c vai tr nh trng lc Pur ) ' Fg g

m= +

uruur ur gi l gia tc trng trng hiu dng hay gia tc trng trng biu kin.

Chu k dao ng ca con lc n khi : glT = 2

Cc trng hp c bit: * F

ur c phng ngang:

+ Ti VTCB dy treo lch vi phng thng ng mt gc c: tanFP

=

+ 2 2' ( )Fg gm

= + ; coscosggpp ==

* Fur

c phng thng ng th ' Fg gm

=

+ Nu Fur

hng xung th ' Fg gm

= +

+ Nu Fur

hng ln th ' Fg gm

= 13. o chu k bng phng php trng phng xc nh chu k T ca mt con lc l xo (con lc n) ngi ta so snh vi chu k T0 ( bit) ca mt con lc khc . Hai con lc gi l trng phng khi chng i qua VTCB cng mt lc theo cng mt chiu.

Thi gian gia hai ln trng phng lien tiep : 0

0

TTTT=

Nu T > T0 = nT = (n+1)T0. vi n Z+ Nu T < T0 = nT0 = (n+1)T. CAC LOAI DAO ONG 1. Dao ong t do: Dao ong t do la dao ong co chu ky hay tan so ch phu thuoc vao ac tnh cua he dao ong, khong phu thuoc vao cac yeu to ben ngoai. VD: + Con lac lo xo dao ong trong ieu kien gii han an hoi. + Con lac n dao ong vi bien o goc nho,bo qua sc can moi trng va tai mot a iem xac nh 2. Dao ong tat dan: Dao ong tat dan la dao ong co bien o giam dan theo thi gian. Nguyen nhan: Nguyen nhan dao ong tat dan la do lc ma sat hay lc can cua moi trng. Cac lc nay luon ngc chieu vi chieu chuyen ong, nen sinh cong am v vay lam giam c nang cua vat dao ong. Cac lc nay cang ln th s tat dan cang nhanh. * Mt con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin A, h s ma st . + Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li l:

== mgSkAmgSWW 20 210

mgkAS 2

2

= ;

T

E

F

'P

P

T

x

tO

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Neu lo xo nam nghieng goc th: cos22

mgkAS =

+ o giam bien o trong mot chu ky: AmgkAAAk 421)(

21 22 = => 244

gkmgA ==

+ So lan dao ong trc khi dng: gA

mgkA

AAN

44

2

===

+ Thi gian dao ong cho en luc dng: gA

mgkATNTt

24 ===

* e m luon nam yen tren M th bien o cc ai la:

k

gMmgA )(2+=

* e m khong trt tren M th bien o dao ong la:

k

gMmgA )(2+= la he so ma sat gia m va

3. Dao ong cng bc: Dao ong cng bc la dao ong cua he di tac dung cua mot ngoai lc bien thien ieu hoa, co dang: tFF = cos0 gom hai giai oan. * Giai oan chuyen tiep: dao ong cua he cha on nh, gia tr cc ai cua li o (bien o) c tang dan, cc ai sau ln hn cc ai trc.

* Giai oan on nh: khi o gia tr cc ai khong thay oi(bien o khong oi) va vat dao ong vi tan so cua lc cng bc f

Lu y:Dao ong cua vat trong giai oan on nh goi la dao ong cng bc. Bien o phu thuoc vao quan he gia tan so ngoai lc f vi tan so rieng cua he f0. ** S cong hng c Bien o A cua dao ong cng bc at gia tr cc ai khi tan so cua lc cng bc bang tan so rieng cua he dao ong. ( ieu chnh tan so cua lc cng bc, ta thay khi ) flc=f rieng MaxAA = Neu lc ma sat nho th cong hng ro net hn(cong hng nhon) Neu lc ma sat ln th cong hng t ro net hn(cong hng tu) TONG HP DAO ONG 1. Tong hp 2 dao ong ieu hoa cung phng, cung tan so Gia s mot vat thc hien ong thi 2 DH cung phng, cung tan so: )cos( 111 += tAx va )cos( 222 += tAx Dao ong hp la: )cos(21 +=+= tAxxx Vi )cos(2 1221

22

21

2 ++= AAAAA ;

2211

2211

coscossinsintan

AAAA

++=

* Neu hai dao ong thanh phan Cung pha: k2= th A=Amax = 21 AA + Ngc pha: )12( += k th A=Amin = 2AA Vuong pha:

2)12( += k th 2221 AAA +=

Lech pha nhau bat ky: 212 AAAAA +

mM

Hnh 1

m k M

y

x

Ax

Ay

A1y

A2y

A1x A2x O

M

M2

M1

A2

A1

A

21

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** Chu y: Neu e cho )cos( 111 += tAx va cho phng trnh tong hp )cos(21 +=+= tAxxx . Tm )cos( 222 += tAx

Th: )cos(2 112

122

2 += AAAAA ; 11

11

coscossinsintan

AAAA

=

2. Tong hp n dao ong ieu hoa cung phng, cung tan so: )cos( 111 += tAx , )cos( 222 += tAx , )cos( nnn tAx += Dao ong hp la: x= )cos(...21 +=+++ tAxxx n Thanh phan tren truc nam ngang ox: nnx AAAA cos...coscos 2211 +++= Thanh phan tren truc thang ng oy: nny AAAA sin...sinsin 2211 +++= 22 yx AAA += ; tg

x

y

AA=

SONG C HOC I. nh ngha: Song c hoc la cac dao ong c hoc lan truyen theo thi gian trong mot moi trng vat chat. Co hai loai song:

Song doc la song co phng dao ong trung vi phng truyen song Song ngang la song co phng dao ong vuong goc vi phng truyen song.

* Lu y: song ngang ch truyen c trong moi trng ran va tren mat chat long II. Cac ai lng ac trng cua song 1. Van toc song (toc o truyen song ) v = van toc truyen pha dao ong, van toc phu thuoc vao nhiet o, tnh an hoi cua moi trng,mat o phan t. Trong mot moi trng xac nh v = const. * Moi si day c keo bang mot lc cang day va co mat o dai la th toc o truyen song tren day la: =v Chu y: Toc o truyen song khac toc o dao ong cua phan t vat chat co song truyen qua 2. Chu ky va tan so song Chu ky song = chu ky dao ong cua cac phan t co song truyen qua = chu ky cua nguon song

Tan so song = tan so dao ong cua cac phan t co song truyen qua = tan so cua nguon song: T

f 1= 3. Bc song: la quang ng song truyen trong mot chu ky, bang khoang cach gia hai iem gan nhau nhat tren cung mot phng truyen song giao ong cung pha.

fvvT ==

4. Bien o song A A song = A dao ong= bien o dao ong cua cac phan t co song truyen qua

o A

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5. Nang lng song W: Qua trnh truyen song la qua trng truyen nang lng

22_ 21 AmWW dongdaosong =

a. Neu song truyen tren mot ng thang ( mot phng truyen song) nang lng cua song khong oi, bien o khong oi W = const => A = const b. Neu song truyen tren mat phang(song phang) nang lng song giam t le quang ng

truyen song va bien o giam t le vi can bac hai quang ng truyen song MM

M rA

rW 1~1~

c. Neu song truyen trong khong gian (song truyen theo mat cau) nang lng song giam t le bnh phng quang ng truyen song va bien o giam t le vi quang ng truyen song

MmM r

Ar

W 1~1~ 2 III. Phng trnh song Phng trnh song tai mot iem trong moi trng truyen song la phng trnh dao ong cua iem o. 1. phng trnh truyen song a. Gia s phng trnh song tai O: tAu cos= Th phng trnh song tai mot iem M cach O mot khoang d la: * Neu song truyen t O en M th

=== dtA

vdtA

vdtAuM 2cos)cos()(cos vi v

dt * Neu song truyen t M en O th

+=+=+= dtA

vdtA

vdtAuM 2cos)cos()(cos

Tai mot iem M xac nh trong moi trng: Muconstd := la mot ham bien thien ieu hoa theo thi gian t vi chu ky T.

Tai mot thi iem xac nh: t = const: Muxd := la mot ham bien thien ieu hoa trong khong gian theo bien x vi chu ky . b. Gia s phng trnh song tai O: )cos( += tAu Th phng trnh song tai mot iem M cach O mot khoang d la: * Neu song truyen t O en M th

]2cos[])cos[(])(cos[ +

=+=+= dtAvdtA

vdtAuM vi v

dt * Neu song truyen t M en O th

+

+=

++=

++= dtA

vdtA

vdtAuM 2cos)(cos)(cos

IV. o lech pha: o lech pha dao ong gia hai iem M,N bat ky trong moi trng truyen song cach nguon O lan lt la Md va :Nd :

MNMN

MNdd

vdd == 2

* Neu M va N dao ong cung pha th:

O vr

M

M vr

O

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2kMN = = 22 kdd MN kdd MN = (k Z )

* Neu M va N dao ong ngc pha th:

)12( += kMN += )12(2 kdd MN

2)12( += kdd MN (k Z )

* Neu M va N dao ong vong pha th:

2

)12( += kMN += 2)12(2

kdd MN

4)12( += kdd MN (k Z )

* Neu hai iem MN nam cung tren cung mot phng truyen song cach nhau oan d:

dvd

MN 2== ( MNddd MN == )

* Neu M va N dao ong cung pha th: kd = *Nk * Neu M va N dao ong ngc pha th:

2

)12( += kd hoac )21( += kd ( Nk )

* Neu M va N dao ong vong pha th:

4

)12( += kd (k N ) SONG AM 1. nh ngha: Song am la song c hoc lan truyen trong moi trng vat chat nh ran, long, kh. Con ngi co the nghe tan so HzfHz 410.216 (Am thanh) Song co tan so nho hn 16Hz la song ha am, song co tan so ln hn 20.000 Hz la song sieu am. Song am truyen c trong chat ran, long, kh khong truyen c trong chan khong, van toc song am phu thuoc vao mat o phan t va tnh an hoi va ca nhiet o. Toc o truyen am giam dan t ran, long, kh. 2. o cao cua am. La ac trng sinh ly cua am phu thuoc vao tan so. Am co tan so ln goi la am cao(thanh), am co tan so thap goi la am thap ( tram ) 3. Cng o am I: la nang lng am truyen qua mot n v dien tch at vuong goc vi phng truyen am trong mot n v thi gian.

Sp

StWI ==.

(n v : 2/ mW ) ; P = cong suat ; S la dien tch;

Cng o am tai iem cach nguon oan R trong khong gian: 24 RpI =

4. Mc cng o am L: 0

lg)(IIBL = suy ra L

II 100

= (B n v Ben)

0

lg10)(IIdBL = 1B =10 dB (dB: e xi ben)

2120 /10 mWI= cng o am chuan ng vi f=1000Hz

== )lg()lg()lg(1

2

0

1

0

212 I

III

IILL 1210

1

2 LL

II = cong thc ben L phai co n v Ben

Chu y: Tai con ngi ch phan biet c hai am co mc cng o am hn kem nhau 10dB. 5. Tan so cua am: Am c ban hay con goi la hoa am bac 1 la: f0

d2

d d1

O M N

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S1

s2

Hoa am bac 2: f2=2f0 ; Hoa am bac 3: f3=3f0 ; Hoa am bac n: fn=nf0

* Mt day an hai au co nh co chieu dai l song dng co tan so: l2vkfk = ( k=1,2,3)

Am c ban ng vi k=1 : l21vf = ( ch co 1 bo song); hoa am bac 2 th k=2; bac 3 th k=3;

* Mot ong sao hoac xaxophon co chieu dai l (mot au kn mot au h ) co tan so:

l4vmfm = (m=1,3,5,7) ch co hoa am bac le.

Am c ban ng vi m=1 th l41vf = (song co 1 nut va1 bung)

Hoa am bac 3: m=3 th l43

3vf = (song co 2 nut 2 bung )

Hoa am bac 5: m=5 th l45

5vf = (song co 3 nut 3 bung )

6. Am sac: la ac trng sinh l cua am, phu thuoc vao tan so va bien o (o th am) giup ta phan biet cac nguon am. 7. o to cua am: la ac trng sinh l cua am, phu thuoc vao tan so va mc cng o am 8. Ngng nghe: La am co cng o nho nhat ma tai ngi con co the nghe c. Ngng nghe phu thuoc vao tan so cua am.(moi tan so khac nhau th ngng nghe khac nhau). 9. Ngng au: Neu cng o am len ti 10W/m2 ng vi mc cng o am 130dB, oi vi moi tan so, song am gay cam giac nhc nhoi trong tai. Gia tr cc ai o cua cng o am goi la ngng au. Ngng au ng vi cng o am la130dB va hau nh khong phu thuoc vao tan so cua am. 10. Mien nghe c: Nam gia ngng nghe va ngng au. Vi tan so chuan 1000Hz ngng nghe la 0 dB, ngng au la 130 dB 11. Hieu ng op_Ple: vM la toc o chuyen ong cua may thu

fvvvvf

S

M

m= vs la toc o chuyen ong cua nguon am

v la toc o truyen am trong moi trng Chu y: * khi nguon am hay may thu tien lai gan nhau th lay dau (+) trc vM va dau (-) trc vS va lay dau ngc lai cho trng hp may thu va nguon tien ra xa nhau. * khi may thu ng yen th vM=0, khi nguon am ng yen th vS=0 GIAO THOA SONG Giao thoa song la s tong hp hai hay nhieu song ket hp trong khong gian, trong o co nhng cho co nh bien o song tong hp c tang cng hay giam bt. I.Giao Thoa Ca Hai Sng Pht Ra T Hai Ngun Sng Kt Hp S1,S2 Cch Nhau Mt Khong l: Xt im M cch hai ngun ln lt d1, d2 1. TRNG HP CO PHA BAT KY: Phng trnh sng ti 2 ngun 1 1Acos(2 )u ft = + v 2 2Acos(2 )u ft = + Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti:

11 1Acos(2 2 )M

du ft = + v 2

2 2Acos(2 2 )Mdu ft = +

Phng trnh giao thoa sng ti M: uM = u1M + u2M

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Bin dao ng ti M: 1 22 os2M

d dA A c = +

vi 1 2 = Ch : * S cc i: (k Z)

2 2l lk

+ < < + +

* S cc tiu: 1 1 (k Z)2 2 2 2

l lk + < < + +

2. TRNG HP HAI DAO ONG KET HP CUNG PHA Gia s phng trnh song tai hai nguon ket hp 2,1 OO la: )cos(21 +== tAuu Xet mot iem M cach hai nguon MOdMOd 2211 , == Phng trnh song tai M do 21,OO truyen ti

)2cos( 11 +=dtAu M va )2cos( 22 +=

dtAu M

Coi A = const Phng truyen song tong hp tai M:

++

=+=

)(cos)(cos2 211221 ddtddAuuu MMM o lech pha cua hai song t hai nguon truyen ti tai M:

122 dd =

Bien o song tong hp tai M:

= )(cos2 12 ddAAM

iem co bien o tong hp cc ai Amax=2A (hai song gi ti cung pha)th:

==

kdddd )(1)(cos 1212 ,12 kdd = k = so nguyen

iem co bien o tong hp cc tieu (hai song gi ti ngc pha) Amin =0 (hay triet tieu)

+==2

)12()(0)(cos 1212

kdddd

2)12(12+= kdd k = so nguyen

So cc ai giao thoa (hay so bung song trong khoang gia hai nguon :), 21 OO lkl



)2cos( 11 dtAu M = va )2cos( 22

dtAu M = Coi A = const Phng trnh song tong hp tai M:

++

=+= 1212

21 sin)(sin2 ddtddAuuu MMM

o lech pha cua hai song t hai nguon truyen ti tai M:

= 122 dd

Bien o song tong hp tai M:

= )(sin2 12 ddAAM

* iem co bien o tong hp cc ai Amax =2A (hai song gi ti cung pha)th:

+==2

)12()(1)(sin 1212

kdddd

2)12(12+= kdd k = so nguyen

* iem co bien o tong hp cc tieu (hai song gi ti ngc pha) Amin= 0 (hay triet tieu)

==

kdddd )(0)(sin 1212 kdd = 12 k = so nguyen.

* So cc ai giao thoa ( so bung song trong khoang gia hai nguon :), 21 OO 21

21



** Tm so ng dao ong co bien o cc ai, cc tieu tren oan AB cach hai nguon lan lt la:

AA dd 21 , BB dd 21 , . at AAA ddd 21 = va BBB ddd 21 = va gia s BA dd



Gia s phng trnh song ti au t do nhan c la : )cos( += tAu )cos()

2cos(2 += tdAu

MACH DAO ONG VA SONG IEN T 1. ien tch ien tch gia hai ban tu C bien thien ieu hoa theo phng trnh (**)

Ta co : ==== qLCqqL

CqqLuiLe qq 2= (*) ( vi u=e; i=q; r =0 )

(*) la phng trnh vi phan luon co nghiem :

)cos(0 += tQq (**) Vi: == LC1 tan so goc(rad/s)

2. Suat ien ong cam ng trong cuon day L (co r = 0)

)cos( +=== tCQ

cque O (v) Cuq = 00 CUQ =

Vi u hieu ien the tc thi gia hai ban tu q ien tch gia hai ban tu thi iem t 3. Cng o dong ien: Cng o dong ien chay trong cuon day L bien thien ieu hoa: )sin(, += tQqi )sin( ++= tQo Hay: )

2cos()sin( 00

++=++= tItIi )2cos(0 ++= tBB

Vi 00 QI = cng o cc ai Trong mach dao ong LC th u va q dao ong cung pha va cung cham pha 2/ so vi i. 2/ += ui *****. Phng trnh c lp vi thi gian:

22

220

iqQ += ; 22220 qiI += ; 120

2

20

2

=+Uu

Ii

4.Chu ky tan so cua mach dao ong: Chu ky : Tan so: Bc song ien t trong chan khong

LCT 2= ; LC

f 21= ; LCcTc

fc 2. === c = 3.108 m/s

* Neu C gom C1// C2 th : 222

12

// TTT += va 22

21

2//

111fff

+= va 22212// +=

* Neu C gom C1nt C2 th : 22

21

2111

TTTnt+= va 22212 fffnt += va 2

221

2111 +=nt

* Neu L gom L1// L2 th: 22

21

2//

111TTT

+= va 22212// fff += va 22

21

2//

111 +=

* Neu L gom L1nt L2 th: 222

12 TTTnt += va 2

22

12

111fffnt

+= va 22212 +=nt ** Lc ny : 21// ffffnt = hoc 21// =nt hoc 21// TTTTnt = ** Neu mach co L thay oi t maxmin LL va C thay oi t maxmin CC th: maxmaxmax 2. CLc = va minminmin 2. CLc =

K C

A

L

-+

B

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5. Nang lng cua mach dao ong:

* Nang lng ien trng( tap trung tu C) thi iem t : quCuC

qW 21

21

22

2

=== Trong o: )cos(0 += tQq )(cos

220

2

+= tC

QW

* Nang lng t trng (tap trung cuon cam L) thi iem t : 221 LiWt =

Trong o: )sin(' ++== tIqi o hoac i = q = - Qosin( ) +t )(sin

21 22 += tLIW ot

* nh luat bao toan nang lng: 2221

21 CuLiWWW t +=+=

* Nang lng dao ong cua mach (nang lng ien t)

constCULIC

QWWW ot ====== 20202

maxmax 21

21

2

Mch dao ng c in tr thun R 0 th dao ng s tt dn e mach dao ong duy tr th phai bu phan nang lng mat i di dang nhiet nang

RtIQ 2= duy tr dao ng cn cung cp cho mch mt nng lng c cng sut:

2 2 2 22 0 0

2 2C U U RCI R R

L= = =P

Neu trong mach co ien tr thuan R cang nho th xay ra cong hng ro hn (nhon hn) Chu y: * Trong dao ong song ien t th ien trng va t trng dao ong cung pha vi nhau va chung tao vi phng truyen song thanh mot tam dien thuan (tng oi mot vuong goc). * Neu mach dao ong vi chu ky la T, tan so f th nang lng ien trng va nang lng t trng dao ong vi chu ky T/2 tan so 2f. * Nang lng ien trng va nang lng t trng dao ong ngc pha nhau

* Sng in t mang nng lng, nng lng ca sng in t t l vi lu tha bc bn ca tn s ( W f 4), nh vy tn s ca sng in t cng cao th nng lng sng cng ln. Sng in t c y cc tnh cht ca sng c hc nh: Tun theo cc quy lut truyn thng,

phn x, khc x, nhiu x. Pht thu sng in t

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IEN XOAY CHIEU I. Nguyen tac tao dong ien xoay chieu

1. T thong: T thong gi qua mot khung day co dien tch S gom N vong day quay eu vi van toc goc quanh truc quay trong mot t trng eu B

)cos()cos( 0 +=+= ttNBS n v : Wb(ve be) Vi: NBS=0 t thong cc ai ; )( Bn

rr= khi t = 0 2. Suat ien ong cam ng do may phat tao ra: ))(cos()cos( 0 VtEtNBSe ee +=+==

00 == NBSE : suat ien ong cc ai

2 =e : pha ban au

3. Tan so cua suat ien ong cam ng cung nh cua dong ien: pnf = n (vong/s) toc o quay cua roto. p so cap cc

Ch : Mt my pht in c 1 cp cc t mun pht ra vi tn s 50Hz th phi quay vi tc 50 vong/sn = ; c 10 cp cc t mun pht ra vi tn s 50Hz th phi quay vi tc 5 vong/sn = .

S cp cc tng ln bao nhiu ln th tc quay gim i by nhiu ln. 4. Hieu ien the cung cap cho mach ngoai:

)cos(0 utUu += ue = u : la hieu ien the tc thi ; U0 : la hieu ien the cc ai Neu bo qua ien tr trong cua may phat th : u = e 5. Cng o dong ien mach ngoai: )cos(0 itIi += i: la cng o dong ien tc thi; I0 :cng o dong ien cc ai

6. Cac gia tr hieu dung: 2

;2

;20 IoI

UoUEE === (V)

7. Nhiet lng toa ra tren ien tr R: Q = RI2t =P.t (J) II.oan mach ch co mot phan t: 1. oan mach ch co ien tro thuan R * tUuR cos0= * tIi cos0= * nh luat Om: I0= R

U0 hay I= RU (A)

* ghep ien tr: nRRRR

1...11121//

+++= va nnt RRRR +++= ...21 * Gian o vect: oan mach ch co R u va i cung pha : 0=R 2. oan mach ch co cuon day thuan cam L: * tUuL cos0= * )

2cos(0

= tIi * nh luat Om: I0=

LZU0 hay I=

LZU vi LZL = cam khang ;

A R B O I

rRU

r

0Ir

LU0r

+A B

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* ghep cuon day: nnt LLLL +++= ...21 va nLLLL

1...11121//

+++=

* Gian o vect: oan mach ch co L th u luon nhanh pha hn i goc 2 . Suy ra

2 =L

3. oan mach ch co tu ien co ien dung C: * tUuC cos0= * )

2cos(0

+= tIi

* nh luat Om: CZ

UI 00 = hay CZ

UI = vi C

ZC 1= dung khang

* ghep tu ien nCCCC +++= ...21// va nnt CCCC

1...11121

+++=

* Gian o vect: oan mach ch co C th u luon cham pha hn i goc 2 . Suy ra

2 =C

III. Mach R,L,C noi tiep: CLRcLR UUUUuuuu

rrrr ++=++= T gian o vect: 222 )( CLR UUUU += vi U = IZ; vi 22 )( CL ZZRZ += goi la tong tr mach o lech pha cua u so vi i )cos(0 utUu += va )cos(0 itIi += iu = Vi:

R

ZZU

UUU

UUtg CLR

CL

R

CL ===0

00 * Neu >> 00 tg LCZZ CL /1>> mach co tnh cam khang th u sm pha hn i

* Neu



Cong suat: )(cos 2 rRIUIP +== Vi he so cong suat la: U

UUZ

rR rR +=+=cos

* Chu y : ......======C

C

L

LR

MN

MN

AB

AB

ZU

ZU

RU

ZU

ZUI

Neu cuon day co r th: 22 )()( CLrR UUUUU ++= va 22 )()( CL ZZrRZ ++=

rRZZ

UUUU

UUUUtg CL

rR

CL

rR

CL

+=+

=+=

00

00 ** Cac dau hieu nhan biet cong hng ien thng gap: ieu kien cong hng 1. ieu kien can : Cho L hoac C hoac hoac f thay oi e ieu kien u xay ra. 2. ieu kien u :

+ LC

fLC

ZZ CL 211 ===

+ R

UPRUIRZ

2

maxmaxmin === + CLLCR UUUUU === 0max + 1cos0tan0 === ( u va i cung pha ). + u cung pha vi uR ; u cham pha 2/ vi uL ; u nhanh pha 2/ so vi uC * * Neu R,U la hang so. Thay oi L hoac C, hoac hoac f:

222

2

)(.

CL ZZRURRIP +== R

UPZZP CL2

maxmax == cong hng 1cos = * * Neu L,C, ,U= const. Thay oi R e cong suat at cc ai.

+++ CauChyCL

rRZZrRP

min

2

max )()()( CL ZZrR =+

)(2

2

max rRUP += => 2

22)( =+= CosrRZ va 1tan = ** Cho R thay oi e cong suat tren bien tr R at cc ai.

Khi o: 22 )( CL ZZrR += va )(22

max rRUP +=

* * Neu L,C, ,U= const. Khi cho R thay oi ta thay co hai gia tr R1 va R2 co cung cong suat P



Ta co: 210 = hoac 210 fff = Cho thay oi:

* Khi LC1

0 == th IMax URmax ; PMax cn ULCMin Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau

* Khi

2

1121 R

CLC

== th 224

2RCCLR

LUU LMax =

* Khi 2

1 22

RCL

L== th

2242

RCCLRLUUCMax =

* Luc nay : 210 = hoac 210 fff = ** Cho ( hoac f) thay oi ta thay co hai gia tr 1 = (hoac f= f1) va 2 = (hoac f= f2) eu cho cung UC , khi 0 = th UCmax . Suy ra

)(21 2

221

20 +=

Cho L thay i: ** C hai gi tr L1 L2 cho cng gi tr cng sut Suy ra : 1 2 1 2 2

22

L LC

Z ZZ L L

C+= + =

** C hai gi tr L1 L2 cho cng gi tr UL , gi tr L ULmax tnh theo L1 v L2. 1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

2 2L LL

L L

Z Z L LZ LZ Z L L

= =+ +

** Cho L thay oi e maxLU khi o:

R

ZRUU CABL

22

max+= ;

C

CL Z

ZRZ22 += ; RCAB UU

rr ; 222 RCABL UUU += ; 022 = UUUU LMaxCLMax Cho C thay i:

** C hai gi tr C1 C2 cho cng gi tr cng sut

1 20

1 20

1 2

2

1 2

2

1 12 2

C CL C

C CCZ Z C C

Z ZL

C C

=+ += = = +Vi gi tr C0 l gi tr lm cho cng sut mch cc i

** Cho C thay oi e maxCU khi o:

R

ZRUU LABC

22

max+= ;

L

LC Z

ZRZ22 += ; RLAB UU

rr ; 222 RLABCMax UUU += ; 022 = UUUU CMaxLCMax ** C hai gi tr C1 C2 cho cng gi tr UC ,gi tr ZC UCmax tnh theo C1 v C2

1 2

1 21 1 1 1( )2 2C C C

C CCZ Z Z

+= + =

Hai on mch R1L1C1 v R2L2C2 cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau

LR C

BA M N

A B

C R L

A B

C R L

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Vi 1 111

L CZ ZtgR

= v 2 222

L CZ ZtgR

= (gi s 1 > 2)

C 1 2 = 1 21 21

tg tg tgtg tg

= + Trng hp c bit = /2 (vung pha nhau) th tg1tg2 = -1.

** Cho 21 UU

rr hoac = 2/21 1tan.tan 21 = ** Cho

>=+0.

2/

21

21

1tan.tan 21 = IV. May phat ien xoay chieu mot pha:

1. Nguyen tac hoat ong : Da tren hien tng cam ng ien t 2. Cau tao: * Phan cam: La phan tao ra t trng, thng la nam cham vnh cu hay nam cham ien.

* Phan ng: La phan tao ra dong ien, gom khung day vi nhieu vong day dan quan quanh. * Bo gop: La phan a ien ra mach ngoai, gom hai vanh khuyen va hai choi quet.

V. May phat ien xoay chieu ba pha: 1 . nh ngha dong ien xoay chieu ba pha.

La mot he thong gom ba dong ien xoay chieu co cung tan so, cung bien o

nhng lech pha nhau3

2 hay 120o tc ve thi gian la 1/3 chu ky T.

1 0

2 0

3 0

os( )2os( )3

2os( )3

e E c t

e E c t

e E c t

= = = +

trong trng hp ti i xng th

1 0

2 0

3 0

os( )2os( )3

2os( )3

i I c t

i I c t

i I c t

= = = +

2. Nguyen tac hoat ong: Da tren hien tng cam ng ien t Cau tao: Gom hai phan chnh: + Phan cam: la Roto, thng la nam cham ien + Phan ng : la stato, gom ba cuon day giong het nhau quan quanh loi thep at lech nhau 1/3 vong tron tren than stato.

3.Cach mac ien ba pha: 2 cach * Mac hnh sao: 4 day gom 3 day pha(day nong) va mot day trung hoa (day nguoi). Tai tieu thu khong can oi xng. pdpd IIUU == ;3

* Mac hnh tam giac: mac 3 day. Tai tieu thu phai mac oi xng pdPd IIUU 3; == 4. u iem cua dong xoay chieu ba pha:

* Tiet kiem c day dan tren ng truyen tai t ni san xuat en ni tieu dung. * Tao t trng quay rat manh ma khong can phai quay nam cham ien.

VI. ong c khong ong bo ba pha:

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1. nh ngha: La thiet b ien bien ien nang cua dong ien xoay chieu thanh c nang 2. Nguyen tac: Da tren hien tng cam ng ien t va t trng quay, t trng tong hp tai tam quay luon la 1,5B0 Lu y: khung day quay vi toc o goc 0 nho hn toc o quay cua t trng quay (cua dong ien) iendongtruongturoto __ =< 3. Cach tao t trng quay: 2 cach * Cho nam cham quay * Tao bang dong xoay chieu 3 pha. 4. Cau tao cua ong c khong ong bo ba pha: 2 phan * Stato: giong stato cua may phat xoay chieu 3 pha * Roto: hnh tru co tac dung nh mot cuon day quan quanh loi thep. VII. May bien the truyen tai ien nang: 1. nh ngha: La thiet b bien oi mot hieu ien the xoay chieu nay thanh mot hieu ien the xoay chieu khac co cung tan so nhng co gia tr khac nhau. 2. Cau tao: 2 phan * Mot loi thep gom nhieu la thep ky thuat mong ghep cach ien e tranh dong ien phuco. * Hai cuon day ong quan quanh loi thep vi so vong day khac nhau. Cuon s cap N1 vong day noi vi mang ien xoay chieu, cuon day th cap N2 vong day noi vi tai tieu thu. 3. Nguyen tac hoat ong: Da tren hien tng cam ng ien t. S bien oi hieu ien the ve cng o dong ien trong may bien the Goi ...1111 ,,, PNIU Hieu ien the, cng o, so vong day, cong suat, cua cuon s cap. Goi ...,,, 2222 1 PNIU Hieu ien the, cng o, so vong day, cong suat, cua cuon th cap.

Hieu suat cua may bien the . He so may bien the

111

222

1

2

coscos

IUIU

PP

PPH

SoCap

ThuCap === 2

1

NNK =

Neu H = 100% th

2

1

1

2

2

1

NN

II

UU

NN

II

UU

thu

so

so

thu

thu

so ==== Neu Ns < Nth may tang the (N1 Nth may ha the (N1>N2 ) VIII.Truyen tai ien nang:

La s truyen tai ien nang t ni san xuat ti ni tieu thu Goi Pphat: cong suat ien can truyen tai t ni san xuat en ni tieu thu Uphat: Hieu ien the ra may phat ien I: Cng o dong ien tren ng day

1. Cong suat hao ph tren ng day: 222

2

cosPhatPhat

UPRRIP ==

2. o giam the tren day: ThuTieuPhat UUIRU _==

N2 N1

U1 U2

R/2

R/2

Pphat PTThu

UTthu Uphat

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3. Hieu suat truyen tai ien nang: Phat

Phat

Phat

ThuTieu

PPP

PP == _

4. ien tr day dan: SlR =

vi: l la chieu dai cua day dan=2lan khoang cach t ni phat en ni tieu thu ).( m la ien tr suat S(m2) la tiet dien day dan. IX. Cach tao dong ien mot chieu 1. Cach tao: * Dung pin va ac quy => cong suat rat nho, gia thanh cao * Dung may phat ien mot chieu => Cong suat cao hn pin, ac quy. Gia thanh cao hn so vi viec tao dong ien xoay chieu co cung cong suat. * Chnh lu dong xoay chieu => kinh te nhat va pho bien nhat. 2. May phat ien mot chieu * Nguyen tac hoat ong : Da tren hien tng cam ng ien t

* Nguyen tac cau tao: + Phan cam va phan ng giong may phat ien xoay chieu mot pha + Bo gop ien gom hai vanh ban khuyen va hai choi quet. 3. Chnh lu dong ien xoay chieu bang iot ban dan * Chnh lu na chu ky: mac diot ban dan vao mach co tac dung cho dong ien qua tai tieu thu trong chu ky theo mot chieu xac nh => dong chnh lu la dong ien nhap nhay dung e nap ac quy. * Chnh lu hai na chu ky: Mac 4 iot ban dan vao mach mot cach thch hp, dong ien qua tai tieu thu trong ca hai na chu ky eu theo mot chieu xac nh. TNH CHAT SONG CUA ANH SANG

1. nh ngha tan sac: Hien tng mot chum anh sang trang sau khi qua lang knh khong nhng b khuc xa ve pha ay cua lang knh, ma con b tach ra thanh nhieu chum anh sang co mau sac khac nhau goi la hien tng tan sac anh sang.

Nguyen nhan tan sac: Do chiet suat cua mot moi trng trong suat oi vi cac anh sang n sac khac nhau la khac nhau (no



+ ieu kien e M la v tr van sang

kdd = 21 , vi k Z V tr van sang: ki

aDkxS == ( ...2;1;0 =k )

V tr van sang trung tam (bac 0) ng vi k=0 V tr van sang bac 1 ng vi 1=k V tr van sang bac 2 ng vi 2=k V tr van sang bac n ng vi nk =

+ ieu kien e M la v tr van toi:

2

)12(21+= kdd , vi k Z bi 2=

V tr van toi: ( lu y khong co van toi bac 0 )

ikaDk

aDkxT )2

1()21(

2)12( +=+=+= ...2;1;0 =k

Van toi th nhat ( van toi bac 1) ng vi k=0 va k=-1 Van toi th hai (van toi bac 2) ng vi k=1 va k=-2 Van toi th hai (van toi bac n) ng vi k=n-1 va k=-n

Khoang van: Khoang van la khoang cach gia hai van sang lien tiep hay hai van toi lien tiep.

== ++ ktktkSkS xxxxi ,1,,1, aDi =

Ta co: fc

kk = , fv

n = va vcn = suy ra:

nkk

n = va

nii kkn = ;

smc /10.3299792458 8= Chu y: Khi i t moi trng nay sang moi trng khac th tan so f luon khong oi nen nang lng pho ton cung khong oi Khoang cach t van nay en van kia:

* cung ben van trung tam: 21 xxx = * hai ben van trung tam: 21 xxx += V tr hai van trung nhau:

aDk

aDkxx kk 2211,, 2211

==

o rong quang pho bac n: la khoang cach t van sang o bac n en tm bac n

)( ttn

nn a

Dnxxx == Quang pho bac n bang n lan quang pho bac 1: 1xnxn = * o rong phan trung nhau (giao nhau) cua hai quang pho lien tuc: 1__ += ntimno xxl lu y: Neu 0l th khong giao nhau * Tm so van sang ,ti tren vung giao thoa co be rong L:

pni

L ,2

= vi n la phan nguyen; p la ch so thap phan au tien. Vd: 3,45 th n=3 va p=4; 5,78 th n=5 va p=7; So van sang trong vung giao thoa: 12 += nNS

x +

S2

S1 S0

S1

S2

S3

S3

T1 T2

T3

T3

T2

T1

i

O Be day b i

i Be day b

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So van toi trong vung giao thoa: + Neu 5p th: 22 += nNT + Neu p



5. Cac loai quang pho: a. Quang pho lien tuc: Quang pho lien tuc la mot day mau bien thien lien tuc t o en tm.

Nguon goc phat sinh: cac vat ran, long, kh co ty khoi ln khi b nung nong se phat ra quang pho lien tuc. ac iem: Khong phu thuoc vao thanh phan cau tao cua nguon sang ch phu thuoc vao nhiet o cua nguon sang.

Nhiet o cang cao mien phat sang cua mien cang m rong ve vung anh sang co bc song ngan cua quang pho lien tuc. ng dung : Da vao quang pho lien tuc e xac nh nhiet o cac vat sang do nung nong. V du: nhiet o lo nung, ho quang, mat tri, cac v sao

b. Quang pho vat phat xa: Quang pho vach phat xa la quang pho gom mot he thong cac vach mau rieng re nam tren mot nen toi. Nguon goc phat sinh: Cac chat kh hay hi ap suat thap b kch thch(bang cach nung nong hay phong tia la ien ) phat ra quang pho vach phat xa. ac iem: Quang pho vach phat xa cua cac nguyen to khac nhau th rat khac nhau ve : So lng vach pho, v tr vach, mau sac va o sang ty oi gia cac vach. V du: Natri cho hai vach vang, hiro cho 4 vach o, lam, cham, tm Nh vay moi nguyen to hoa hoc trang thai kh hay hi nong sang di ap suat thap cho mot quang pho vach rieng, ac trng cho nguyen to o. ng dung : e nhan biet c s co mat cua mot nguyen to trong cac hon hp hay trong hp chat, xac nh thanh phan cau tao hay nhiet o cua vat.

c. Quang pho vach hap thu: Quang pho vach hap thu la mot he thong cac vach toi nam tren nen quang pho lien tuc.

Nguon goc phat sinh: Chieu mot chum anh sang trang qua mot khoi kh hay hi c nung nong nhiet o thap hn nhiet o cua nguon se thu c quang pho vach hap thu. ac iem: V tr cac vach toi nam ung v tr cac vach ma trong quang pho phat xa cua chat kh hay hi o.

ng dung: e nhan biet s co mat cua mot nhan to trong cac hon hp hay trong hp chat. d. Phep phan tch quang pho.

Phep phan tch thanh phan cau tao cua cac chat da vao viec nghien cu quang pho goi la phep phan tch quang pho. Tien li cua phep phan tch quang pho: - Trong phep phan tch nh tnh: thc hien bang phep phan tch quang pho n gian va cho

ket qua nhanh hn phep phan tch hoa hoc. - Trong phep phan tch nh lng: thc hien bang phep phan tch quang pho co o nhay rat

cao cho phep phat hien c nong o cac chat co trong mau chnh xac ti 0,002%. - Co the phan tch c t xa: co the xac nh c thanh phan cau tao va nhiet o cua cac vat

rat xa nh: mat trang, mat tri da vao viec phan tch quang pho cua chung.

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TIA HONG NGOAI TIA T NGOAI TIA RNGHEN a. Tia hong ngoai:

La bc xa khong nhn thay co bc song ln hn bc song cua anh sang o mm 36 1010.76,0 .

Ban chat: Tia hong ngoai co ban chat la song ien t . Nguon phat sinh: Moi vat nhiet o ln hn 0K eu phat ra tia hong ngoai. Nguon thu chu yeu t lo than, lo ien, en day toc Tnh chat va tac dung: + Tac dung noi bat nhat la tac dung nhiet + Tac dung len knh anh hong ngoai

+ B hi nc hap thu manh ng dung: Chu yeu e say hay si trong cong nghiep , nong nghiep, y te Chup anh bang knh anh hong ngoai.

b. Tia t ngoai: La cac bc xa khong nhn thay co bc song ngan hn bc song cua anh sang tm: .1010.38.0 96 mm

Ban chat : Co ban chat la song ien t la song ien t Nguon phat sinh: Do cac vat b nung nong nhiet o cao nh mat tri, ho quang ien, en hi thuy ngan, phat ra. Tnh chat va tac dung: Tac dung manh len knh anh lam phat quang mot so chat, lam ion hoa khong kh gay phan ng quang hoa, quang hp, co tac dung sinh hoc, ng dung: Trong cong nghiep: dung e phat hien cac vet nt nho, cac vet tray xc tren be mat san pham. Trong y hoc dung e tr benh coi xng.

c. Tia rnghen: La bc xa ien t co bc song nam trong khoang t mm 811 1010 Tia Rn_Ghen cng la tia co bc song ngan Tia Rn_ghen mem la tia co bc song dai

Ban chat: La song ien t co bc song rat ngan t mm 811 1010 Tnh chat: + Khong b lech khi i qua ien t trng

+ Co kha nang am xuyen manh. Xuyen qua tam nhom day vai (cm), nhng b tam ch vai (mm) chan lai + Co tac dung manh len knh anh + Lam phat quang mot so chat + Co kha nang ion hoa chat kh + Co tac dung sinh ly, huy diet te bao, diet vi khuan

Cong dung: Dung e chieu ien, chup ien, cha benh ung th nong Trong cong nghiep dung e xac nh cac khuyet tat trong cac san pham uc. Dung trong man huynh quang may o lieu lng tia rnghen Thuyet ien t ve song anh sang: Anh sang la song ien t co bc song ngan (so vi song vo tuyen ien)

==vcn c: la van toc anh sang trong chan khong;

v: la van toc as trong moi trng co hang so ien moi va o t tham Theo Lo_ren_x hang so ien moi phu thuoc vao tan so cua anh sang )( fF=

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LNG T ANH SANG I. nh luat quang ien a. nh luat 1: oi vi moi kim loai dung lam catot co mot bc song gii han 0 nhat nh goi la gii han quang ien. Hien tng quang ien ch xa ra khi bc song cua anh sang kch thch nho hn gii han quang ien ( 0 ) b. nh luat 2: Vi anh sang thoa man nh luat 1 th cng o dong quang ien bao hoa t le thuan vi cng o chum sang kch thch. c. nh luat 3: ong nang ban au cc ai cua cac electron quang ien khong phu thuoc vao cng o chum sang kch thch ma ch phu thuoc vao ban chat cua kim loai dung lam catot vabc song anh sang kch thch.

1. Nang lng photon

hchf == h: hang so Planck = 6,625.1034 (J.s); f: tan so bc xa [Hz]

c: van toc anh sang = 3.108 (m/s); : bc sang bc xa [m] 2. Khoi lng photon: 2c

m = m [kg] ; [J] ; c [m/s]

3. ong lng photon: cmp = p [kg.m/s] ; m [kg] ; c = 3.108 [m/s] 4. Cong thoat cua electron:

0hcA = 0 [m] gii han quang ien

5. ieu kien xay ra hien tng quang ien: 0 6. Phng trnh Einstein:

= A + W0max 2max00 2

1 vmchch e+= [m]: bc song anh sang kch thch; 0 [m]: gii han quang ien me = 9,1.1031 [kg] khoi lng electron; v0max [m/s] van toc ban au cc ai cua electron quang ien.

7. Cng o dong quang ien

enI e = ne so electron bay ve anot trong 1 (s) enI ebh = e = 1,6.1019 (C) ien tch I n v ampe; ( en la so e tach ra khoi catot trong 1s)

8. Cong suat cua nguon sang: P = n. n so photon phat ra trong 1 (s) nang lng photon [J] P [W] 9. Hieu suat lng t:

nnH e=

10. ieu kien e dong quang ien triet tieu

2max021 vmeU eh = hoac 2max02

1 vmUe eAK hoac hAK UU 0



- Neu UAK > 0 tc anot noi vi cc dng va catot noi vi cc am. (UAK = U+ ) - Neu UAK < 0 tc anot noi vi cc am va catot noi vi cc dng (UAK = U +). Luc nay UAK

ong vai tro can tr dong quang ien. Neu dong quang ien triet trieu th |UAK |= Uh c

xac nh bi cong thc: 2max021 vmeU eh =

11. ien the cc ai cua kim loai b co lap ve ien:

2max0max 21 vmeV e= vi Vmax la ien the cc ai

12. nh l ong nang: AKAnot Uemvmv .21

21 2

max02 =

13. Ban knh electron khi bay vao t trng eu theo phng vuong goc: Be

mvR.

max0max =

14. Tia Rnghen: min

max2

21

XXAK

hchfmveU === e=1.6.1019 (C)

Vi : UAK la hieu ien the gi hai au anot va catot cua ong Rnghen fXmax la tan so ln nhat cua tia Rnghen ma ong co the phat ra. minX la bc song nho nhat cua tia Rnghen ma ong co the phat ra. 2

21 mvW = ong nang cua electron khi ti c oi am cc

Khi cac electron ap vao oi am cc (oi catot) se lam nong oi am cc . Nhiet lng cung cap lam tang nhiet o cua oi am cc len Ct 0 la: 0tmcQ = m la khoi lng cua oi am cc (khoi lng cua chat lam nguoi oi am cc) C la nhiet dung rieng cua oi am cc(cua chat lam nguoi oi am cc) 0t la o tang nhiet o Neu toan bo nang lng electron ap vao eu lam nong oi am cc th tWnQ e= en So electron ap vao trong 1s; t la thi gian electron ap vao oi am cc

TIEN E BOHR QUANG PHO VACH NGUYEN T HYRO 1. Tien e ve cac trang thai dng: Nguyen t ch ton tai nhng trang thai co mc nang lng xac nh goi la trang thai dng.Trong cac trang thai dng nguyen t khong bc xa nang lng. 2. Tien e ve s bc xa hay hap thu nang lng cua nguyen t : Khi nguyen t trang thai dng co nang lng Em sang trang thai dng co nang lng En (vi Em > En) th nguyen t phat ra mot photon co nang lng ung bang hieu nm EE :

nmmn

mn EEhchf ===

Vi fmn va mn la tan so va bc song ng vi bc xa phat ra Ngc lai neu nguyen t trang thai dng co mc nang lng thap En ma hap thu mot photon co nang lng hfmn th chuyen len trang thai dng co mc nang lng cao hn Em

3. He qua cua tien e Bo: Trong cac trang thai dng cua nguyen t electron ch chuyen ong quanh hat nhan theo nhng quy ao co ban knh hoan toan xac nh goi la cac quy ao dng. quy co R cang ln th nang lng cang cao

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4.Pho nguyen t hyro: oi vi nguyen t hiro, ban knh co quy ao dng tang ty le vi bnh phng cac so nguyen lien tiep: Ten quy ao: K L M N O P Ban knh: ro 4ro 9ro 16ro 25ro 36ro Mc nang lng: E 1 E 2 E 3 E 4 E 5 E 6

0

2 rnrn = ro = 5,3.10 -11 m la ban knh Bo

== ...,3,2,1;20 nnEEn

vi Eo = 13,6 eV * Bc song cua day Laiman: 1n vi 21max =L va 1min = L * Bc song cua day Banme: 2n vi 32max =B va 2min = B * Bc song cua day Pasen: 1n vi 43max =P va 3min = P Day Laiman (LyMan):Phat ra cac vach trong mien t ngoai, cac electron mc nang lng cao (n = 2,3,4 , ng vi cac quy ao tng ng L,M,N ) nhay ve mc c ban( mc 1, ng vi quy ao k) Day Banme: Phat ra cac vach pho mot phan trong mien t ngoai va 4 vach pho trong mien kha kien o ,, lamHH cham H va tm H . Cac electron mc nang lng cao ( n = 3,4,5 ng vi cac quy ao tng ng M,N,O) nhay ve mc th hai(ng vi quy ao L) Day Pasen: Phat ra cac vach pho trong vung hong ngoai. Cac electron cac mc nang lng cao ( n=4,5,6, ng vi cac quy ao tng ng N,O,P, ) nhay ve mc th 3 ( ng vi quy ao M)

HAP THU VA PHAN XA LOC LA CUA ANH SANG 1. Hap thu anh sang la hien tng mot moi trng vat chat lam giam cng o chum sang truyen qua no

2. Cng o I cua chum sang n sactruyen qua moi trng hap thu, giam theo quy luat ham so mu cua o dai ng i d cua tia sang. deII = 0 I0 la cng o chum sang ti moi trng

la he so hap thu cua moi trng ( phu thuoc vao bc song ) 3. Nhng vat hau nh khong hap thu anh sang trong mien nao cua quang pho c goi la gan nh

trong suot vi moi trng o. Nhng vat khong hap thu anh sang trong mien nhn thay cua quang pho c goi la trong suot khong mau. Nhng vat hap thu loc la anh sang trong mien nhn thay th goi la vat trong suot co mau.

n = 6 P O N M

L

K

n = 5 n = 4 n = 3

n = 2

n = 1

Pasen Banme Laiman

H H H H 1

2

3

4

5

1

1

2

2

3

3 4

Em

En

Hap thu Bc xa hfmnhfmn

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HIEN TNG QUANG PHAT QUANG- LAZE 1. Huynh quang: la s phat quang di anh sang kch thch, nhng khi ngng kch thch th hau nh anh sang phat quang tat ngay (di 108s). No thng xay ra vi chat long va chat kh. 2. Lan quang: la s phat quang di anh sang kch thch, nhng khi ngng kch thch th anh sang phat quang van con keo dai ( s810 tr len). No thng xay ra vi chat ran. Cac chat nay goi la chat lan quang. 3. nh luat Xtoc ve s phat quang. Anh sang phat quang co bc song dai hn bc song cua anh sang kch thch : > 4. LaZe:la mot nguon sang phat ra chum sang song song, ket hp, co tnh n sac cao va co cng o ln. * Nguyen tac phat quang cua laze da viec ng dung cua phat xa cam ng. THUYET TNG OI HEP CUA ANHXTANH ( Einstein)

1. Tien e I cua AnhxTanh: Cac nh luat vat ly (c hoc, ien hoc) co cung mot dang nh nhau trong moi he quy chieu quan tnh. 2. Tien e II cua AnhxTanh: Toc o anh sang trong chan khong co cung o ln bang

smc /10.3 8 trong moi he quy chieu quan tnh, khong phu thuoc vao phng truyen va vao toc o nguon sang hay may thu. 3. o co chieu dai : l0 la chieu dai trong he ng yen

022

0 1 lll = 0t la thi gian o theo ong ho chuyen ong;

t la thi gian o theo ong ho ng yen. 6. Khoi lng tng oi tnh.

0

2

20

1m

cv

mm

= m0 la khoi lng ngh (ng yen); m la khoi khi vat chuyen ong vi toc o v

7. He thc gia nang lng va khoi lng; Nang lng toan phan

2

2

202

1c

cv

mmcE

== 2020 21 vmcmW +

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VAT LY HAT NHAN NGUYEN T I. PHONG XA HAT NHAN 1. Cau tao hat nhan nguyen t: Hat nhan co ky hieu XAZ gom co : A: nuclon (so khoi) ; Z: so proton (ien tch hay so th t trong bang tuan hoan); N = A Z: so ntron Ky hieu: cua proton: HP 11

11 = ; cua ntron: n10

* Ban knh hat nhan: )(10.2,1 31

15 mAR = 2. ong v: Cac nguyen t ma hat nhan cha cung so Z proton, nhng co so ntron N khac nhau goi la ong

v. 3. n v khoi lng nguyen t (n v cacbon) u 1u = 1/12 khoi lng cua ong v nguyen t cacbon C126

1u = 1,66055.10 -27 kg; mp = 1,0073 u; mn = 1,00867 u ; 25,9311 cMeVu =

4. Phong xa: la hien tng mot hat nhan khong ben t phat ra tia phong xa va chuyen thanh hat nhan khac

a. nh luat phong xa:

so nguyen t con lai sau thi gian t: tTt

t eNNN

== 00 2

Khoi lng con lai sau thi gian t: tTt

t emmm

== .2. 00

so nguyen t b phan ra sau thi gian t: )1()21()()( 000tT

t

eNNtNNtN

=== Khoi lng t b phan ra sau thi gian t: )1()21()( 00

tTt

t emmtmmm

===

===TT693,02ln hang so phong xa

T = chu ky ban ra ( thi gian e so hat nhan cua chat phong xa b phan ra) No, mo la so nguyen t, khoi lng cua chat phong xa thi iem ban au . Nt , mt la so nguyen t, khoi lng cua chat phong xa thi iem t (con lai sau thi gian t ). mN , la so nguyen t b phan ra, khoi lng b phan ra cua chat phong xa sau thi gian t . A(gam) cua mot chat cha NA = 6,023. 10 23 nguyen t (hay phan t). mo(gam) No nguyen t (hay phan t). m(t) (gam) .. N(t) nguyen t (hay phan t). )(gamm .. N nguyen t (hay phan t).

ANANm 00 = ; A

NmN Att = ; AmNN A=

Chu y: oi vi phng trnh phong xa: ZYX AzAyAx + th khoi lng chat Y, Z tao thanh sau thi gian t la:

)12()21(0 ==

Tt

x

yXTt

x

yXY A

AmA

Amm )12()21(0 ==

Tt

x

zXTt

x

zXZ A

AmA

Amm

m0X ,mX : l khi lng ban u v cn li ca X sau thi gian t. mY , mZ : l khi lng sinh ra ca Y v Z sau thi gian t.

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o phong xa H : ai lng ac trng cho tnh phong xa manh hay yeu cua chat phong xa c o bang so phan ra( hay so phong xa) trong mot n v thi gian = so phan ra /s.

dt

tdNtH )()( = tTt

t eHHH

== 00 2 ; 00 NH = ; tt NH =

n v: 1Bq = 1 phan ra/s; 1Ci = 3,7.10 10 Bq 5. o hut khoi va nang lng lien ket: a. o hut khoi: 00 >+== mNmZmmmm np mo = tong khoi lng cua cac nuclon rieng re ng yen ( trc khi tao thanh hat nhan) m = khoi lng hat nhan mo > m mp = khoi lng proton; mn = khoi lng ntron b. He thc Anhxtanh: E = mc2 m = khoi lng cua vat; c = 3.10 8 m/s E = nang lng ngh cua vat c. Nang lng lien ket hat nhan XAZ : [ ] 220 .).(.)( cmmZAmZcmmW XnPxlk +== La nang lng toa ra khi cac nuclon lien ket thanh hat nhan( nang lng can thiet e pha v hat nhan thanh cac nuclon rieng le)

d. Nang lng lien ket rieng XAZ : AWW lklkR =

*** Nang lng lk rieng cang ln nguyen t cang ben vng. *** 6. ng dung cua cac ong v phong xa: * Phng phap nguyen t anh dau: dung P3115 la phan lan thng tron lan mot t phong xa ra bon cho cay. Theo doi s phong xa cua ta se c qua trnh van chuyen chat trong cay. * Dung phong xa : Tm khuyet tat cua cac san pham uc, bao quan thc pham, cha benh ung th. * Phng phap xac nh tuoi cua vat: o o phong xa cua C146 se xac nh c tuoi cua cac co vat. PHAN NG HAT NHAN I. PHAN NG HAT NHAN: 1. nh ngha: La s tng tac gia hai hat nhan dan en s bien oi cua chung thanh cac hat nhan khac. DCBA ++

Trong so A,B,C,D co the la cac hat s cap electron, p, n S phong xa CBA + Phong xa la trng hp ac biet cua phan ng hat nhan toa nang lng. A la hat nhan me, B hat nhan con va C la hat ..., 2. Cac nh luat bao toan trong phan ng hat nhan: DCBA AZ

AZ

AZ

AZ

44

33

22

11 ++

Bao toan nuclon(so khoi A): A1 + A2 = A3 + A4 Bao toan ien tch( Nguyen t so Z): Z1 + Z2 = Z3+ Z4 Bao toan ong lng: 4321 PPPP +=+ Hay: 44332211 .... vmvmvmvm rrrr +=+ Vi : xxx vmp =r ong lng cua hat nhan ong nang:

2. 2vmW =

Moi lien he gia ong lng va ong nang: mWP 22 =

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Bao toan nang lng toan phan Nang lng toan phan cua hat nhan = nang lng ngh + ong nang

iiiWcmW += 2

3. Tnh nang lng thu hoac toa trong phan ng hat nhan sau: DCBA AZAZAZAZ 44332211 ++ ht khi ca phn ng: [ ])()( DCBA mmmmM ++= Neu M > 0 phan ng hat nhan toa nang lng( 0>W )

Neu M < 0 phan ng hat nhan thu nang lng( 0+== mNmZmmmm np la o hut khoi hat nhan

Chu y: oi vi hat nhan me ng yen phong xa: CBA + Ta co )1()1(

B

C

C

B m

mWmmWW

CB+=+=

nh luat bao toan nang lng toan phan 2222 cmcmWWcmcmWW DCBA DCBA +++=+++

DCBA WWWWW +=++

Chu y : Khong co nh luat bao toan khoi lng cua he 4. Van dung cac nh luat bao toan vao s phong xa Quy tac dch chuyen: a. Phong xa : chuoi cac hat He42 mang ien tch dng (2p) khi i qua tu ien b lech ve pha ban am, ion hoa moi trng rat manh nen mat nang lng do o bay xa nhat khoang 8cm, bay vi toc o 2.107m/s

* hat nhan con lui 2 o trong bang tuan hoan b. phong xa : la chuoi cac hat electron, bay vi van toc gan bang van toc anh sang Phong xa e01:

= khi bay qua tu ien b lech ve pha ban dng. * hat nhan con tien mot o so vi hat nhan me trong he thong tuan hoan thc chat cua s phong xa : vepn ++ 011110 (v: ntrino) Phong xa e01: =++ , khi bay qua tu ien b lech ve pha ban am * Hat nhan con lui mot o so vi hat nhan me trong bang he thong tuan hoan. Thc chat cua s phong xa :+ vnep ++ 100111 ( v : phan notrino) c. Phong xa hf= 00: photon anh sang co bc song rat ngan nho hn 1110 m co kha nang am xuyen rat manh, rat nguy hiem. Khong b lech khi i qua ien trng. Hat nhan con sinh ra trang thai kch thch co mc nang lng cao Em khi chuyen ve mc nang lng thap En th phat ra nang lng di dang mot photon cua tia gama. Vay phong xa gama la phong xa i kem theo cac phong xa , . Khong co s bien oi hat nhan trong phong xa : nm EE

hchf ====

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II. Phan ng phan hach: la phan ng mot hat nhan co khoi lng ln hap thu mot ntron cham (ntron nhiet co nang lng khoang 0,01eV) v thanh hai hat nhan co khoi lng trung bnh va kem theo mot so hat ntron VD: nkXXUn AZ

AZ

1021

23592

10

2

2

1

1+++ ; enLaMonU 7213957954223592 ++++

III. Phan ng nhiet hach : la phan ng ket hp hai hat nhan co khoi nho thanh hat nhan co khoi lng ln hn va toa ra nhiet.

VD: MeVnHeHH 6,171042

31

21 +++ ; MeVnHeHH 25,310322121 +++

IV. May gia toc: Mot hat khoi lng m mang ien tch q chuyen ong vi van toc vr trong mot t trng eu VB

rr th hat se chuyen ong tren quy ao tron co ban knh: qBmvR =

T VI MO EN V MO

I. CC HT S CP 1. Ht s cp: Cc ht s cp (ht c bn) l cc ht nh hn ht nhn. 2. Cc c trng ca ht s cp: a. Khi lng ngh 0m : Phtn , ntrin , gravitn c khi lng ngh bng khng. b. in tch: Cc ht s cp c th c in tch bng in tch nguyn t 1Q = , cng c th khng mang in. Q c gi l s lng t in tch. c. Spin s: Mi ht s cp khi ng yn cng c momen ng lng ring v momen t ring. Cc

momen ny c c trng bng s lng t spin. Prtn, ntrn c 12

s = , phtn c 1s = , pin c 0s = .

d. Thi gian sng trung bnh T: Trong cc ht s cp c 4 ht khng phn r (proton, electron, photon, notrino) gi l cc ht nhn bn. Cn cc ht khc gi l ht khng bn v phn r thnh cc ht khc. Notron c 932T s= , cc ht khng bn c thi gian ngn t 2410 s n 610 s . 3. Phn ht: Cc ht s cp thng to thnh mt cp; mi cp gm hai ht c khi lng ngh v spin nh nhau nhng c in tch tri du nhau. Trong qu trnh tng tc c th sinh cp hoc hy cp. 4. Phn loi ht s cp: a. Photon (lng t nh sng): khoi lng ngh bang khong. b. Lepton: Gm cc ht nh nh electron, muyon ( , + ), cc ht tau ( , + ), c. Mzn: Gm cc ht c khi lng trung bnh t em)900200( c chia thnh mzn v mzn K . d. Barion: Gm cc ht nng c khi lng ln hn hoc bng proton, c chia thnh nuclon v hiprn. Tp hp cc mzn v barin c gi l harn. 5. Tng tc ca cc ht s cp: a. Tng tc hp dn: Bn knh ln v cng, lc tng tc nh. b. Tng tc in t: Bn knh ln v hn, lc tng tc mnh hn tng tc hp dn c 3810 ln. c. Tng tc yu: Bn knh tc dng rt nh c 1810 m , lc tng tc yu hn tng tc hp dn c

1110 ln. d. Tng tc mnh: Bn knh tc dng rt nh c 1510 m , lc tng tc yu hn tng tc hp dn c

210 ln. Tng tc gia cc harn. 6. Ht quark: a. Ht quark: Tt c cc ht harn c to nn t cc ht rt nh.

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b. Cc loi quark: C 6 loi quark l u, d, s, c, b, t v phn quark tng ng. in tch cc quark l 2e;

3 3e .

c. Cc barain: T hp ca 3 quark to nn cc barain. II. MT TRI H MT TRI 1. H Mt Tri: Gm mt tri v 8 hnh tinh ln, tiu hnh tinh, cc sao chi. Cc hnh tinh: Thy tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ha tinh, Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin Vng tinh, Hi Vng tinh. o n v gia cc hnh tinh ngi ta dng n v thin vn: 1 vtv=150 trieu km. Cc hnh tinh u quay quanh mt tri theo chiu thun trong cng mt phng, Mt Tri v cc hnh tinh t quay quanh n v u quay theo chiu thun tr Kim tinh. 2. Mt Tri: a. Cu trc ca Mt Tri: Gm quang cu v kh quyn Quang cu: Khi kh hnh cu nng sng, nhn t Tri t c bn knh gc 16 pht, bn knh ca khi cu khong 57.10 Km , khi lng ring trung bnh ca cc vt cht trong quang cu l 31400kg/m , nhit hiu dng 6000K . Kh quyn: Bao quanh Mt Tri c kh quyn Mt Tri: Ch yu l Hir, Heli. Kh quyn c chia ra hai lp c tnh cht vt l khc nhau: Sc cu v nht hoa. Sc cu l lp kh nm st mt quang cu c dy trn 10000km v c nhit khong 4500K . Pha trn sc cu l nht hoa: Cc phn t vt cht tn ti trng thi ion ha mnh (trng thi plasma), nhit khong 1 trieu o . Nht hoa c hnh dng thay i theo thi gian. b. Nng lng Mt Tri: Nng lng Mt Tri c duy tr l nh trong lng n ang din ra cc phn ng nhit hch. Hng s Mt Tri 21360W/mH = l lng nng lng bc x ca Mt tri truyn vung gc ti mt n v din tch cch n mt n v thin vn trong mt n v thi gian.

Cng sut bc x nng lng Mt Tri l 263,9.10P W= . 29 )10.150(4 = PH

c. S hot ng ca Mt Tri: Quang cu sng khng u, c cu to dng ht, gm nhng ht sng bin i trn nn ti do s i lu m to thnh: vt en, bng sng, tai la: Vt en c mu sm ti, nhit vo khong 4000K . Bng sng thng xut hin khi c vt en, bng sng phng ra tia X v dng ht tch in gi l gi Mt Tri. Tai la l nhng li phun la cao trn sc cu. Nm Mt Tri c nhiu vt en xut hin nht c gi l Nm Mt Tri hot ng. Chu k hot ng ca Mt Tri c tr s trung bnh l 11 nm. S hot ng ca Mt Tri c nhiu nh hng n Tri t. Tia X v dng ht tch in t bng sng truyn n Tri t gy ra nhiu tc ng: * Lm nhiu hoc mt thng tin lin lc bng sng v tuyn ngn. * Lm cho t trng Tri t bin thin, gy ra bo t: bo t xut hin sau khong 20 gi k t khi bng sng xut hin trn sc cu * S hot ng ca Mt Tri cn c nh hng n trng thi thi tit trn Tri t, n qu trnh pht

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