103 - 2015

CHNG 3

XAC NH TAI TRONG TAC DUNG

LEN NHA CAO TANG

TRNH BAY: PGS. TS. NGUYEN VAN HIEP

tamchinxba@yahoo.com

0903706108 - 39691841

2 CHON PHNG AN TOI U CUA HE KET CAU CHU TAI TRONG NGANG

CHON PHNG AN TOI U CUA HE KET CAU CHU TAI TRONG NG (BANG NHNG

VAT LIEU KHAC NHAU: BTCT, THEP, LIEN HP).

TAC DUNG CUA CAC DNG TAI TRONG NG (TNH TAI, HOAT TAI)

TAC DUNG CUA GIO, AC BIET LA GIO ONG (BAO, LOC, XOAY, GIO GIAT...)

TAC DUNG CUA ONG AT

CHON TIET DIEN PHAN TCH NOI LC, TO HP TAI TRONG

XAC NH NOI LC TNH TOAN NGUY HIEM NHAT CHO HE SAN, DAM, COT, VACH, LOI

TNH TOAN, CAU TAO COT THEP, THEP HNH, TIET DIEN LIEN HP C

TNH TOAN, CAU TAO CHO NHNG YEU CAU AC BIET KHAC

LIEN KET VI MONG, HAM

SAN CONG NGHE MI (NANG SAN, DAM AN, LAP GHEP...)

ANH HNG O LECH TAM CAC TANG (NEU XET)

ANH HNG O NEN CUA HE COT, VACH, LOI KHONG EU (NEU XET)

KHE KHANG CHAN

MOI TANG, NEN CO ESC

ESd

CHIEU RONG VACH, LOI 20CM; h/20 (h LA CHIEU CAO TANG)

CHNG 3

XAC NH TAI TRONG TAC DUNG LEN NHA CAO TANG

I- NHNG VAN E VE KET CAU THNG TANG NCT CAN QUAN TAM:

3II- CAC BC THIET KE NHA CAO TANG:

2 BC: TKCS VA TK BAN VE THI CONG.

3 BC: TKCS, TKKT VA TK BAN VE THI CONG: NGI CO THAM QUYEN QUYET

NH AU T SE QUYET NH, T KHI DUYET D AN, RA QT; KHONG PHAN

BIET QUY MO.

TKKT: C S E LAP TONG D TOAN (TONG HP).

TKKT PHAI C NGHIEM THU, MI LAP TKBVTC.

TKBVTC: C S E LAP D TOAN (SHOP DRAWING). CO THE GIAO NHA THAU

LAP, NGAY KHI AU THAU, E CO GIA D THAU TOT.

CAC BC TK SAU, CAN PHU HP VI BC THIET KE A CO PHAP LY TRC

O.

XEM KY PHNG AN KT; E XUAT CAC PHNG AN KC; SO SANH E CO

PHNG AN CHON

CHON S BO KCH THC CAC CAU KIEN CAU THANH HCL (SAN, DAM, COT,

VACH, LOI...) THAY OI TNG OAN TANG CAO, BAT AU T HAM LEN TREN

XAC NH CAC TT NG, NGANG TAC DUNG , AC BIET LA GIO ONG, ONG

AT. LU Y KINH NGHIEM FS KHI SO TANG NHIEU

CHON PHAN MEM TNH TOAN TNG THCH VI S O CHON

4 PHAN TCH NOI LC, CUA TNG LOAI TAI. TO HP THEO PHAN MEM O

KIEM TRA O VONG (NEU CAN), O LUN, LUN LECH, NGHIENG, ON NH TONG THE (PHAI CO).

NEU KHONG AT, THAY OI TIET DIEN, THAM CH OI V TR HCL. KIEM TRA LAI

TNH TOAN, BO TR COT THEP. LU Y CAC QUY NH VE CAU TAO

KET CAU BTCT (KET CAU TOAN KHOI HAY LAP GHEP)

KET CAU THEP

KET CAU LIEN HP C

KET CAU HON HP (GIA NHNG HE KET CAU TREN), PHOI KET GIA CAC TANG

TANG CHUYEN T HE KC NAY SANG HE KC KHAC; TANG CNG, TANG HANG

CAC VAN E AC BIET KHAC: ANH HNG S LECH TAM CUA TT NG CAC TANG

GIAM CHUYEN V NGANG DO ONG AT BANG KHOI NC TREN

NOC

ANH HNG S BIEN DANG DOC LECH NHAU TRONG HCL

NG DO TT NG...

TRC THANG AU TREN NOC NHA

VAN E TAI DO TRC THANG: THAT TE LA KHONG LN

3P

Q = (daN/M2)

S

Q: TAI MAX KHI TRC THANG HA CANH HAY CAT CANH (NHOM)

P: TRONG LNG TRC THANG, 1 CANH QUAT 30-50KN

2 CANH QUAT 40-60KN

S: DIEN TCH CHU LC, GIA CAC BANH XE (HAY CANG), T 1.5 X 2.5 EN 2X3M

(CUNG CO THE TNH NH TAI DAY, TAC DUNG LEN SAN, CHNH XAC HN)

AC BIET LU Y EN CAC N V TNH; HAY B NHAM KHI QUY OI

5III- NGUYEN TAC BO TR VACH VA LOI CNG:

HE VACH, LOI CHU YEU CHU TAI TRONG NGANG TAC ONG LEN CT ( 80%)

TRONG S O TNH TOAN N GIAN, TNG HO XEM NH 1 CONSOLE NGAM

VAO AI MONG; LIEN KET NHAU BI NHNG HE KHUNG CON LAI BANG

NHNG THANH NGANG KHP 2 AU, TUYET OI CNG

NEU A THIET KE VACH, LOI TH HE NAY PHAI A VAO S O TNH, AM

BAO KINH TE. PHAI BO TR HP LY, KHONG QUA THA

TRONG CAC CT CO CONG NANG VP, KHACH SAN, CHUNG C, COT (VUONG,

CH NHAT) CO THE C THAY THE BANG HE VACH (h >> b), EP SAT VAO

TNG, CHOAN CHO, DE BO TR VAT DUNG TRONG PHONG

DIEN TCH (LOT LONG) GII HAN BI CHU VI LOI THNG GI KHONG OI

THEO CHIEU CAO CT

VACH HAY LOI EU CO (1 HAY CAC) LO CA E S DUNG THUAN LI. MOT

MAT BANG CO THE CO CA VACH LAN LOI

CAC LO CA I EU BO TR KHONG THAY OI THEO CHIEU CAO

CHIEU DAY CO THE THAY OI THEO CHIEU CAO. TOI THIEU LA 20 CM E DE

AT COT THEP (2 LP TRC GIAO)

6 LOI HAY BO TR XUNG QUANH KHU THANG MAY, THANG BO, WC, KHO HAY

KET HP KHU VC NAY, LOI BAO QUANH (VP)

LOI HAY AT KHU TRUNG TAM

VACH CAN AT XA TRUNG TAM, PHAN TAN, THEO CA 2 PHNG, E TANG

O CNG. AT C CHU VI, CANG TOT

VACH (LOI) THNG BANG BTCT; CUNG CO THE LA THEP (T DUNG C) CUNG

CO THE LA HE COT AT GAN NHAU (NHA CHOC TRI)

/V VACH CAN TAN DUNG NHNG MANG TNG AC, HAY CO LO CA,

KHONG THAY OI THEO CHIEU CAO. TUY NHIEN, 1 SO KET CAU OC AO,

QUY LUAT NAY SE KHONG CAN TUAN THU (TNH TOAN CAN TRONG HN)

HE VACH KHONG NEN AT SONG SONG (1 HNG); KHONG NEN ONG

QUY

KHOANG CACH CAC VACH KHONG NEN QUA 12M, THEO 2 PHNG

VACH GAN BIEN NHAT, CACH BIEN 1 BC COT.

7IV- TAI TRONG NG: GOM TNH TAI VA HOAT TAI (TCVN 2737-95)

HOAT TAI CO DAI HAN (XEM NH TNH TAI) VA NGAN HAN

DAI HAN: TNG NGAN; THIET B CO NH; AP LC CHAT LONG, CHAT RI...

HOAT TAI NGAN HAN MI CO THE XEM XET GIAM CNG O THEO SO TANG CAO,

NHAM TNH EN KHA NANG XAY RA KHONG ONG THI CUA NO.

E N GIAN TNH TOAN, THNG BO QUA TNH CHAT DAI HAN CUA HOAT TAI NG

HOAT TAI TOAN PHAN = BANG HOAT TAI DAI HAN + HOAT TAI NGAN HAN

HE SO O TIN CAY (HSTC) OI VI HOAT TAI PHAN BO EU Pc (daN/M2), LA

1.3 KHI Pc < 200 daN/M2

1.2 KHI Pc 200 daN/M2

GIAM HOAT TAI TOAN PHAN THEO CHIEU CAO: NHAN HOAT TAI VI HE SO < 1:

KHI TNH DAM, SAN, COT, MONG: CHO MOT SAN

A: DIEN TCH TRUYEN TAI (M2)

A1 = 9M2

KHI SAN LAM PHONG NGU, AN, KHACH, WC, BEP VP, PTN: GIAM ANG KE

A1 = 36M2

KHI SAN LAM PHONG OC SACH, NHA HANG, KHAN AI, HOI HOP, KHO,

HOC TAP, XNG: GIAM KHONG ANG KE (2)

8 KHI TNH COT, MONG CHO 2 SAN TR LEN:

A, TNH VI A, A1 NH (1)

n: SO SAN AT TAI TREN TIET DIEN ANG XET KHI TNH TAI TRONG

a TNH VI A, A1 NH (2)

TAI TRONG DANG DAY HAY TAP TRUNG

TRNG HP TNG XAY NGAN PHONG, THIET B AT KHONG PHAN BO IEU MA

TAP TRUNG TAI NHNG KHU VC NHAT NH, E CHUYEN THANH TAI PHAN BO

EU, TRONG NHIEU TRNG HP SE KHONG AN TOAN MA PHAI NHAN THEM

HSTC 1.3. THNG LAY 1.35

9 VAN E GIAM HOAT TAI NG THEO CHIEU CAO (DO THC CHAT HOAT TAI KHONG

CHAT AY, KN KHAP), CO THE TNH THC HANH THEO CACH KHAC.

OI VI CHUNG C, KTX, BV, VP: KHI TNH COT, HOAT TAI NHAN

SO

TANG

9 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 50

0.57 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42

M: SO SAN AT HOAT TAI KE EN KHI TNH TOAN (TREN TIET DIEN ANG XET)

CHO PHEP TNH GAN UNG

KHI XAC NH TNH TAI, CAN TNH CHNH XAC CAC TRONG LNG RIENG VI NHNG

VLXD KHAC NHAU. NEN D TR CO S THAY OI VAT LIEU, THEO HNG CAO CAP,

NANG HN !

E TNH NHANH, TAI TRONG TRUYEN XUONG COT CAC TANG VA MONG CT, TNH VA

HOAT TAI (CO GIAM TAI) CAC TANG (KE CA TNG XAY BAO CHE VA NGAN PHONG)

THNG CO GIA TR TAI TRONG NG (CHO CA CAC TANG HAM)

CHUNG C CAO TANG 1.11.3 T/M2 (110-130 MPa)

KS, VP 0.9 1.1 T/M2 (90-110 MPa)

VA KHI S DUNG KET CAU KHAC, NGOAI KET CAU KHUNG, MOMEN TRONG COT

KHUNG NCT THNG CO GIA TR KHONG ANG KE

10

V- TAI TRONG NGANG: CHU YEU LA GIO (TNH, ONG) VA ONG AT

1/ PHAN BIET:

a) CUONG PHONG (HURRICANE):

LOC XOAY NHIET I HAY BAO NHIET I

THNG KEO THEO BAO, CO SAM SET

LUONG GIO XOAY NGC CHIEU ONG HO

THNG XUAT HIEN AI TAY DNG, VNH MEXICO, KHU VC TAN NAM HOA KY

DI CHUYEN CHAM, TAN PHA LN, GAY MA

b) BAO NHIET I: CAN C THEO CAP GIO BEAUFORT:

AP THAP NHIET I: SC GIO CAP 6-7

BAO NHIET I: BAO MANH: SC GIO CAP 10-11

BAO RAT MANH: SC GIO CAP 12-14

BAO SIEU MANH: SC GIO CAP 15

AP LC GIO TNH TAI TNG A PHNG C XAC NH DA TREN CAP GIO CAO NHAT

TRONG CHU KY 50, 100 NAM GAP 1 LAN.

c) LOC XOAY (VOI RONG TORNADO):

PHAT TRIEN T 1 CN DONG RAT MANH HAY SIEU MANH. CO THE T BAO.

NGUYEN NHAN VAN CHA HIEU HET NEN CHA CO GIAI PHAP KHAC PHUC

HNH THANH T AM MAY DONG TCH IEN, XOAY TRON, NG KNH CO KHI EN 10

KM, DI CHUYEN HANG TRAM KM, SINH RA VO SO ONG HUT KHONG LO

A SO LOC XOAY THONG THNG CO NG KNH 50M

TREN NG DI CHUYEN, NO CUON LEN ROI NEM XUONG XA KE CA NHA CA, XE

CO

LOC XOAY XUAT HIEN TREN AI DNG, HNH THANH VOI RONG, HUT BUI NC LEN

CAO, TAO THANH NHNG CAY NC

11

2/ GIO ONG: LA HOAT TAI NGAN HAN

12

PHAI TNH KHI CONG TRNH CAO, MANH, CU THE:

- NHA CAO TANG TREN 40M (!)

- KHUNG NHA CN 1 TANG, KHAU O TREN 36M, TY SO H/L > 1.5

- ONG KHOI, THAP VO TUYEN

BANG CAC PHAN MEM; PHAI XAC NH C TAN SO DAO ONG RIENG C BAN

F1(HZ) E SO VI FL (A CO), E BIET C CONG THC THCH HP, XAC NH CNG

O GIO ONG, THEO CHIEU CAO CONG TRNH (TNH THEO GIO TNH) VA NHNG TAN SO

DAO ONG RIENG TIEP THEO KHAC.

VE NGUYEN TAC, NEU S DUNG NHNG DAO ONG AU TIEN, FS, F

L, F

S+1, TH TAT CA S

DANG DAO ONG AU TIEN EU PHAI C XEM XET, KHI TNH TOAN.

THONG THNG, THANH PHAN ONG CUA GIO, CO THE AT EN 50% GIA TR CNG

O CUA TAI TRONG GIO TNH. HAI THANH PHAN NAY CONG TAC DUNG VI NHAU, KHI

TNH TOAN.

GIO, TONG HP TNH CHNH XAC, SE CO CNG O KHAC NHAU, THEO TNG TANG.

TNH GAN UNG, SE CO CNG O KHAC NHAU, THEO 1 SO TANG

NHAT NH. NEU XEM KHONG OI, THEO CHIEU CAO (VA TNH VI

CHIEU CAO LN NHAT), CHAC CHAN SE LANG PH KHI SO TANG CANG

LN.

GIO, VE NGUYEN TAC, TRONG NHA CAO TANG, PHA ON VA HUT HOAN TOAN CO THE

NHAP VAO THANH TAI THONG NHAT, KHONG CAN TACH RI VA CO THE XEM LA TAI TAP

TRUNG, AT CAO TRNH SAN TANG TNG NG, PHA ON GIO.

13

THC TE, NHNG TANG HAM, THAM CH VAI TANG THAP BEN DI, SE KHONG CHU

ANH HNG CUA GIO V A CO NHNG CONG TRNH LAN CAN, KHONG CAN XAC

NH TAI GIO TAC ONG VAO.

CONG TRNH CAO TANG, THNG CO NHIEU TRUC OI XNG; KET CAU THNG LA

KHONG GIAN. DO VAY, GIO NGOAI 2 PHNG CHNH, PHAI K/TRA THEO PHNG XIEN

GOC NA.

KHI S DUNG NHNG PHAN MEM XAC NH TAN SO DAO ONG fICUA GIO ONG, LU

Y CACH XUAT KET QUA CUA CAC PHAN MEM O (fITHEO PHNG NGANG X; f

2THEO

PHNG DOC ; f3

THEO PHNG XOAN TAT CA CUA DANG DAO ONG TH 1 MA

THOI !)

LU Y LA CHU KY CANG NHO, f CANG NHO, f CANG TO, NHA CANG CNG (712 LA

HP LY)

AC BIET LU TAM EN M XOAN DO GIO GAY RA, OI VI NHNG CONG TRNH CO

MAT BANG BAT OI XNG

CO GIO TH KHONG CO ONG AT VA NGC LAI.

KHI TNH ONG AT, NHA 1,2 TANG CUNG PHAI TNH; KET CAU BTCT, THEP HAY GACH

A, GO EU PHAI TNH; KHONG CH TNH CHO NCT.

CHU YEU LA XAC NH LC ONG AT (NGANG) AT VAO TNG TANG CUA NHA, TC

CHUYEN T LC VAT LY, SANG LC C HOC.

14

a) TRNH T TNH TOAN GIO ONG LEN CT (CAC CT PHAI TNH):

THIET LAP S O TNH TOAN ONG LC:

LA THANH CONSOLE (CANTILEVER) NG, CO HU HAN IEM TAP TRUNG KHOI

LNG

HE THANH CO n PHAN; MOI PHAN LA 1 (HAY 1 SO TANG NEU TNH NHANH), CO O

CNG VA AP LC GIO TNH LEN BE MAT LA KHONG OI

IEM TAP TRUNG AT CAO TRNH TRONG TAM CUA HE KET CAU CHU TAI GIO

ONG

KHOI LNG C TNH BANG TONG GIA TR KHOI LNG HE CHU LC (KE CA

TNH TAI VA HOAT TAI). DO VAY PHAI CHON KCH THC TIET DIEN CAC BO PHAN

HE CHU LC TRC (SAU NAY, NEU THAY OI, THNG CUNG KHONG TNH LAI !)

KHI TNH KHOI LNG, HOAT TAI NGAN HAN CHO PHEP GIAM GIA TR, THONG QUA

HE SO CHIET GIAM:

DO NGI: TH VIEN, KHO CHA 0.8 (BT 20%)

CAC V TR KHAC 0.6 (BI 40%)

O CNG THANH CONSOLE BANG O CNG TNG NG CUA HE CHU LC

O CNG TNG NG XAC NH SAU CHO CHUYEN V NH CUA CT THC VA

CUA S O TNH LA BANG NHAU. KHI CO CUNG LC NGANG AT TAI NH.

15

S O TNH TOAN ONG LC TAI TRONG GIO LEN CT

16

XAC NH GIA TR GIO TNH TIEU CHUAN TAC ONG LEN CT (BTCT II)

XAC NH GIA TR GIO ONG TIEU CHUAN TAC ONG LEN CAC PHAN T TNH

TOAN:

HE SO AP LC ONG VA HE SO TNG QUAN KHONG GIAN 1 (TRA BANG) CUA

TNG PHAN T TNH TOAN

XAC NH TAN SO DAO ONG VA DANG DAO ONG

17

O TH XAC NH HE SO ONG LC

18

CAP ONG AT (THANG MSK 64)

3. ong at (TCXDVN 375 - 2006)

19

20

21

22

23

24

GIA CAP ANH HNG CUA ONG AT I (THEO THANG MSK 1964) VA O LN ONG AT

M (THEO CNG O RICHTER) CO MOI LIEN HE !

I = 1.45M 3.2LOG H2 + L2 + 2.8 (TRONG O L LA KHOANG CACH CHAN TAM, H LA

O SAU CHAN TIEU, TNH THEO KM)

CHAN TIEU: PHAN IEM XAY RA ONG AT

CHAN TAM: IEM DNG CUA CHAN TIEU LEN MAT AT.

4- QUAN HE GIA THANG O LN MSK VA THANG O RICHTER:

NEU SO SANH THANG ONG AT GIA THANG RICHTER VA THANG MSK-64 CO THE TOM

LC QUA BANG 2 SAU:THANG RICHTER THANG MSK-64

1.0 3.0 I

3.0 3.9 II III

4.0 4.9 IV V

5.0 5.9 VI VII

6.0 6.8 VIII

6.9 7.6 IX

7.6 8.0 X

TREN 8.0 XI - XII

T GIA TR GIA TOC NEN ag BANG TREN, SE TNH TOAN C LC NGANG DO ONG AT

TAC ONG LEN CTXD CU THE

TCXDVN 375-2006 CO BAN O PHAN VUNG ONG AT TAI VN, THEO O GIA TR GIA TOC NEN

TAI TP.HCM CAO NHAT THEO TH T LA Q.2, BNH THANH, Q.1, Q.4, Q.3, Q.7... VA CAC

CONG TRNH TAI TP.HCM, NEU CAN TNH ANH HNG ONG AT, PHAI XET ONG AT

CAP VII THEO THANG MSK64.

25

PHAI CHU Y EN BAN O PHAN VUNG GIA TOC NEN CUA VN A CONG BO (TCXDVN 375-2006), E XAC NH NH GIA TOC NEN, BIEU TH BANG NG CONG ANG TR.

T agR

SE CHUYEN SANG CAP ONG AT THEO THANG MSK64 (MEDEVEDEV SPONHEUER KAMIK, NAM 1964); THANG MM (MERCALLI) HAY NHNG THANG KHAC (T DUNG HN) ETHIET KE.

GIA TR GIA TOC NEN THIET KE ag CHIA LAM 3 TRNG HP ONG AT:

MANH ag 0.08g : TNH TOAN CONG TRNH CHU ONG AT

YEU 0.04g ag < 0.08g : CH AP DUNG NHNG GIAI PHAP KHANG CHAN

RAT YEU ag < 0.04g : KHONG CAN THIET KE KHANG CHAN

KHI THIET KE, S DUNG NG CONG PHO DANG 1, V PHAN LN NHNG VUNG CO ONG

AT VN, EU CO CNG O CHAN ONG M 5.5

NH GIA TOC NEN CUA TP.HCM CAO NHAT LA QUAN 3 (0.0856); BNH THANH (0.0853);QUAN 1 (0.0848); QUAN 4 (0.0847); QUAN 7 (0.0846); PHU NHUAN (0.0844)

CAC A PHNG KHAC, TRA BANG TRONG TC.

TUY MC O VA TAM QUAN TRONG CUA CT MA XEM XET E CHON HE SO 1 (KHI XACNH ag =

1x a

gR) HAY HE SO TAM QUAN TRONG THCH HP. CT SE QUYET NH NOI

DUNG NAY. PHU LUC F CUA TCXDVN 356-2006 CO GIA TR , THAM KHAO.

NEU XET ONG AT, NG VI CAP O NAO O (TRONG THANG MSK), VI , ROI ag PHUHP, TAC ONG LEN CT VA T O ROI NH PHAN MEM, XAC NH C LC (TAI) DO

ONG AT GAY RA (LC NGANG HAY LC CAT AY), TM NOI LC DO ONG AT TRONG

HE. NGOAI RA, CON CO NHNG YEU CAU CAU TAO RIENG.

ONG AT CO THE TA ONG THEO PHNG BAT KY, OI VI NCT CO MAT BANG PHC TAP,CAN CHON PHNG TNH TOAN BAT LI NHAT

THIET KE CONG TRNH CHU ONG AT, NGUYEN TAC LA COT KHOE HN DAM, E KHI COONG AT, CO KHP DEO, NEU CO, XUAT HIEN TRONG DAM TRC; CO THE DA, SE H

HONG KHI ONG AT, SAU O SE SA CHA, KHAC PHUC. KHP DEO XUAT HIEN TRONG

COT TRC, HE CHU LC SE DE PHA HOAI KHI ONG AT XAY RA. KET HP VI LY DO TCBT

LN, NHA CHOC TRI THNG CO HCL KHONG PHAI BANG BTCT THUAN TUY.

26

VI- VAN E TO HP TAI TRONG:

LA TIEU CHUAN T NGUYEN AP DUNG.

ANG CO S LAM DUNG MAY TNH; TO HP QUA CHI LI KHONG CAN THIET OI VI

NHNG CONG TRNH KHONG QUA AC BIET.

NHNG G MA TIEU CHUAN CAC NC TIEN TIEN A NGHIEN CU, QUY NH, NEN

PHAT TRIEN, AP DUNG, TRANH VAN DUNG, SUY DIEN.

GIA TR HOAT TAI DAI HAN C XNH, NAM TRONG GIA TR TNH TAI CUA TCVN

2737-95, CAN THIET XEM LA TNH TAI.

GIA TR HOAT TAI NG CUA TIEU CHUAN CAC NC TIEN TIEN THNG CAO HN

TCVN. PHAI LU TAM EN VIEC CI NI, OI CONG NANG... CHO NHNG CONG

TRNH VN, DE LAM GIA TANG GIA TR HOAT TAI VE LAU DAI.

GIA TR HOAT TAI NG THNG XAP X (25 40)% GIA TR TNH TAI. CONG TRNH

CANG CAO TANG, KHA NANG CHAT EU, CHAT U HOAT TAI CANG T, NEN NEU

TNH U LA RAT AN TOAN (HE SO GIAM HOAT TAI THEO SO TANG).

HOAT TAI NG NEN AT EU KHAP; KHONG CAN CACH TANG, CACH NHP, CO

QUA NHIEU TRNG HP VA PHC TAP HOA VAN E N GIAN

VA TO HP TAI TRONG, THEO CAC TIEU CHUAN (XEM TAI LIEU THAM KHAO).

VN (TCVN 2737-95)

ACI (318-08)

BS 8110

AS 3600

TRONG MOI TRNG HP, LU Y /V TNH E QUY OI CHNH XAC (XEM PHU LUC)