xii the americas

XI1 The Americas 165

XI1 The Americas

(i) North America to c1783

Keith Mason

12.01 The French Settlements The year’s outstanding work in this field was R.C. Harris (ed.), Historical atlas of Canada: from the beginning to 1800 (Toronto U.P., Can$95). An essential reference book, it includes a series of superb fully-annotated maps. D. Miquelon, New France 1701-1744: ‘a supplement to Europe’ (Toronto: McClelland and Steward. Can$39.95) places the colony fully within the context of the French Empire and includes informative discussions of North American and European demography, social structure, and imperial policy. J.F. Bosher, The Canada merchants, 1713-1763 (O.U.P., $48) focuses on the French traders, both Catholic and Protestant, who engaged in Atlantic commerce. J.M. Bumsted, Land, settlement, and politics on eighteenth-century Prince Edward Island (McGill-Queen’s U.P., $27.50) covers the period of French control swiftly, yet expertly, before concentrating on the British takeover. Colonial economic and social history continues to flourish in the journals. G. Allaire, ‘Officers et marchands: les societes de commerce des fourrures, 1715-1760’ ( R . d’hist. de I’amirique f r . , 40) examines the role of business partnerships in the fur trade. M. Altman, ‘Notes on the economic burden of the seigniorial system in New France, 1688-1739’ (Hist. Reflections. 14) revises his earlier estimates, while suggesting that New France achieved an impressive growth rate. On the peasantry. C. Dessureault, ‘L‘egalitarisme paysan dans I’ancienne societe rurale de la vallee du Saint-Laurent: elements pour une re-interpretation’ (R. d’hist. de I’amirique f r . , 40) criticises the notion that easy access to land ensured that there was little social differentiation within this key group. In a comparison of the inventoried estates of Quebec and Montreal artisans, J.P. Hardy, ‘Quelques aspects du niveau de richesse et de la vie rnatkrielle des artisans de Quebec et de Montreal, 1740-1755’ ( [b id , 40) establishes that the largest fortunes were found in the colonial capital. Surprisingly L. Campeau, La mission des Jisuites chez les Hurons 1634-1650 (Montreal: Les Editions Bellarmin et Rome: Institutum Historicum, Can$24) is the only work published in 1987 on Franco-Indian relations. Despite his mastery of the Jesuit archival material, it remains a disappointing book that fails to alter current perceptions of the Huron mission or Indian culture. Students of French Louisiana will be interested in R.S. Weddle et al. (eds), La Salk, the Mississippi, and the Gulf: three primary documents (Texas A & M U.P., $39.50). Each section is annotated and the translated documents have separate introductions. C.A. Brasseaux, The founding of New Acadia: the beginnings of Acadian life in Louisiana, 1765-1803 (Louisiana State U.P., $24.95) provides a detailed account of the development of the Cajun community. In a suggestive conclusion, he argues that their blend of adaptability and cultural conservatism enabled them to create a distinctive society by the early nineteenth century.

12.02 British North America: general J.A. Henretta and G.H. Nobles, Evolution and revolution: American society, 1600-1820 (Lexington, Mass.; D.C. Heath, pbk $11) is a welcome updating and elaboration of the former’s The evolution of American society, first published in 1973. Like the earlier volume, it should prove useful to both teachers and students. In a review article, ‘British America’ ( H . J . ,

166 Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature 73

30), W.A. Speck, rebukes the exceptionalist school, reiterating that the study of the colonies cannot be isolated from developments in Britain and Europe. J.P. Greene, Peripheries and centre: constitutional development in the extended polities of the British empire and the United States, 1607-1788 (Georgia U.P., f29.95) sees American constitutionalism as an outgrowth of earlier British and colonial controversies. N . Canny and A. Pagden (eds), Colonial identity in the Atlantic world, 1500-1800 (Princeton U.P., f22) is a collection of eight essays concentrating on the rather nebulous concept of colonial identity. M. Zuckerman stresses that the North American settlers always strove to be Britons and never developed a common character. 12.03 French, ‘Productivity in the Atlantic shipping industry: a quantitative study’ (J. Interdisc. Hist., 17) suggests that the eighteenth-century mercantile community successfully reduced its costs and increased its trading ventures’ productivity. J.M. Price and P.G.E. Clemens, ‘A revolution of scale in overseas trade: British firms in the Chesapeake trade, 1675-1775’ (J. Ec. Hist., 47) show how the introduction of tobacco regulation in 1685 favoured the emergence of large companies. D. Richardson, ‘The costs of survival: the transport of slaves in the middle passage and the profitability of the 18th-century British slave trade’ (Expl. in Ec. Hist., 24) argues that the slave cargo and its peculiar transport requirements were rnore prominent factors in shaping profitability than historians have traditionally assumed. Moving from merchants to sailors, M. Rediker, Between the devil and the deep blue sea: merchant seamen, pirates, and the Anglo-American maritime world, 1700-1750 (C.U.P., $24.95) should stimulate discussion with its controversial argument that eighteenth-century seafarers were the vanguard of the industrial proletariat. 12.04 Following the publication of B. Bailyn’s magnum opus last year, there is growing interest in immigration as a field of study. D. Cressy, Coming over: migration and communication between England and New England ( C . U.P., f27.50, pbk f9.95) re-examines the causes of the Great Migration. He concludes that most voyagers came to America in the 1630s in search of material improvement and not because of religious persecution at home. From the ‘Peopling of British America’ project, B. DeWolfe (ed.). ‘Discoveries of America: letters of British emigrants to America on the eve of the revolution’ (Persp. in Am. Hist., 3. 1986) presents a selection of emigrants’ correspondence focusing on the impact that the New World made upon them. Indentured servants are the subject of two works: S.V. Salinger, ‘To serve well and faithfully’: labor and indentured servants in Pennsylvania, 1682- 1800 (C.U.P., $29.95) and F. Grubb, ‘Colonial labor markets and the length of indenture: future evidence’ (Expl. in Ec. Hist., 24). Using a blend of narrative stories and quantitative analysis, Salinger shows how servitude evolved from a familial institution into an impersonal market transaction. Meanwhile, Grubb’s study of Irish indentured immigrants amving in Philadelphia in the early 1770s re-affirms the rationality and competitiveness of the trade. One quarter of all British migrants amving in the colonies during the eighteenth century were transported felons and they are now receiving due attention. A.R. Ekirch, Bound f o r America: the transportation of British convicts to the colonies, 1718-1 775 (O.U.P., $45) promises to become one of the standard works on the subject, while his ‘Exiles in the promised land: convict labor in the eighteenth-century Chesapeake’ (Maryland Hist. Mag., 82) examines the convicts’ reaction to their condition. K. Morgan, ‘English and American attitudes towards convict transportation, 1718-1775’ (History, 72) shows how a powerful coalition of

On the commercial links between the colonies and the mother country, C.J.


successive Hanoverian governments, merchants, and large planters ensured that the trade continued despite strong opposition from both sides of the Atlantic. Another encouraging development is the recent focus on German migrants. A.G. Roeber, ‘In German ways? Problems and potentials of eighteenth-century German social and cmigration history’ (Wm. & Mary Q., 3rd series, 44) is an exploratory essay that assesses the scope for a history of the German minority in British North America. Meanwhile, his ‘The origins and transfer of German-American concepts of property and inheritance’ (Persp. in A m . H b r . , 3, 1986) shows how the settlers managed to preserve their cultural values, if not their formal institutions and legal codes, in the New World. 12.05 More generally, S. Bruchey, ‘Economy and society in an earlier America’ (J. Ec. Hist., 47) calls for students of economic growth to pay more attention to social variables. The historical geographer J.T. Lemon, ‘Agriculture and society in early America’ (Ag. Hist. R . , 35) studies farming’s role in the reordering of American society. R. Wells, ‘Marriage seasonals in early America: comparisons and comments’ ( J . Interdisc. Hist., 18) offers a tentative comparison of marriage patterns in French Canada, New Jersey, and Maryland. D.F.M. Geraldi, ‘The episcopate controversy reconsidered: religious vocation and Anglican perceptions of authority in mid-eighteenth-century America’ (Persp. in A m . His t . , 3, 1986) stresses that the episcopate movement should be seen as one creative response to the secularization of colonial society. Finally, D. Higginbotharn, ‘The early American way of war: reconnaissance and appraisal’ (Wm. & Mary Q . , 3rd series, 44) argues that the relationship between the American style of warfare and republicanism requires closer scrutiny.

12.06 American puritan studies’ (Wm. & Mary Q., 3rd series. 44) surveys the field and suggests that it is not fragmented or in disarray. T. Toulouse. The art of prophesying: New England sermons and the shaping of belief (Georgia U.P., $23) examines the structure and language of four preachers’ sermons. N.O. Hatch and H.S. Stout (eds), Jonarhan Edwards and the American experience (O.U.P., $29.95) discusses the famous clergyman’s influence. Church-state relations are the subject of two studies: J.E Cooper Jr., ‘A mixed form: the establishment of church government in Massachusetts Bay. 1629-1645’ (Essex Institute Hist., Collections. 123) argues that the polity functioned successfully in balancing democratic and aristocratic impulses in the churches, while A. Zakai, ‘Puritan millennialism and theocracy in early Massachusetts’ (Hist. of European Ideas, 8 ) shows how millennialism actually buttressed the political order. In a confused book, J. Holstun, A rational millenium: Puritan utopias of seventeenth-century England and America (O.U.P., $29.95) suggests how three different ‘discourses’ converge into a distinct genre - the ‘Puritan utopia’ - during the Interregnum. D.C. Wilson, ‘Web of secrecy: Goffe, Whalley, and the legend of Hadley’ (New England Q., 60) highlights the strength of Atlantic kin and religious ties and the strains in Massachusetts’s formal relationship with England via a discussion of the American careers of two regicides. 12.07 Meanwhile, the flood of New England community studies continues with E. Byers, The nation of Nantucket: society and politics in an early American commercial center, 1660-1820 (North-Eastern U.P., $35). Like S. Innis and C.L. Heyrman, he questions whether the Puritan village deserves its reputation as the typical New England town and wonders whether in fact there was such an animal. B.H. Mann, Neighbors and strangers: law and community in early Connecticut

Particular colonies D. Hall, ‘On common ground: the coherence of


(North Carolina U.P., $27.50) combines legal and social history to chart the formalization of the legal system and the changing character of community life in seventeenth-century Connecticut. On medicine, M.A. Jimenez, Changing faces of madness: early American attitudes and treatment of the insane (New England U.P., $25) is a brief, well-researched book that shows how attitudes towards the insane in Massachusetts hardened in the wake of the Revolution. R.L. Numbers (IEd.), Medicine in the New World: New Spain, New France and New England (Tennessee U.P., $18.95) includes an essay by E.H. Christianson on modifications in medical theory and practice in the Bay Colony. Long neglected by scholars, New Jersey is the subject of two new studies. M.C. Batinski, The New Jersey assembly, 1738- 1775: the making of a legislative communiy (U.P. of America, $27.50) follows in the footsteps of T. Purvis’s 1986 monograph in analysing the composition and activity of the provincial legislature. M.N. Lurie, ‘New Jersey: the uniqu’e proprietary’ (Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 111) traces the confused evolution of the colony’s government from feudal institution to corporation. On Pennsylvania, M.M. Schweitzer, Custom and contract: household, government, and the economy in colonial Pennsylvania (Columbia U.P., $32) shows how the colonists used the courts and the common law, as well as the legislature, in formulating economic po I icy. 12.08 The Chesapeake remains the focus of considerable activity. A.H. Rutman, ‘Still planting the seeds of hope: the recent literature of the early Chesapeake’ (Virginia Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 95) expresses alarm at the way that many of the themes suggested tentatively in earlier articles have now hardened into givens. Blending social and political history, D. W. Jordan, Foundations of represmtative government in Maryland, 1632-1715 (C.U.P., f25) shows how conflict between the Maryland assembly and executive culminated with the lower house assuming the fundamental features and powers i t was to retain down through the American Revolution. But D.S. Levy, ‘The life expectancies of colonial Maryland legislators’ (Hist. Methods, 20) in arguing that there was little difference in immigrant and native-born mortality rates, challenges one of Jordan’s basic assumptions. Meanwhile, C. Steffen, ‘Gentry and bourgeois: patterns of merchant investment in Baltimore county, Maryland, 1658 to 1776’ ( J . Soc. Hist., 20) rejects the ]idea that the Chesapeake elite consisted of rational entrepreneurs and stresses the importance of patriarchy and gentility. 12.09 Challenging conventional interpretations of westward movement, A.V. Briceland, Westward from Virginia: the exploration of the Virginia-Carolina frontier, 1650-1710 (Virginia U.P., $22.50) argues that, before the early 1670s, Virginians feared the dangers of the frontier too greatly to pursue territorial growth and an expanded Indian trade. V.M. Meyer and J.E Dorman (eds), Adventurers of purse and person: Virginia, J607-1624/5 (Richmond: Dietz P., $85) is a genealogical work that seeks to identify the stockholders in the Virginia Company who either settled in the colony themselves or left issue who came to Virginia later in the seventeenth century. An idiosyncratic book, K.A. Lockridge, The diary and life of William Byrd IJ of Virginia, 1674-1744 (North Carolina U.P., $19.95) deploys literary and social science techniques to argue that Byrd became the classic liminal man, an American provincial trying-and failing-to become an English aristocrat. G. Morgan, ‘Law and social change in colonial Virginia: the role of the grand jury in Richmond county’ (Virginia Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 95) focuses on the role that neglected institution played in shaping perceptions of the community in the early Chesapeake. J.S. Solomon, ‘Livestock raising in early South Carolina, 1670-1700: prelude to the rice plantation economy’ (Agricultural H . , 61) insists that the livestock industry


provided Carolinians with a indispensable merchantable commodity while they cleared land, experimented with cash crops, and purchased labourers. Influenced by E. Genovese, A. Gallay, ‘The origins of slaveholders’ paternalism: George Whitefield, the Bryan family, and the Great Awakening in the South’ (J. of Southern H . , 53) shows how attempts by evangelicals to reform slavery during the eighteenth century contributed towards the development of a paternalistic ethos. D.H. Usner Jr., ‘The frontier exchange economy of the lower Mississippi valley in the eighteenth century’ (Wm. & Mary Q., 3rd series, 44) examines regional exchange among Europeans, Indians, and black slaves with a view to redefining the frontier as a cross-cultural network. 12.10 Womens’ history continues to flourish. In a clearly-written book, N.E.H. Hull, Female felons: women and serious crime in colonial Massachusetts (Illinois U.P., $21.95) claims that bias in verdicts, sentencing, and punishment was surprisingly mild. M.B. Norton, ‘Gender and defamation in seventeenth-century Maryland’ (Wm. & Mary Q . , 3rd series, 44) discusses the role of gossip in sustaining the social order, showing how strict sexual standards were upheld for women, financial ones for men. L.W. Waciega, ‘A man of business: the widow of means in southeastern Pennsylvania, 1750-1850’ (Ibid) argues that the cult of true womanhood did not prevent widows from participating in the supposedly male realms of trade and finance. Concentrating on a different sub-group, J.R. Soderlund, ‘Women’s authority in Pennsylvania and New Jersey Quaker meetings, 1680-1760’ (Ibid) suggests that, although Quaker women lacked independence, they did have considerable power within the community. Examining popular literature, J. Lewis, ‘The republican wife: virtue and seduction in the early republic’ (Ibid) argues that an important new political role for women was created in revolutionary America as wives and not, as L. Kerber has claimed, as mothers. Finally, B. Wood, ‘Some aspects of female resistance to chattel slavery in low country Georgia, 1763-1815’ ( H . J . , 30) examines the ways in which black females responded to their status and condition and shows bow their options were restricted by motherhood and occupational experience. 12.11 The world they made together: black and white values in eighteenth-century Virginia (Princeton U.P., $25) is an extremely stimulating book that should prompt a reassessment of the African contribution to early American society. C.A. Cody, ‘There was no “absalom” on the Ball plantations: slave-naming practices in the South Carolina low country 1720-1865’ (Am. H. R . , 92) demonstrates that slaves deliberately avoided the names of male members of the planter family and preferred to emphasize their own kin ties. B. Wood, ‘Prisons, workhouses, and the control of slave labour in low country Georgia, 1763-1815’ (Slavery and Abolition, 8) discusses the development of two key institutional devices designed to ensure obedience. L.E. Tise Proslavery: a hirtory of the defense of slavery in America, 170I-I840 (Georgia U.P., $40) argues that proslavery thought had northern rather than southern roots. Indian studies appear in a healthier state. J. Axtell alone has contributed three articles: ‘Europeans, indians, and the age of discovery in American history textbooks’ (Am. H.R., 92); ‘Colonial America without the indians: counterfactual reflections’ (J. Am. H., 73); and, ‘The power of print in the eastern woodlands’ (Wm. & Mary Q . , 3rd series, 44). The first argues that American history books are poorly equipped to convey the richness of the nation’s multi-cultural heritage and therefore unable to render intelligible the colonial origins of the United States. In a similar vein, the second imagines what early American history would have looked like in the absence of the Indians in order to

There was little published work on slavery in 1987. However, M. Sobel,


highlight their indispensability and significance. Picking up on the insights contained in his The invasion of America, the third suggests that the major key to Jesuit success in the mission field was their possession of printed books and their ability to read and write. 12.12 C. Martin (ed.), The American Indian and the problem of history (O.U.P., Can$14.95) is an uneven collection. Many of the contributions are shaped by the dubious notion that academic historians have not sufficiently appreciated that the Indian world view is different from our own. A lavishly-illustrated volume, J.W. Bradley, Evolution of the Onondaga Iroquois: accommodating change, 1:i00-1655 (Syracuse U.P., CanS24.95) examines how the material culture of the central tribe of the Iroquois confederacy in New York changed in response to early Eluropean influences. D.K. Richter and J.H. Merrell (eds), Beyond the covenant chain: the Iroquois and their neighbors in indian North America (Syracuse U.P., $27.50) consists of nine essays. Throughout the volume, the authors question the: existence of an Iroquois empire, but differ in their interpretations of the Covenant Chain. J.H. Humins, ‘Squanto and Massasoit: a struggle for power’ (New England Q., 60) focuses on internal Indian politics in the wake of the settlement of Plymouth plantation. J.F. Fausz, ‘The invasion of Virginia: Indians, colonialism and the conquest of cant: a review essay on Anglo-indian relations in the Chesapeake’ (Virginia Mag. of Hist. and Biog. 95) concludes that scholars must re-examine primary sources using ethnohistorical techniques to appreciate fully the complex process of acculturation in early Virginia. His ‘Middlemen in peace and war: Virginia’s earliest Indian interpreters, 1608-1632’ (lbid) develops these suggestions in a study of the colony’s first ‘cultural brokers’. D.D. Smit. “Abominable mixture‘: toward the repudiation of Anglo-Indian intermarriage in seventeenth-century Virginia’ (lbid) examines the historical and cultural forces that militated against Anglo-Indian miscegenation, particularly in wedlock. W.S. Robinson (ed.), Ear/y American Indian documents, treaties, and laws, 1607-1789, Vols. IV, V, VI, (Frederick, Md.: University Pub. of America, $75 each) contain a selection of source materials on diplomatic relations in the Chesapeake, most of which have already been published elsewhere in some form.

12.13 Revolution One of the New American Nation series, R.B. Morris, The forging of the Union, 1781-1789 (N.Y: Harper & Row, $22.95) contains sound chapters on diplomatic activity and economic conditions, but his well-rounded portrait of Confederation society and politics is not satisfactorily tied to his account of the constitutional reform movement. P.H. Smith (ed.), Letters of delegates to Congress, 1774-1789, V o l X N Oct. 1, 1779-March 31, 1780 (Washington D.C.: Lib. of Congress, $28) is the latest volume in a series that aims to supercede 13dmund Burnett’s collection of fifty years ago. On the causes of the revolution, J.P. Reid, Constitutional history of the American revolution: the authority to tax (Wisconsin U.P., $27.50) continues to argue that constitutional conflict was of central importance in the second part of his trilogy. A parallel thesis can be found in R.R. Johnson, ‘ “Parliamentary egotisms”: the clash of legislatures in the making of the American revolution’ (J. Am. H . , 74). He stresses the importance of the debate between Parliament and the colonial assemblies over sovereignty. In a discussion of the ideology of empire, P.J. Marshall, ‘Empire and authority in the later eighteenth century’ (J. Imp. and Commonw. Hist., 15) suggests that the war of independence followed logically from the increasing insistence of the British upper classes on the maintenance of obedience to duly constituted authority at home and abroad. P.D.G. Thomas, The Townshend duties crisis: the second phase of the American


Revolution, 1767-1773 (O.U.P., $52) is the second book in a narrative series on the formulation of imperial policy. He contends that the Grafton ministry was consistent and clear in its objectives. J. Sainsbury, Disaffected patriots: London supporters of revolutionary America, 1769-1782 (McGill-Queen’s U.P., $35) concludes that the pro-American movement in the capital was so fragmented and isolated that it had no perceptible influence on the government. J.A. Tilley, The British navy and the American Revolution (South Carolina U.P., $24.95) is a useful overview of eighteenth-century naval strategy and tactics. 12.14 On the American side, C. Mulford (ed.), John Leacock’s Thefirst book of the American chronicles of the times, 1740-1775 (London: A.U.P., f17.50) presents a fully-annotated text of the extremely popular revolutionary biblical parodic satire and examines its authorship, style and significance. A perceptive study, J.G. Marston, King and Congress: the transfer of political legitimacy (Princeton U.P., $29.95) analyses how, at the behest of moderates and conservatives, Congress took over the executive functions originally performed by the King. M.A. Bellesiles, ‘The establishment of legal structures on the frontier: the case of revolutionary Vermont’ ( J . Am. H. . 73) argues that legal institutions on the revolutionary frontier were generated from below and were representative of a broadly felt desire for consistent standards and comprehensive notions of justice. P.A. Gilje, The road to mobocracy: popular disorder in New York, 1763-1834 (North Carolina U.P., $32.50) is the first major examination of public disorder to extend from the colonial era to the Jacksonian uprisings. Over that period the mob lost its traditional role as the unofficial enforcer of community standards and became autonomous, expressing the discordant urges and fears of a pluralistic society. 12.15 On individuals, P.D. Chase (ed.), The papers of George Washington. Revolutionury war series. Vol ii: September-December, I775 (Virginia U.P., $47.50) documents his determined efforts to hold together the ill-disciplined Continental Army. One of Washington’s divisional commanders is profiled in J.D. Nelson, William Alexander, Lord Sterling (Alabama U.P., $31.95). Part of an entire issue devoted to Benjamin Franklin, E. Wright, “‘The fine and noble china vase, the British Empire”: Benjamin Franklin’s “love-hate” view of England’ (Pennsylvania Mag. of Hist. and Biog.. 111) once again highlights his deeply ambivalent attitude towards the mother country. R.F.A. Fabel, Bombast and broadsides: the lives of George Johnstone (Alabama U.P., $20.50) shows how expediency and not ideals motivated his subject as he played a secondary role on the Anglo-American stage from the 1760s to the 1780s. R.A. Rutland, James Madison: the founding father (N.Y.; Macmillan, $19.95) is a biography designed for a popular readership, but specialists will also find it useful. In the annual Weddell Lecture, R.R. Beeman, ‘The democratic faith of Patrick Henry’ (Virginia Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 95) analyses his contribution to the broader currents of American history and emphasizes his populism and liberalism. 12.16 Four loyalist studies are: R.S. Lambert, South Carolina loyalkts in the American Revolution (South Carolina U.P., $29.95), J.S. Tiedemann, ‘Loyalists and conflict resolution in post-revolutionary New York: Queens county as a test case’ (N. I! Hist., 68), J.F. Hankins, ‘A different kind of loyalist: the Sandemanians of New England during the revolutionary war’ (New England Q., 60), and D. Stouck, ‘The Wardell family and the origins of loyalism’ (Canadian Hist. R . , 68). Lambert distinguishes between low- and back-country loyalism. Using social science models, Tiedemann shows how Queens county dissidents were not treated as harshly as previously thought and how the transfer of power was effected peacefully. Hankins suggests that members of the Sandemanian sect were essentially cultural and moral,


not political, loyalists. Stouck demonstrates how one family’s deep-seated allegiance to Britain was reinforced by practical considerations.

(ii) Canada

Peter A. Russell

All dollars are Canadian unless otherwise indicated.

12.17 General Almost certainly the year’s major historiographic event has been R.C. Harris (ed.), Historical Atlas of Canada, From the Beginning to 1800, volume 1 (U.T.P., $95). The introductions to each of the five parts authoritatively summarize the developments illustrated and analyzed in the 69 plates. The maps, graphs, and charts masterfully synthesize an enormous amount of infomiation, allowing the global interconnections to become really and (usually) comprehensible. While the demands on the reader’s attention are sometimes great, the rewards are even greater. This and its two succeeding volumes will be indispensable for any serious study of Canada. Sandra Djwa, The Politics of the Imagination: ,4 Life of ER. Scott (McClelland and Stewart, $40) has selected two of Scott’s many dimensions as focus for her study: poetry and politics - an order she follows perhaps to the detriment of the latter. Both for Scott were ‘moral activities whose function is the improvement of the human condition and the freeing of the human spirit’ (p. 257). As an anglophone Quebecer and a socialist lawyer, he had to live continuously between different worlds, with the sensibility of a poet. His turn to a less socially-engaged poetry after 1946 owes less to his changing tastes as a poet and more to the failed hopes for socialism.

12.18 Military The threat of war draws various responses, of which two are alliance and avoidance. J.T. Jockel, NO Boundaries Upstairs: Canada, thc. United States and the Origins of North American Air Defence, 1945-1958 (U.B.C.U.P., $20) traces the beginnings of Canada’s most direct military tie to the USA - NORAD. The story that emerges is of a political accommodation (on the Americans’ part as much as the Canadians’) of the military imperatives as perceived by the military leaders in both countries. That indeed may be the implication of the title: while the treaty was written ‘downstairs’, it was a response to pressure ‘upstairs’, the RCAF and the USAE T.P. Socknat, Witness Against War: Pacifim in Canada, 1900-1945, (U.T.P., $17) examines the two roots of Canadian pacifism: the sectarian (eg. Mennonites) and the liberal/activist (eg. Quakers, social gospel). While he clearly gives the liberal root more consideration, he notes it was the sectarians who were the more constant. The social gospel activists rapidly converted to militaristic patriotism after 1914 (with honourable exceptions, such as J.S. Wodsworth), while other ‘progressive reformers’, drawn to pacifism and internationalism in tlhe 1920s retained their internationalism in the 1930s but coupled it instead to colle:ctive security. But Socknat nonetheless makes the fickle his focus, valuing their anti-war activism, compared to the sectarians’ concern for non-co-operation and resistance to compulsory military service. 12.19 Francophone Canadians in and outside Quebec continue to attract scholarly attention. C. Gaffield, Language, Schooling and Cultural Conflict: The Origins of the French-Language Controversy in Ontario (McGill-Queen’s U.P., $33) brings the quantitative social history method to bear on the franco-Ontarians. Tracing rural

XI1 The Amcricas 173

life through two eastern Ontario townships from 1851 to 1881 by manuscript census, he places provincial language conflicts in the context of the social and economic evolution of specific communities on the ‘frontier’ between English and French Canada. If the result is less radical than the author hoped, it nonetheless gives greater depth to our understanding of the relation between language issues and the family economy. 12.20 Huguette Lapoint-Roy, Charitt bien ordonnte: Le premier rtseau de lutte contre la pauvreti a Montrial au 19e siecle (Boreal), while delivering less than its title promises, is a valuable study of how Catholic charities functioned in Victorian Montreal (1831-1871). She examines not only the internal organization of church groups, but also the surprisingly various ways in which they tended to the poor. The neglect of the Protestants is to be regretted, as Montreal only evolved into a Catholic city during the century. Moreover the poor appear largely in their role as ‘clients’, without a voice of their own. 12.21 Terrence Craig, Racial Attitudes in English-Canadian Literature, 1905-1980 (Wilfred Laurier U.P., $24) offers a useful resource for samples of ‘common place’ racism in the literary context. The predominant mode is the oblique or incidental, rather than the deliberate racialist story. He describes and gives examples too of the use of literature of counter racial images, starting with writers like Mordecai Richler and Morley Callaghan. Cumulatively the impact of the prejudice displayed is perhaps surprisingly mild, compared to the very mixed nature of Canada’s population and the numerous restrictions in law and custom upon immigration, employment and the franchise. 12.22 of James Glaaktone, Indian Senator (Western Producer Prairie Books, $15) is the experience of race from the inside. Canada’s first Indian senator was of racially mixed origin, adopted by the Blood tribe, who living within the reserve system succeeded in ranching. From that economic base, he gained influence in Indian politics and attracted the eye of .Prime Minister John Diefenbaker. The author, with several other books to his credit, is also the late senator’s son-in-law who gained first-hand access to family papers. His professional and personal interests combine to give the finest portrait yet written of a modern Indian leader.

(iii) The United States of America

Bruce Collins

In a double sense, Hugh A. Dempsey, The Gentle Persuader: A Biography

12.23 Sources To mark the completion of H.C. Syrett’s edition of The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, we are now offered Vol. 17, Additional Letters, 1777-1802, Addenda and Errata, Cumulative Index Volumes 1-27 (Columbia U.P., $70.00). K.E. Shewmaker and K.R. Stevens (eds), The Papers of Daniel Webster: Diplomatic Papers, Vol. I1 1850-52 (New England U.P., $85.00) gives a wide view of Webster’s diplomatic work. The following additions were made to an important official source: Foreign Relations of the United States, 19S5-1957, Vol. 7 South Asia (US . Dept. of State, $17.00) and Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954. Vol. 12 Pt. 2 East Asia arid the Pat@ (U.S. Dept. of State, $23.00).

12.24 General J.H. Roper, C. Vunn Woodward, Southerner (Georgia U.P., $24.95) offers a brisk and interesting account of Woodward’s life and works. It contrasts well with more laudatory works such as N. Callahan’s Carl Sandburg : His

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Life and Works (Pennsylvania State U.P., $29.75), an uncritical study of an historian who achieved immense popularity, and the Pacific Historical Review, 56 which is devoted to essays on historians of the west (John W. Caughey, I?. A. Billington, A. P. Nasatir, Rodman W. Paul, Earl Pomeroy) who are discussed in celebratory rather than critical fashion. More stimulating is T Bender, New York Intellect: A History of Intellectual Life in New York Ciry from 1750 to the Beginnings of Our Own Time (Knopf, $25.00). This argues that intellectuals worked in three distinctive environments: an elite civic culture until the early nineteenth century, a more introverted literary culture from the mid-nineteenth century and then an increasingly private professional world of university culture from the end of the nineteenth century. Whether the complexities of New York’s ethnic and professional life and the varieties of any city’s national and international connections can sustain so neat a schema is another matter. C.N. Degler, ‘In Pursuit of an American History’ (Am. Hist. R . , 92) promises more than it delivers. J. Ashworth, ‘The Relationship between Capitalism and Humanitarianism’ (ibid.) continues a theoretically complex debate, arguing that capitalism may be linked to abolitionism through concern for markets and wage labour, for improved economic efficiency, and for the family, all of which were threatened by slavery. The reply, in T.L. Haskell, ‘Convention and Hegemonic Interest in the Debate over Antislavery : A Reply to Davis and Ashworth’ (ibid.), takes us a long way from historical thoughts or deeds. P. Abbott, States of Perfect Freedom: Autobiography m d American Political Thought (Massachusetts U.P., $20.00) argues for the difficulties of political dissent in the face of political liberalism. K.R. Bunch, ‘Henry Adams, The Second Law of Thermodynamics, and the Course of History’ ( J . of rhe History of Ideas, 48) explores a by-way of Adams’s thinking to argue that the notion of energy dispersal and the universe’s heat death squared well with Adams’s own rejection of a progressive view of history and his forebodings of the future. S . Persons, Ethnic Studies at Chicago, 1905-45 (Illinois U.P., $19.95) is a valuable study of the context and work of this important school of sociologists whlo described and advocated assimilation. 12.25 R. Higgs, Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government (O.U.P., $24.95) argues that expanding government interverition is the result of changing beliefs and specific crises. J.W. Doig and E.C. Hargrove (eds) collect together studies of influential administrators, most of whom were active from the 192Os, in Leadership and Innovation: A Biographical Perspectivc. on Entrepreneurs in Government (Johns Hopkins U.P., $39.50). The book is definitely not about businessmen serving in Washington. A.S. Campagna, U.S. National Economic Policy, 1917-19 (Praeger, $55.00) is more a reference book than a sustained analysis. J. Opie, The Law of rhe Land: Two Hundred Years 0)‘American Farmland Policy (Nebraska U.P., $25.95) is particularly helpful on twentieth- century federal legislation. G.D. Ryan and T.K. Nenninger (eds), Soldiers and Civilians: The U.S. Army and The American People (National Archives, 925.00) is a wide-ranging collection of essays on numerous aspects of the domestic interaction of army and people from the early nineteenth century to the 1960s. 12.26 The history of immigration and ethnicity may be less popular than it once was, but there is a good deal of subtle contextualisation going on. An unusual example of a study taking us from the point of immigration to American adaptation is W.D. Kamphoefner The Wesrfalians: From Germany to Missouri, (Princeton U.P., $27.50). V.R. Greene, American Immigrant Leaders, I8OO-I9IO: Marginality and Identity (Johns Hopkins U.P., $22.50) argues that immigrant leaders, tending to be middle class, accepted American middle-class values and found little difficulty in

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adjusting to American life; they also claimed that separate immigrant communities were consistent with Americanization. J.G. Alexander, The fmmigrant Church and Community: Pittsburgh’s Slovak Catholics and Lutherans, 1800-1915 (Pittsburgh U.P., $28.95) argues that ethnic parishes were formed in response to the novel circumstances facing immigrants. L.J. McCaffrey, E. Skerrett, M.J. Funchion, and C. Fanning, The Irish in Chicago (Illinois U.P., $19.95) is a very textured account of the role of religion, literature, and politics, avoiding the common trap of seeing the Irish as static and monolithic. J.J. Bukowczyk. And M y Children Did Not Know Me: A History of the Polish-Americans (Indiana U.P., $27.50) traces the immigrants’ story from arrival, involvement of peasants in factory work, and their avoidance of job mobility in the interests of class cohesion and family ties. S . Deutsch, No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940 (O.U.P., $34.50) discusses the complex adaptation by Chicanos to Americanization. 12.27 The history of education tends still to revolve around issues of social control and who benefitted from expanding provision. For example, in a re-statement of earlier ideas, M.B. Katz, Reconstructing American Education (Harvard U.P., $22.50) argues for the link between compulsory schooling and upper class desires to control education in an evolving capitalist system. Implying an even more self- serving purpose, R. Ueda, Avenues to Adulthood: The origins of the High School and Social Mobility in an American Suburb (C.U.P., $29.95) examines the high school’s impact on class and civic culture in Somerville, Massachusetts, and relates high school attainment to class. M.A. Vinovskis, ‘Family and Schooling in Colonial and Nineteenth-Century America’ ( J . of Family History, 12) offers an excellent survey of the literature and explores the model of an interaction between family responsibility for education and the increasing role of churches and schools in that process. L.P. Jorgenson, The State and the Non-Public School, 1825-1925 (Missouri U.P., $29.00) argues that the divorce of state funding from private schools and secularization of public schools resulted less from tolerance or high-mindedness than from the insistent anti-Catholicism of the Protestant clergymen involved in the Common school movement. R.L. McCaul, The Black Struggle for Public Schooling in Nineteenth-Century Illinois (Southern Illinois U.P., $24.95) shows that blacks were divided between those in Chicago who had more ambitious aims than simply access to schooling and those downstate. M.E. Hughes, The Arts at Black Mountain College (M.I.T. Press, $50.00) describes the organisation and work of this important creative arts centre during its brief existence from the early Depression to the mid-1950s. H.L. Horowitz Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End ofthe Eighteenth Century to the Present (Knopf, $24.95) is a lively introductory read, but is too attached to stereotypes and to an idealized view of the 1960s movements to win over most historians. D. Tyack, T James, and A. Benavot, Law and The Shaping of Public Education 1785-1954 (Wisconsin U.P., $25.00) is a useful survey of legislation and constitutional law and the development of education. 12.28 S. Mintz and S. Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life (Free Press, $22.50) is a useful, wide-ranging work of synthesis. D.S. Smith, “‘Early” Fertility Decline in America: A Problem in Family History’ (J. of Family H . , 12) examines the period 1800-60 and suggests that we need to look at cultural and ethnic variables to explain the decline in fertility. M.J. Stem, Society and Family Strategy: Erie County, New York, 1850-1920 (State University of New York P., $39.50) argues that family limitation was a considered response to the need to lengthen the period spent at school. C. Shammas, M. Salmon, and M. Dahlin, Inheritance in America; From Colonial Times to the


Present (Rutgers U.P., $32.00 cloth, pbk $12.00) opens up an important topic and is particularly helpful on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 12.29 A.F.C. Wallace, St. Clair: A Nineteenth-Century Coal Town’s Experience with a Disaster-Prone Industry (Knopf, $30.00) is a vivid, vigorous discussion essentially of the local elite. S. Stromquist, A Generation of Boomers: The Pattern of Railroad Labour Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America (Illinois U .P., $29.95) examines the impact of locality, government, and railway development in the pattern of work and protest followed by late nineteenth-century mobile railway workers. R.L. Lewis, Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class and Community Conflict, 1780-1980 (Kentucky U.P., $25.00) does not exhaust the possibilities of its subject, nor does it gloss over the problems created by racial tensions among miners. J.A. McGaw, Most Wonderful Machines: Mechanization and Social Change in Berkshire Paper Making, 1801-1885 (Princeton U.P., $40.00) is both a technical and social study, particularly useful in its portrayal of women’s full range of roles and of the creation of various classes among workers. G. Tweedale, Shefield Steel and America: A Century of Commercial and Technological Interdependence, 1830- 1930 (C.U.P., $49.50) concentrates on a specialist variety, crucible steel, and demonstrates the process of technology transfer to Pittsburgh and Sheffield steel firms’ efforts to compete in America. J. Niven, The American President Lines and Its Forebears 1848-1984: From Paddlewheelers to Containerships (Delaware U.P., $39.50) is a competent business history. 12.30 H. Gillette, Jr. and Z.L. Miller (eds). American Urbanism: A Historiographical Review (Greenwood, $45.00) includes some very useful historiographical and thematic essays. J.L. Machor, Pastoral Cities: Urban Ideals and the Symbolic Landscape of America (Wisconsin U.P., $45.00, pbk $1;!.95) examines ideas of community from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries and argues that the ideal was a mix of urban and rural rather than simply one or the other. A. Leighton, American Gardens of the Nineteenth Century: ‘For Comfort and Afluence’ (Massachusetts U.P., $35.00) gives a graphic description of the emergence of heavily marketed domestic gardening. This sets out the story, but does not provide cultural or social context, unlike H. H. Richardson: Architectural Forms for an American Society (Chicago U.P., $24.95) by J.E O’Gorman 12.31 Two very rapidly expanding fields of study are the history of science and especially medicine. It is difficult for the traditionally trained historian to evaluate the debates in this field, but there seems to be a bias towards the social dimensions of medicine in particular, although excellent monographs serve to establish the stages by which American scientific and medical research and teaching developed. R.V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1876 (Knopf, $30.00) focuses on groups of scientists and closes with the establishment of Johns Hopkins. S.M. Reverby, Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945 (C.U.P., $44.50, pbk $12.95) is a very useful general history. J.H. Warner, ‘Power, Conflict and Identity in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Americ:an Medicine: Therapeutic Change at the Commerical Hospital in Cincinnati’ (J . of Amer. H., 73) assesses the relative importance of practice and the pursuit of scientific cures in enhancing the status of the mid and later nineteenth century medical profession. W.B. Fye, The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Johns Hopkins U.P., $35.00) traces the rise and impact of physiological research and teaching. E. Fee, Disease and Discovery: A History of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health (Johns Hopkins U.P., $30.00) describes the emergence of professional training in public health. E. Dwyer, Homes for the Mad: Life inside Two Nineteenth-Century Asylums (Rutgers

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U.P., $32.00) stresses the pragmatic reasons for the establishment of and work regime in two New York asylums. EG. Gosling, Before Freud: Neurasthenia and the American Medical Community, 1870-1910 (Illinois U.P., $22.95) emphasizes both the spread of treatment for mental disorders from the urban middle classes to other groups, and the competition for medical business among different types of practitioner. P.J. Pauly, Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology (O.U.P., $24.95) is a thorough account of the work of an important scientist at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. S. Benison, A.C. Barger, and E.L. Wolfe, Walter B. Cannon: The Life and Times of a Young Scientist (Belknap, $30.00) is an impressive biography of an important medical researcher and administrator in the early twentieth century, who gave us the theory about adrenalin flow. Following a very different tack are works on pseudo-science. A. Wrobel (ed.), Pseudo-Science and Society in Nineteenth-Century America (Kentucky U.P., $24.00) is an eclectic collection of essays suggesting that pseudo- scientific activity and debate probably stimulated, rather than prevented, more serious research. J.C. Burnham, How Superstition Won and Science Lost: Popularizing Science and Health in the United States (Rutgers U.P., $35.00) shows how nineteenth-century scientists campaigned for the popularization of their subject. J.T. Patterson, The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture (Harvard U.P., $25.95) is a pioneering discussion that focuses on differing attitudes towards research and treatment rather than on medical or scientific history. W.G. Rothstein, American Medical Schools and the Practice of Medicine: A History (O.U.P., $29.95) is a massive account, especially of the period since 1950, of the evolution of American medical education and a critique of the increasing specialisation and isolation (intellectually and socially) of the great medical schools. 12.32 E.R. Bingham 'American Wests Through Autobiography and Memoir' (PaciJc Hist. R., 56) looks at the responses of Lincoln Steffens, Mary Austin, William 0. Douglas and Ivan Doig to western landscape to stress the variety of its impact. P.N. Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of The American West (Norton, $17.95) is a good textbook. K. Underwood, Town Building on the Colorado Frontier (New Mexico U.P., $24.95) is useful on urban promotionalism and the pattern of kinship. R.M. Utley, High Noon in Lincoln: Violence on the Western Frontier (New Mexico U.P., $22.50) sees conflict in the Lincoln county war between cattlemen as more a quest for access to markets and power, than a clash between rich and poor. C. Guarneri and D. Alvarez (eds), Religion and Society in the American West: Historical Essays (U.P. of America, $36.50, pbk. $23.75) concentrates on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and is as diverse as its subject matter. I.G. Clark, Water in New Mexico: A Hbtory of I t s Management and Use (New Mexico U.P., $50.00) details the legislative, legal and administrative problems and processes for water provision.

12.33 Early Republic to Civil War J.R. Nelson, Jr., Liberty and Property: Political Economy and Policy making in the New Nation, 1789-1812 (Johns Hopkins U.P., $25.00) continues the debate over the meanings of early republicanism. R. Zagarri, The Politics of Size: representation in the United States, 1776-1850 (Cornell U.P., $23.50) argues that the size of individual states much influenced ideas of representation down to 1850. S. Watts, The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790-1820 (Johns Hopkins U.P., $29.50), sees the War of 1812 too narrowly in the context of reactions to economic change. M.A. Palmer, Stoddert's War: Naval Operations during the Quasi- War with France, 1798-1801 (South Carolina U.P., $24.95) offers a good narrative of operations. T.J. Crackel,

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Mr. Jefferson’s Army: Political and 3ocaal Reform of the Military Establishment, 1801-1809 (New York U.P., $35.00) argues that the army was ‘democratized’ under Jefferson. P.A. Gilje, The Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City, 1763-1834 (North Carolina U.P., $32.50, pbk $9.95) is a vigorous and stimulating discussion of a fashionable, but laboured, view that New York City developed from a mid-eighteenth-century city ruled by consensus to a capitalist metropolis in which the authorities responded with force to a wide range of social discontents. 12.34 S.C. LeSueur, The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (Missouri U.P., $24.00) places the upheavals that led to the Mormons being expelled from Missouri in the context of Jacksonian violence and argues that the Mormons brought much of the trouble upon themselves. J.B. Allen, Trials of Discipleship: The Story of William Clayton, a Mormon (Illinois U.P., $22.95) charts the personal experiences of an English mid-nineteenth century convert to Mormonism who emigrated to America to follow his creed and marry prolifically. D.J. Langum, Law and Commitnity on the Mexican California Frontier: Anglo-American Expatriates and the Clash of Legal Traditions, 1821-1846 (Oklahoma U.P., $30.00) traces the ways in which ,4nglo- Americans, especially merchants, reacted to Mexican law in their settlement in Mexican lands; largely by refusing to accept it. R.A. Roth, The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791-1850 (C.U.P., $34.50) examines a wide array of social, religious, cultural, and pressure-group activities in order to understand the ways in which Vermonters reconciled change and the toleration of diversity with the requirement of stability. B.C. Mitchell, The Paddy Camps: The Irish of Lowell, 182141 (Illinois U.P., $24.95) argues that Irish immigration in the 1840s helped turn Lowell from a model industrial community into a typical industrial town. R.F. Dalzell, J:r., Enterprising Elite: The Boston Associates and the World They Made (Hamard U.P., $27.50) is another view of an elite, this time the textile manufacturers of ‘Waltham and Lowell, and their trading interests and political and philanthropic activities in the first half of the nineteenth century. .T. Toulouse, The Art of Prophesying: New England Sermons and the Shaping of Belief (Georgia U.P., $23.00) has some interesting analysis of the influence of form upon sermons down to the 1840s. E. Weiss. City in the Woods: The Life and Design of an American Camp Meeting on Martha’s Vineyard (O.U.P., $22.50) shows the emergence of a materialistic, almost classically suburban community. M.K. Clayton, ‘The Making of an American Prophet: Emerson, His Audiences, and the Rise of the Culture Industry in Nineteenth-Century America’ (Am. H. R., 92) sets Emerson’s lecturing in a broad context of cultural discourse reminding us of the special role played by thle public lecture. K.J. Hardman, Charles Grandison Finney, 1792-1875: Revivalist and Reformer (Syracuse U.P., $45.00) focuses more on his subject’s theology and theological disputations rather than providing a full life. A. Taylor, Visions of Harmony: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Millenarianism (Clarendon, $46.00) is a scholarly re-examination of well-known millenarians. R.A. Doan, The Miller Heresy, Millennialisrn, and American Culture (Temple U.P., $34.95) stresses that Millerism offers a path to understanding how numerous religious groups dlefined themselves and their faiths in the early nineteenth century; while the essays in R.L. Numbers and J.M. Butter (eds), The Disappointed: Millerbm and Millena.rianism in the Nineteenth Century (Indiana U.P., $29.95) deepen the study of the Millerites and their wider impact and interests. 12.35 M.D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (O.U.P., $27.95) weaves together the well-known story of three genuinely imposing political leaders. R.E. Ellis, The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, Slates’

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Rights, and the Null8cation Crisis (O.U.P., $32.50) questions long-standing orthodoxies concerning the nullification crisis and argues that Jackson mishandled the affair. R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Cornell U.P., $29.95) provides a rather tunnel-vision contention that Tocqueville evinced anti-bourgeois, Romantic assumptions. P.H. Bergeron, The Presidency of J a m s K . Polk (Kansas U.P., $25.00) has the merits of reasonable brevity and taking Polk seriously as a managing director of American policy; this is a useful study. M.W. Summers The Plundering Generation: Corruption and the Crkiis of the Union, 1849-1861 (O.U.P., $29.95) documents the incidence of corruption in massive detail and asserts that corruption, stemming from the character of the political system, gravely undermined the legitimacy of the republic. This seems to take ideas of subversion from within rather far and carries us even further from the issues of the 1850s. D.E. Fehrenbacher, Lincoln in Text and Context (Stanford U.P., $37.50) is a collection consisting mostly of essays already published, but, given their quality, it is valuable to have them available together. W.E. Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856 (O.U.P., $35.00) is a major work of detailed scholarship which relates electoral support to the calculations and manoeuverings of the politicians who came to form the Republican party; it adopts the revisionist position that nativism and temperance reform broke the old party system and that the Republicans’ domination of the new anti-Democratic opposition owed much to specific events in 1856. M. Crawford, The Anglo-American Crisis of the Mid- Nineteenth Century: The Times and America, 1850-1862 (Georgia U.P., $24.00) offers a valuable guide to Anglo-American relations before and during a major crisis in those relations. J.M. Woods, Rebellion and Realignment: Arkunsus’s Road to Secession (Arkansas U.P., $18.00) is a careful study which describes the regional variation in Arkansas’s response to the foundation of the Confederacy. EJ. Blue, Salmon t? Chase: A Life in Politics (Kent State U.P., $28.00) stresses Chase’s persistent ideological commitment to ending slavery and advancing racial justice. J.H. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln (Norton, $19.95) offers a thorough and very reliable re-appraisal. R.J. Kaczorowski, ‘To Begin the Nation Anew: Congress, Citizenship, and Civil Rights after the Civil War’ (Am. H . R . , 92) argues, against an impressive body of historical expertise, that Republican politicians believed that the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments radically changed American constitutionalism with a shift from states to federal government; only the Supreme Court in the 1870s quashed that view. J. D’Entremont, Southern Emancipator: Moncure Conway, the American Years, 1832-1865 (O.U.P., $29.95) charts Conway’s personal, and exceedingly unusual, journey from his planter family background to abolitionism. R. Horsman, Josiah Nott of Mobile: Southerner, Physician, and Racial Theorist (Louisiana State U.P., $35.00) is a solid public life of one of slavery’s leading ‘scientific’ defenders. W.C. Harris, William Woo& Holden: Firebrand of North Carolina Politics (Louisiana State U.P., $35.00) offers a balanced account. T.M. Haygood, Henry William Ravenel, 1814-1887: South Carolina Scientist in the Civil War Era (Alabama U.P., $22.95) is a competent life of a South Carolina botanist. J. Haley, Charles N . Hunter and Race Relations in North Carolina (North Carolina U.P., pbk $17.95) traces the story of an ex-slave who was an accommodationist during and after Reconstruction; he shows that North Carolina was no exception to more general white racism. M.E. Neely, Jr., H. Holzer and G.S. Boritt The Confederate Image: Prints ofthe Lost Cause (North Carolina U.P., $32.50, pbk $14.95) is an extremely interesting collection of lithographs and engravings and discussion of their role in developing the mythology of the ‘Lost Cause’.


12.36 Slavery and the South There is still much interest in Southern distinctiveness, although more research is now being published about the effects of the slave system on white social and cultural attitudes and relationships than on blacks themselves. J.B. Boles and E.T. Nolan (eds), Interpreting Southern History: Historiographical Essays in Honor of Sanford W Higginbotham (Louisiana State U.P., $45.00) is a useful collection of surveys of recent developments in the field. R.L. Harris, Jr., ‘The Flowering of Afro-American History’ (Am. H. R . , 92) provides a guide to some recent literature. P. Kolchin, Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom (Harvard U.P., $25.00) is a sweeping comparative study - in time and space - which shows, among other things, that the: Russian nobility put up no defence of serfdom to match that of Southerners, and that slave culture was relatively shallow compared with serf culture. M. Tyler McCiraw, ‘Richmond Free Blacks and African Colonization, 1816-1832’ ( J . of Amcr. Studr., 21). provides a good assessment of an interesting and frustratingly elusive aspect of free black life. EE Siegel, The Roots of Southern Distinctiveness: Tobacco and Society in Danville, Virginia, 1780-1865 (North Carolina U.P., $22.00) is an excellent local study that both sets out the process of tobacco-belt development clearly and provides important evidence for the complex interaction between social and economic considerations and secession. L. Schweikart, Banking in the American South: From the Age of Jackson to Reconstruction (Louisiana !State U.P., $35.00) is a careful examination of a difficult and elusive subject. R.G. Lowe and R.B. Campbell, Planters and Plain Folk: Agriculture in Antebellum Texas (Southern Methodist U.P., $22.50) see general access to land owning and improved productivity as key aspects of this farming economy; there is no impending internal crisis here. S. M. Stowe, ‘The Rhetoric of Authority: The making of Social Values in Planter Family Correspondence’ (J . of Amer. H., 73), considers the relationships between adults and adolescents among planters. The same author’s Intimacy and Power in the Old South: Ritual in the Lives of the Planters (Johns Hopkiins U.P., $29.50) focuses especially on gender in.a detailed examination of the role stylized rituals played in planters’ lives; one wonders what more can be squeezedl ou t of this line of analysis. R.C. Kenzer, Kinship and Neighborhood in a Southern Community: Orange County, North Carolina, 1849-1881 (Tennessee U.P., $28.95) explores two key themes in rural antebellum society and argues that despite the disruption of the Civil War, there was considerable continuity thereafter. P. Wallenstein, From Slave South to New South: Public Policy in Nineteenth-Century Georgia (North Carolina U.P., $27.50) provides an effective case-study of public policy, particularly useful in its treatment of the impact of taxation and for its view of government activism in the 1880s. M. Bell, Jr., Major Butler’s Legacy: Five Generations o f a Slave Holding Family (Georgia U.P., $29.95) is a detailed family history of a successful and widely connected rice planter in Georgia (who lived also in Philadelphia) and his descendants down to the early twentieth century. C.A. Cody, ‘There was No “Absalom” on the Ball Plantations: Slave-Naming Practices in the South Carolina Low Country, 1720-1865’ (Am. H. R., 92) examines naming practices as a way of charting owners’efforts to Americanize slaves and slaves’ efforts to forge their own identities. 12.37 ‘ G.E Lindeman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (Free Press, $22.50) has been compared enthusiastically in America to J. Keegan’s brilliant The Face of Battle; I have found it less stylish and far less original, although it makes a fresh effort to describe how those who fought later overcame their bitterness and animosity. W.G. Piston, Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant: James Longstreet and His Place in Southern History (Georgia U.P.,

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$24.95) is a useful and frank assessment. T.L. Jones, Lee’s Tigers: The Louisiana Infantry in the Army of Northern Virginia (Louisiana State U.P., $22.50) provides a detailed group portrait of soldiers who had a contradictory reputation both for unruliness and very high battle casualties. B.F. Cooling, Forts Henry and Donelson: The Key to the Confederate Heartland (Tennessee U.P., $24.95) gives a graphic account of the campaign leading to the surrender of these two forts and finds much to criticize in the Confederate command. L.L. Hewitt, Port Hudson, Confederate Bastion on the Mississippi (Louisiana State U.P., $19.95) stresses both the importance of this Confederate defensive point and how the Union commander, Nathaniel P. Banks, failed to capitalize on his advantages. H.W. Pfanz, Gettysburg: The Second Day (North Carolina U.P., $34.95) is a 600 page long reconstruction of a great and controversial battle. J.L. McDonough and J.P. Jones, War So Terrible: Sherman and Atlanta (Norton, $19.95) is an effective re-examination of a major campaign which shows how resilient Confederate resistance continued to be in 1864. G.H. Shattuck, Jr. , A Shield and Hiding Place: The Religious Life of the Civil War Armies (Mercer U.P., $24.95) argues that Northern evangelicals, with their concern for the redemption of society, may have contributed more to their section’s war effort than did Southern evangelicals, with their concern for individual piety. This is an introduction to a large, complex subject. B. Pryor. Clara Barton: Professional Angel (Pennsylvania U.P., $24.95) describes the private as well as public life of this leading Civil War nurse who went on to establish and advance the American Red Cross. 12.38 (Texas U.P., $29.95 cloth, pbk $12.95) is a cogent general analysis of its subject. W.L. Richter, The Army in Texas during Reconstruction, 1865-1870 (Texas A. and M.U.P., $28.50) provides useful information on the complex role of federal military and freedmen’s bureau personnel in this period. R. Wooster, Soldiers, Sutlers, and Settlers: Garrison Life on the Texas Frontier (Texas A. and M.U.P., $22.95) is descriptive and offers useful details on the period 1848-90. G. San Miguel, Jr. ‘Let all of Them Take Heed’: Mexican Americans and the Campaign for Educational Equality in Texas, 1910-1981 (Texas U.P.. $25.00) details the long efforts of Hispanic pressure groups to improve their educational opportunities. B. Clayton and J.A. Salmond (eds), The South is Another Land: Essays on the Twentieth- Century South (Greenwood, $35.00) is a diverse and useful collection of essays on politics, work and religion loosely linked to the 1920s and 1930s and W. J. Cash. Clearly the Civil Rights movement continues to fascinate. D.W. Southern, Gunnar Myrdal and Black-White Relations: The Use and Abuse of An American Dilemma, 1944-1969 (Louisiana State U.P., $35.00) provides an extremely thorough guide to the reception of Myrdal’s vast study, as well as to Myrdal’s own background and attitudes. E.H. Beardsley, A History of Neglect: Health Care for Blacks and Mill Workers in the Twentieth-Century South (Tennessee U.P., $34.95) discusses health care in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia and blames the racism, cupidity and indifference of mill-owners and the medical profession for lack of speedier improvement. T.E. Yarbrough, A Passion for Justice: J . Waties Waring and Civil Righrs (O.U.P., $32.50) is a useful biography of a South Carolinian judge who encouraged and helped plan the attack on PIessy v. Ferguson that culminated in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. A.M. Manis, Southern Civil Religions in Conflict: Black and White Baptists and Civil Rights, 1947-1957 (Georgia U . P., $22.00) is an introductory sketch rather than a detailed analysis. V. Van der Veer Hamilton, Lister Hill: Statesman from the South (North Carolina U.P., $24.95) is a solid biography but like so much Southern historiography, seems unable to accept

D. Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas 1836-1986

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that Southern whites before the 1960s could disagree strongly on economic measures yet forge a consensus on racism. M.R. Belknap, Federal Law lind Southern Order: Racial Violence and Conrtitutional Conflict in the Post- Llro wn South (Georgia U.P., $35.00) is a full account of the violence and politics leading up to the civil rights legislation.

12.39 Gilded Age To The Twentieth Century V.P. Carosso with R.C. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers, 1854-1913 (Harvard U.P., $65.00) is a massive scholarly study which carefully charts the workings of this banking house. A similar revisionism is offered in M. Klein, Union Pacific: Birth of a Rizifroad, 1862-1893 (Doubleday, $27.50) which discusses the intricacies of transcontinental railroad-building within political as well as managerial constraints. J . Livingston, ‘The Social Analysis of Economic History and Theory: Conjectures on L.ate Nineteenth-Century American Development’ (Am. H. R., 92) argues thiit changes in the corporate system around 1900 were a response to a steady decline in growth rates from the 1870s and an effort to meet the social and cultural causes of that decline. C.S. Aron, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Civil Service: Middle-class Workers in Victorian America (O.U.P., $29.95) is more narrow than its title suggests; it studies late nineteenth century office workers in federal employment in Washington, with good material on why they joined and how they coped,. B. Beatty, A Revolution Gone Backward: The Black Response to National Politics, 1876-1896 (Greenwood, $35.00) is a solid narrative of black leaders’ disappointed expectations; it is useful to have responses of Northern blacks as well as Southerners, but the story is predictably similar. H.E. Socolafsky and A.B. Spetter, The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison (Kansas U.P., $25.00) attempts a revision of Harrison, but seems to offer little more than the facts that he worked diligentlv and was unjustly overshadowed in foreign affairs by his ill and ineffectual secretary of state, Blaine. P. Kleppner, Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics, 1893-1928 (Greenwood, $35.00) marks a significant retreat from the excessive and simplistic claims of realignment theory; the election of 1896 becomes less dramatic in its impact on voters. M.C. Brown and C.N. Halaby, ‘Machine Politics in America, 1870-1945’ (J. of Interdiscip. Hist., 17) attempts to quantify aspects of machine politics in 30 leading cities. N. Pollak, The Just Polity: Populism, Law, and Human Welfare (Illiilois U.R, $29.95) re-examines the thought of a range of Populist leaders and publicists. P.H. Argersinger, ‘Populists in Power: Public Policy and Legislative Behaviour’ (J. of Interdiscip. Hist., 18) analyses Populists’s voting behaviour in the Kansas Senate in 1897 and shows that a minority of Populist legislators - and ones in influential positions - voted against reform measures. D.M. Pinderhughes, Race and Ethnicity in Chicago Politics: A Re-examination of Pluralist Theory (Illinois U.P., $29.95) examines the race hierarchy in pollitia and society from 1910 to 1940. J. Wright, The Progressive Yankees: Republican Reformers in New Hampshire, 1906-1916 (New England U.P., $30.00) shows the full complexity of writing of Progressivism even in a small state. L. Ashby, William Jennings Bryan: Champion of Democracy (Twayne, $24.95, pbk $10.95) provides a sensible, balanced introduction. W. Graebner, The Engineering of Consent: Democracy and Authority in Twentieth-Century America (Wisconsin U.P., $26.50) argues that reformist clergymen, social workers, educators and psychologists have all practiced small-group control in thexause of replacing old-style authority. K. A. Clements, Woodrow Wilson: World Statesman (Twayne, $24.95, pbk $10.95) is a good brief assessment. J.A. Thompson, Reformers and War: American Progressive Publicists and the First World War (C.U.P., f25.00) is an authoritative analysis of a



diverse group of reformers and their reactions to the issues raised by World War I. P.J. Coleman, Progressivism and the World of Reform: New Zealand and the Origins of the American Weffare State (Kansas U.P., $29.95) is a useful study of an over-looked influence. J.W. Chambers 11, To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America (Free Press, $24.95) is centred on World War I but considcrs the draft more widely; it is especially strong on the role of civilians on the selection boards. D.C. Duke, John Reed (Twayne, $19.95) fails to arouse the interest in its subject that one would expect. D. Glassberg, ‘History and the Public: Legacies of the Progressive Era’ ( J . of Amer. H . , 73) traces the impact of public celebrations of historical events and commemorations in the early twentieth century. R.A. Cosgrove, Our Lady, the Common Law: An Anglo-American Legal Community, 1870-1930 (New York U.P., $40.00) explores a phase of Anglo-American cross- fertilization in legal developments in the late nineteenth century followed by a diverging of American and British paths, with the rise in America of sociological jurisprudence and legal realism. 12.40 and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925 (C.U.P., $27.95) is a characteristically complex discussion of the role of unionism and the interaction between unionism and the social diversity of its members. A.T. Lane, Solidarity or Survival? American Labor and European Immigrants, 1830-1 924 (Greenwood, $35.00) analyses the ways in which union leaders came to oppose immigration and stresses that restrictionists tended to be conservative craft unionists. D. Schwieder. Buxton: Work and Racial Equality in a Coal Mining Community (Iowa State U.P., $24.95) describes the life and death of an early twentieth-century Iowa mining town half of whose population were black; the coal company pursued tolerant racial policies, thus providing an unusual example of small-town racial accommodationism, at least in the public sphere. 12.41 attract debate. D.A. Cornford, ,Workers and Dissent in the Redwood Empire (Temple U.P., $29.95) finds that radicalism and union activism were only occasionally vigorous in the timber country of Humboldt county in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. J.R. Barrett, Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago’s Packing House Workers, 1894-1922 (Illinois U.P., $24.95) is as much a study of failed strike action as of successful community-building by workers. A.H. Tripp, The 1.WW and the Paterson Silk Strike of 1913 (Illinois U.P., $29.95) is a fuller account of this major silk industry strike than any previously published; it explains the strike’s failure by reference to local employers and local government. P.A. Cooper, Once a Cigar Maker: Men, Women, and Work Culture in American Cigar Factories, 1900-1919 (Illinois U.P., $29.95) is a richly textured depiction of one important group of skilled workers and their milieu and the ultimate failure to stop the erosion of their position. M. Kazin. Barons of Labor: The San Francisco Building Trades and Union Power in the Progressive Era (Illinois U.P., $24.95) explores the context of building workers unionism and politics to show how middle-class partisans triumphed in San Francisco during the 1910s. M. Dubofsky, ‘Big Bill‘ Haywood (St. Martin’s, $19.95) is a concise and analytical account of a union leader especially prominent in 1914-22. P.M. Melvin, The Organic City: Urban Definition and Community Organisation, 1880-1920 (Kentucky U.P., $25.00) examines Wilbur Phillips’s neighbourhood theories and work.

12.42 The Era of FDR J.S. Peterson American Automobile Workers, 1900-1933 (State University of New York P., $39.95, pbk $14.95) shows how workers adapted

D. Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State

The extent of radicalism and willingness to resort to strikes continue to

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to mechanization in the 1920s and, with more vigour. examines such evidence as can be found for radicalism. G. Markowitz and D. Rosner ‘Slaves of the Depression’: Workers’ Letters about Life on the Job (Cornell U.P., $31.50, pbk $9.95) taps a source that has enjoyed a vogue in recent years. While it ia impossible to say how representative the letters are, they show the depth of workers’ fears and frustrations. P.J. Kuznick, Beyond the Laboratory: Scientists as Political ,.lctivists in 1930s America (Chicago U.P., $37.50) provides evidence of some dissenting radicalism among scientists but does not really show how pervasive i t was. R. Talbert, Jr., FDRS Utopian: Arthur Morgan of the Z K A . (Mississippi U.P., $25.00) tells the story of the TVA’s first, highly controversial chairman. L,. Scharf, Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady of American Liberalism (Twayne, $24.95, pbk $10.95) analyses its subject’s personality and contribution very effectively. M.H. Beasley, Eleanor Roosrvelt and the Media (Illinois U.P., $24.95) stresses the role her journalism played in helping Mrs. Roosevelt sustain her marriage and assist her husband’s political career. D.P. Peeler, Hope among Us Yet: Social Criticism and Social Solace in Depression America (Georgia U.P., $35.00) examines the art, photography and journalism of those who found individuals’ responses to the depression to be somewhat sullen resignation rather than anything dynamic. C. R . Koppes and G.D. Black, Hollywood Goes to War: How Politics, Profits (and Propaganda Shaped World War I1 Movies (Free Press, $22.50) carefully describes the intricate process of wartime ‘censorship’ and the nature of the image!; government bodies wished to see promoted. The fate of particularly hardl-pressed minorities in the war years especially has been a subject of some interest. R. Breitman and A.M. Kraut, American Refugee Policy and European Jewry, 1933- 1945 (Indiana U.P., $27.50) plays down the role of anti-Semitism and emphasisrs political, bureaucratic and national interest constraints upon America’s ability to assist European Jews. M.U. Duus, Unlikely Liberators: The Men of the 100th rind the 442nd (Hawaii U.P., $19.95) describes those Japanese-Americans who fought under American colours - in Europe - in World War 11; not surprisingly, they proved very tough, tenacious fighters. ’r. James, ‘The Education of Japanese Americans at Tule Lake, 1942-1946‘ (Pacific Hisr. R., 56) examines the effects of internment and education upon the Japanese in one of 10 such camps. E. Gamboa, ‘Braceros in the Pacific Northwest: Laborers on the Domestic Front, 1942-1947’ (ibid.) adds to our knowledge of a U S . government-sponsored scheme irivolving 47,000 contracted agricultural workers; their conditions did not come up to written expectations.

12.43 ‘state’in American society. L. Galambos (ed.), The New American State: Bureaucracies and Policies since World War I I (Johns Hopkins U.P., $27..50, pbk $11.95) gives some useful surveys of bureaucratic and policy choices since 1945. S.M. Gillon, Politics and Vision: The A D A and American Liberalism, 1947-1985 (O.U.P., $24.95) offers an interesting analysis of a small but lively East coast pressure-group that takes in many aspects of American liberalism. B.C. Hacker, The Dragon’s Tail: Radiation Safery in the Manhattan Project, 1942-1946 (California U.P., $25.00) carefully establishes how the risks of radiation initially appeared to be minor and then how they were combatted. R.C. Williams, Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy (Harvard U.P., $25.00) is a good account. H.J. Ausmus, Will Herberg: From Right to Right (North Carolina U.P., $29.95) charts this intellectual’s course from leading Communist in the 1920s to contributor to the National Review a generation later. J.T. Noonan, Jr. The Believer and the Powers That Are: Cares, History, arid Other


Post-1945 America There is still much work to be done on the role of the

XI1 The Americas I85

Data Bearing on the Relation of Religion and Government (Macmillan, $35.00) is a useful guide to the many issues raised by this complex relationship over the last four decades especially. J.P. Krieg (ed.), Dwight D. Eisenhower (Greenwood, $42.95) provides a diverse array of essays on all aspects of Eisenhower’s endeavours. J.E. Pearce, Divide and Dissent: Kentucky Politics, 1Y30-1963 (Kentucky U.P., $24.00) gives a useful view of Kentucky’s internecine party politics and of the state’s interventionism of the early 1960s. B.J. Dierenfield, Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W Smith of Virginia (Virginia U.P., $25) is a solid biography of a highly skilful and deeply conservative chairman of the House Rules Committee who met his nemesis in 1965-66. R.A. Divine, The Johnson Years, Volume Two: Vietnam, the Environment, and Science (Kansas U.P., $25.00) is an important and often revisionist collection of essays that explores key aspects of Johnson’s presidency. N.D. McFeeley, Appointment of Judges: The Johnson Presidency (Texas U.P., $22.50) provides a good administrative history of the important process of selecting federal judges; Johnson looked to merit in nominees, but also support for his domestic and Vietnam policies. J. Miller, ‘Democracy is in the Streets’: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (Simon and Schuster, $19.95) examines the political theories of the Students for a Democratic Society and its leaders as well as the personalities involved. M.S. Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (California U.P., $25.00) is a wide-ranging excursion into the realms of mass psychology. 12.44 It is interesting that we know so little about some of the more successful and dynamic aspects of post-1945 American development: suburban housing, communications, the oil industry, franchising, finance. A number of studies this year touched on some of these topics. M.A. Weiss, The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning (Columbia U.P., $30.00) is an interesting and careful study of the role played by land developers, assisted by planners in the Federal Housing Administration, in the creation of modern suburban cqmmunities. B. E. Seely. Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Temple U.P.. $32.95) describes the role of federal engineers in creating a major modern communications system, and assesses that professional group’s administrative-political role. P. Temin with L. Galambos, The Fall of the Bell System: A Study in Prices and Politics (C.U.P., $27.95) tells in analytical fashion the detailed inside story of the deregulation of the Bell system. G. Lynch, Roughnecks, Drillers, and Tool Pushers: Thirty- Three Years in the Oil Field (Texas U.P., $16.95) is a vivid autobiographical account of the years 1925-58 with some historical reflections. M. Goldfield, The Decline of Organised Labor in the United States (Chicago U.P., $25.95) examines the decline from the high points of unionization in the 1950s, and argues that white collar workers and Sun Belt inhabitants could be as unionized as traditional Northern or Mid-Westem blue-collar workers. S.P. Hays, Beau& Health and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (C.U.P., $29.95) examines the interaction of environmental issues and centralized state power and sees the first as a localist challenge to the second; this is a very large and detailed work placing pressure-group politics in subtle contexts. E.D. Berkowitz (ed.), Social Security after Fifty: Successes and Failures (Greenwood, 1987) contains some useful historical essays in a volume focusing on the fiftieth anniversary of the Social Security Act. J.A. Trolander, Professionalh and Social Change: From the Settlement House Movement to Neighborhood Centers, 1886 to the Present (Columbia U.P., $37.50) concentrates on the decline in the movement’s significance in the face of 1960s federal programmes. J.F. Bauman, Public Housing, Race and

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Renewal: Urban Planning in Philadelphia, 1920-1974 (Temple U.P., $34.95) describes important changes in housing policy where the provision of public housing shifts from accommodating poorer workers to coping with the unemployed and those suffering chronic distress. E.C. Berkowitz, Disabled Policy: America’s Programs for the Handicapped (C.U.P., $24.95) is careful, specialist study of selected programmes.

12.45 Women C. Groneman and M.B. Norton (eds), ‘To Toil the Livelong Day’: America’s Women at Work, 1780-1980 (Cornell U.P., $34.95, pbk $9.95) pursues many themes, but about half the essays focus on household work. D. Meyer, Sex and Power: The Rise of Women in America, Russia, Sweden and Italy (Wesleyan U.P., $35.00) looks from America to other countries and stresses the national peculiarities of women’s condition. M. Banta, Imagining American Women: Idea and Ideals in Cultural History (Columbia U.P., $50.00) takes a vast array of representations of woman in the period 1876-1918 to scrutinize the range of ideal types of womanhood created; this is not for the short-distance reader. Yet another specialist aspect of women’s history is examined by the essays in On Their Own: Widows and Widowhood in the American Southwest 1848-1939 edited by A. Scadron (Illinois U.P., $29.95) which shows how difficult life became in widowhood and how limited community or even familial support might be. B.B. Caroli, First Ladies (O.U.P., $19.95) is a long descriptive account which makes easy i f undemanding reading. P.C. Nagel, The Adams Women: Abigail and Lou,isa Adams, Their Sisters and Daughters (O.U.P.. $19.95) paints a grim picture of family life and the sufferings of the Adams womenfolk. Friends and Sisters: Letters between Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell, 1846-93 (Illinois U.P., $24.95) edited by C. Lasser and M.D. Merrill traces the relationship between two women who married brothers and remained involved in promoting women’s rights. I. Kugler, From Ladies to Women: The Organized Struggle for Women’s Rights in the Reconstruction Era (Greenwood, $35.00) offers a re-working of issues covered elsewhere. L. Lamphere, From Working Daughters to Working Mothers: Immigrant Women in a New England Industrial Community (Cornell U.P., $45.00, pbk $14.95) is o partial. though richly researched account of changes in female working in textile manufacturing; it places much explanatory emphasis on ethnicity. M.H. Verbrugge. Able- Bodied Womanhood: Personal Health and Social Change in Nineteenth- Century Boston (O.U.P., $29.95) examines institutional physical educati0.n for women from various contemporary points of view. G. Moldow, Women i90ctors in Gilded-Age Washington: Race, Gender and Professionalization (Illinois U .P., $24.95) is determinedly localist in focus but shows that black doctors in Howard University’s medical school were quite as sexist as their male counterparts elsewhere. M.R. Higgonet, J. Jenson, S. Michel, and M.C. Weitz (eds), Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars (Yale U.P., $22.50) includes essays on European countries as well as America and leaves detailed comparisons rnostly to the readers; it is useful to understand common concerns, on legal and pollitical issues, and it is instructive for Americans to learn that their own struggle:; are neither unique nor, compared to those of occupied Europe, as savagely fought as some women’s. N.F. Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminbm (Yale U.P., $29.95) focuses on the 1910s and 1920s to explore the full ramifications of emergent feminism, which emphasized the diversity of women’s rights and potentiall, and, therefore, the divisions that emerged within the feminist camp. E.I. Perry, Belle Moskowitz (O.U.P., $24.95) shows how a non-feminist social reformer was able to influence policy-making in the 1920s. D.M. Brown, Setting a Course: American



Women in the 1920s (Twayne, $18.95) views the 1920s as an exciting period of change, challenge and enormous promise for women. S.B. Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Women, the War, and Social Change (Twayne, $19.95) uses oral history to show how Californian women of different racial and social backgrounds intermixed during wartime factory work and suggests that the ideal-type of domesticity promoted in the 1950s was an attempt to restore women to their previous social role. M.M. Thomas, Riveting and Rationing in Dixie: Alabama Women and the Second World War (Alabama U.P., $16.95) shows, however, that black women in Alabama failed to share in the opportunities so widely opened up to whites. E.P. Crapol (ed.), Women and American Foreign Policy: Lobbyists, Critics and h i d e r s (Greenwood, $32.95) is a collection of eight studies that have a somewhat desperate point of common reference; we have little to go on when, for instance, Eleanor Roosevelt, Jane Fonda and Jeane Kirkpatrick are joined together. L.J. Rupp and V. Taylor, Survival in the Doldrutns: The America Women’s Rights Movement, 1945 to the 1960s (O.U.P., $19.95) concentrates on the pressure for an Equal Rights Amendment by small groups of activists.

12.46 Indians Unwin, $37.50) re-examines a vast subject and provides an effective discussion of it, emphasising both white racism and Indian responses to white policies. R.D. Hart, Indian Agriculture in America: Prehistory to the Present (Kansas U.P., $29.95) is a useful survey. C.G. Calloway, Crown and Calumet: British- Indian Relations, 1783-1815 (Oklahoma U.P., $21.95) is a solid account sympathetic to the Indians’ dilemmas. H. Samek The Blackfoot Confederacy, 1880-1920: A Comparative Study of Canadian and U.S. Indian Policy (New Mexico U.P., $27.50) unusually essays a comparative study of an important aspect of policy, but finds few differences in the end result, even if there were important differences in method.

12.47 Foreign Policy M.H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (Yale U.P., $22.50) offers a cultural interpretation of the roots of American foreign policy and sweeps through the ages in doing so. R.W. Turk, The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan (Greenwood, $32.95) argues against any easy relationship between these two expansionists; indeed they disagreed often. L.E. Ambrosius, Woodrow Wilson and the American Diplomatic Tradition: The Treaty Fight in Perspective (C.U.P., $34.50) is very good on the details of the battle over ratification, but far less good in fulfilling its ambitious promise to re-interpret how we understand the conduct of U.S. foreign policy. B. Halpern, A Clash of Heroes: Brandeis. Weizmann, and American Zionism (O.U.P., $29.95) focuses on Brandeis’s battle, as an American Zionist leader, with Weizmann over Zionists’ response to the Balfour Declaration. C. Hall, Britain, America and Arms Control, 1921-37 (Macmillan, $23.00) emphasizes the role of personal diplomacy between great powers. M.S. Sherry, The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon (Yale U.P., $29.95) explains the relatively, long roots of bombing theories as applied in World War 11. N.L. Zucker and N.E Zucker, The Guarded Gate: The ReaIify of American Refugee Policy (Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, $22.95) describes recent refugee policy and argues that it closely follows foreign policy. J.A. Britton, Carleton Beak: A Radical Journalist in Latin America (New Mexico U.P., $24.95) describes the life and work of the doyen of radical critics of U.S. policy in Latin America. P.G. Lauren (ed.), The China Hands’ Legacy: Ethics and Diplomacy (Westview, $24.00) examines the defects of the American ambassadorial system and the tensions between the diplomats’ personal perceptions

C. Bolt, American Indian Policy and American Reform (Allen and


and the requirements of policy. J.L. Gaddis, The Long Peace (O.U.P., $24.95) is a collection of important essays by one of the leading historians of the Cold War. H.B. Ryan, The Vision of Anglo-America: The U,S.-U. K . Alliance and the Emerging Cold War, 1943-1946 (C.U.P., 1987) gives a fuller picture of British approaches to Greece and Poland as they affected British efforts to secure American aid in an anti-Soviet policy; this strengthens an interpretation already advanced by others. J.L. Gormly, The Collapse of the Grand Alliance, 1!245-1948 (Louisiana State U.P., $25.00) is a general account which, again like so much recent writing, emphasizes the powers’ essential incompatibility of interests. M.J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (C.U.P., $34.50) argues that American policy-makers sought to reshape Europe, by breaking down international economic barriers and creating a more corporatist structure. F.C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Statesman, 1945-1959 (Viking, $29.95) is the last volume of a mammoth biography. M.H. Lytle, The Origins of the Iranian-American Alliance, 1941-1953 (Holmes and Meier, $49.50) shows the importance of the link with Iran in various American policy-makers’ eyes and the dangers to any regime of becoming over-dependent on U.S. support. G.R. Hess, ‘Global Expansion and Regional Balances: The Emerging Scholarship on United States Relations with India and Pakistan’ (Pacific Hist. R., 56) offers a useful historiographical survey on the study of a frustrating set of relationships since 1945. G.R. Hess. The United States’ Emergence PF a Southeast Asian Power, 1940-1950 (Columbia U.P., $45.00) emphasises how American policy in the region was geared to America’s political and economic relations with Europe and Japan. M.H. Morley, Imperial State and Revolution: The United States and Cubw, 1952- 1986 (C.U.P., $59.50, pbk $16.95) relies heavily on interviews with participants and upon theoretical constructs of the Great Power-small island relationship. T Higgins The Perfect Failure: Kennedy, Eisenhower and the C I A at the Bay of Pigs (Norton, $17.95) is a thorough exploration of the subject, though not based on C.I.A. archives, which well points up the struggle between advocates of an all-out invasion and proponents of a covert operation. G.C. Herring, ‘America and Vietnam: The Debate Continues’ (Am. H. R., 92) is an extremely lucid and illuminating review essay.

(iv) Latin America and the Caribbean

Joseph Smith

12.48 General Cambridge University Press is to be congratulated for iits decision to publish paperback editions of sections from the first three volumes of L. Bethell (ed.), The Cambridge history of Latin America. Chapters from vols 1 and 2 are printed in Colonial Brazil and Colonial Spanish America (C.U.P., pbk f12.95 and f9.95). Most of vol 3 appears in The independence of Latin America and Spanish America after independence (C.U.P., pbk f9.95). Each of the paperback volumes is edited by L. Bethell and stands up as a separate entity in its own right. They will undoubtedly become essential reading for students of Latin American history for years to come. Useful historical background material is also present in E.P. Archetti, P. Cammack and B. Roberts (eds), Latin America (Macmillan, f25, pbk f7.95) though most of the contributors are social scientists whose main purpose is to present a theoretical overview of modern Latin American society and politics. A similar approach is evident in J.W. Hopkins (ed.), Latin America (Holme!; & Meier,


pbk $39.50) which contains interesting comparative insights and a useful section on bibliographic aids for students.

12.49 Economic D. Preston (ed.), Latin American development (Longman, pbk f9.95) provides a collection of essays by British scholars with the emphasis on internal economic development. More specialized case studies stressing the considerable contribution made by local families to economic growth are D. W. Walker, Kinship, business and politics: the Martinez del Rio family in Mexico, 1824-1867 (Texas U.P., f19) and A.M. Saragoza, The Monterrey elite and the Mexican state, 1880-1940 (Texas U.P., $30). C. Solberg, The prairies and the pampas: agrarian policy in Canada and Argentina, 1880-1930 (Stanford U.P., $39.50) provides an excellent example of comparative economic history. The concern for ecological balance is reflected in W. Dean, Brazil and the struggle for rubber: a study in environmental history (C.U.P., f25) which expertly highlights the enduring difficulties of promoting economic development in remote regions of Brazil. J.C. Brown, ‘Domestic politics and foreign investment: British development of Mexican petroleum, 1889-191 1,’ (Business Hist. R. , 61) examines the successful intrusion of foreign capitalists in porfirian Mexico. R. Garcia Heras, ‘Hostage private companies under restraint: British railways and transport coordination in Argentina during the 1930s: ( J . Lat. A m . Stud., 19) shows, however, that Britain did not always enjoy a strong bargaining position in its dealings with Latin American governments. A guide through the maze of the contemporary problem of international debt is R. Thorp and L. Whitehead (eds), Latin American debt and the adjwtment crisis (Macmillan, f33). H.J. Wiarda. Latin America at the crossroads: debt, development and the future (Westview P., $23.95) argues that international lending agencies can do a great deal more to resolve the crisis. The financial programmes instituted so far under the direction of the IMF have aroused considerable criticism and are competently examined for the period from 1965 to 1981 by M. Pastor, The international monetary fund and Latin America (Westview P., f25.50).

12.50 nation’s Latin American policy, but they remain optimistic that greater mutual sympathy and realism can overcome the heritage of mistrust. Variations on this theme are represented by A.E Lowenthal, Partners in Conflict: The United States and Latin America (Johns Hopkins U.P., $19.95). L. Schoultz, National security and United States policy toward Latin America (Princeton U.P., $42.50) and R. Scheman, ‘Rhetoric and reality: the inter-American system’s second century,’ (J . Inter-Am. Stud., 29). More critical is J.R. Benjamin, ‘The framework of U.S. relations with Latin America in the twentieth century,’ (Diplomatic Hist., 11) which argues tendentiously that interventionism has been the inevitable consequence of American expansionism. Two informative case studies that underline the clash between American ideals and diplomatic practice are R.L. Lael, Arrogant diplomacy: U.S. policy toward Colombia, 1903-1922 (Scholarly Resources, $30) and J.H. Stiller, George S. Messersmith: diplomat of democracy (North Carolina U.P., f29.75). J. Findling, Close neighbors, distant friends: United States-Central American relations (Greenwood P., f34) is a straightforward survey of diplomatic relations from 1800 to the present. M. Caballero, Latin America and the Comintern, 1919- 1943 (C.U.P., €25) and Z.A. Kruszewski and W. Richardson, Mexico and the Soviet bloc (Westview P., $17) both explain that Moscow has historically given a low diplomatic priority to Latin America. The new Gorbachev regime suggests that

International relations American scholars continue to find fault with their


change is in the offing and this forms the theme of an interesting collection of articles by Latin American scholars in A. Varas (ed.), Soviet-Latin American Relations in the 1980s (Westview P., pbk f33). 12.51 America und the Caribbean (O.U.P., f19.50) which gives a number of perceptive insights, but can hardly do justice to such a vast topic. The sad story of racial genocide is vividly recounted in J. Hemming, Amazon frontier: defeat of the Brazilian Indians (Macmillan, f 19.95) and in the reissue of the same author’s, Red gold: conquest of the Brazilian fndians (Macmillan, pbk f8.95). The changing role of women in contemporary Latin American society is illuminated in P. Ellis (ed.), Women of the Caribbean (Zed Books, pbk f5.95), M. Agosin, Scraps of I’ife: Chilean women under Pinochet (Zed Books, pbk f5.95), and V.L. Ruiz and S.B. Tiano, Women on the US-Mexico border (Unwin Hyman, pbk f12.95). J.M. Malloy and M.A. Seligson (eds), Authoritarians and democrats: regime transition in Latin America (Pittsburgh U.P., $25.95) argue that the recent trend towards constitutional government shows that Latin American society is not culturally predisposed to authoritarian rule. One manifestation of the spirit of defiance is the tradition of banditry whose social and political significance is perceptively examined in eight individual studies contained in R.W. Slatta (ed.), Bandidos: the varieties of Latin American banditry (Greenwood P., f36.50).

12.52 Colonial The student editions mentioned above of the first two volumes of the Cambridge History of Latin America are invaluable. A substantial study of the period before the Spanish conquest going as far back as 10,000 BC is S.J. Fiedel. Prehistory of the Americas (C.U.P., f30). J. Haas, T. Pozorski and S. Pozorski (eds), The origins and development of the Andean state (C.U.P., f30) presents essays dealing with the rise and fall of the states and societies of pre-Inca Peru. The cultural resilience of indigenous societies is demonstrated in I. Clendinnen, Ambivalent conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatun, 1517-1570 (C.U.P., f25) which deals with the clash between Spaniards and Mayas in 16th century Yucatan and A. Zulawski, ‘Wages, ore sharing and peasant agriculture: labor in Oruro’s silver mines, 1607-1720’ (Hisp. Am. Hist. R., 67) which explains how the Indians of Upper Peru worked in the mines but still retained links with their local communities. Complementing the many studies of the organization of gold and silver production E.M. Barrett, The Mexican colonial copper indurtry (New Mexico U.P., $22.50) directs attention to Spanish attempts to ensure the supply of copper. The rise of the landed estancias is the subject of S. Amaral, ‘Rural production and labour in late colonial Buenos Aires’ (1. Lat. Am. Stud., 19).

12.53 Independence With the notable exception of the student edition mentioned above of vol 3 of the Cambridge History of Latin America no major works appear in 1987. An old-fashioned topic is revived by D.A.G. Waddell, ‘British neutrality and Spanish-American independence: the problem of foreign enlistment,’ (J. Lat. Am. Stud., 19) which carefully describes the ambivalent nature of official British policy towards the movements for independence.

12.54 National: (a) Argentina Students and teachers will welcome the publication of a paperback edition of D. Rock, Argentina, 1516-1982 (I.B. Tauris, pbk f 12.50). The same author also examines the historical origins of Argentine nationalism in, ‘Intellectual precursors of conservative nationalism in Argentina, 1900-1927,’ (Hisp. Am. Hist. R., 67). R. Crassweller, Peron and the enigmas of Argentina (Norton,

Of more general cultural interest is H.S. Klein, African slavery in Latin


f17.95) is more convincing on Peron’s rise to power rather than his later years. The importance of the working-class in the shaping of modern Argentina is rightly emphasized in R. Munck, R. Falcon and B. Galitelli, Argentina: from anarchism to peronism (Zed Books, pbk, f8.95). The theme of class conflict is further explored in R. Munck, ‘Cycles of class struggle and the making of the working class in Argentina, 1890-1920,’ (J. Lat. Am. Stud., 19) and D.J. Greenberg, ‘Sugar depression and agrarian revolt: the Argentine radical party and the Tucuman Cafieros’ strike of 1927,’ (Hisp. Am. Hist. R . , 67).

12.55 (b) Brazil Social history attracts a crop of outstanding works. The existing literature on Brazilian urban society is considerably enriched by C. Karasch, Slave life in Rio de Janeiro, 1808-1850 (Princeton U.P., f52) which provides a masterly description of the evolution of Afro-cariocan culture. J.D. Needell. A tropical ‘belle ipoque’: elite culture and society in turn-of-the-century Rio de Janeiro (C.U.P., f27.50) expertly recreates the era of Rio’s most dynamic growth, but also highlights the dependence of the Brazilian elite upon European models. The pervasive influence of the family upon Brazilian politics is explored in D.E. Levi, The Prados of Sdo Paulo, Brazil: an elite family and social change, 1840-1930 (Georgia U.P., f25.45) and L. Lewin, Politics and parentela in Paraiba (Princeton U.P., $52.50) which is an excellent study of the rise and fall of the Pessoa oligarchy. The elitist nature of society is also confirmed by the statistical evidence relating to military careers in M.C. McBeth, ‘Brazilian generals, 1822-1865,’ (Americas. 44). At the other end of society, the condition of the urban proletariat is briefly discussed by M.C. Paoli, ‘Working-class SBo Paulo and its representations, 1900- 1940,’ (Lat. Amer. Perspectives, 14). Recent historical research reveals that the lower classes appear to have gained little by the creation of the republic. This theme is ably argued in J.M. de Carvalho, 0 s bestializados (Sio Paulo, pbk $6). The latter’s sympathetic study of the riots in Rio against compulsory vaccination is complemented by J.D. Needell,,‘The “revolta contra vacina” of 1904,’ (Hisp. Am. Hist. R . , 67). The view of the federal government as an active economic agent has already been the subject of a number of articles by S. Topik and now appears in his, The political economy of the Brazilian state, 1889-1930 (Texas U.P., f25). F.C. Luebke, Germans in Brazil (Louisiana U.P., f30.90) adopts an unusual approach and looks at events in Brazil during world war 1 from the point of view of the German communities in the south. The significance of 1945 for Brazil’s political history is emphasized in S.E. Hilton, ‘The overthrow of Getulio Vargas in 1945,’ (Hisp. Am. Hist. R . , 67) which argues that Getulio’s fall from power was not the result of a conspiracy engineered by the military and the American embassy. The recent transition from military rule to democracy is discussed in J.D. Wirth, E. de Oliveira Nunes and T.E. Bogenschild, State and society in Brazil (Westview P.. $29.95). The apparent quiescence of the military is puzzling. A. Stepan. Rethinking military politics: Brazil and the southern cone (Princeton U.P., pbk $9.95) and S.E. Hilton, ‘The Brazilian military: changing strategic perceptions and the question of mission,’ (Armed Forces & Society, 13) explain that the military has turned its attention to defending the nation against perceived external threats. A much less well-known subject is examined by R. Johnson, Thefilm industry in Brazil (Pittsburgh U.P., $28.95) which competently describes the history of the film industry and bemoans its growing dependence on financial backing from the state.

12.56 (c) Other South American Countries Most items are concerned with contemporary affairs. R. Dix, The politics of Colombia (Praeger, f36.50) is a

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comprehensive analysis of the contemporary political system. D. W. Schodt, Ecuador (Westview P., f23) provides a brief but excellent guide to the famrces shaping modern Ecuador. J. Crabtree, G. Duffy and J. Pearce, The great tin crash: Bolivia and the world tin market (Latin American Bureau, pbk f2.95) highlights the plight of a people dependent on the vagaries of the world economy. R. Miller (ed.), Region and class in modern Peru (Liverpool U.P., f10.95) presents conference papers illustrating the diversity and range of Peruvian economic and sociill history. Brief works of a more historical nature are M.J. Gonzales, ‘Neo-colonialism and Indian unrest in southern Peru, 1867-1898’ (Bull. of Lat. Amer. Research, 6) which shows how economic discontent provoked rural disorder and P. and R. Roudie (eds), Un franpis uu Chili, 1841-1853 (Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, pbk F85) which relates the observations of a French emigrant on Chilean politics and society.

12.57 (d) Mexico The most important book to appear is J. Tutino, From insurrection to revolution in Mexico: social bases of agrarian violence 1750-1 940 (Princeton U.P., f24) which draws thoughtful comparisons between the Hidalgo revolt and the revolution of a century later. S.C. Green, The Mexican republic: the first decade, 1823-1832 (Pittsburgh U.P., $31.95) competently describes social and economic conditions during the first decade of independence. D.N. Valdks, ‘The decline of slavery in Mexico’ (Americas, 44) explains that slavery was alrt:ady a moribund institution by the 1820s. J.M. Rausch. ‘Frontiers in crisis: the breakdown of the missions in far northern Mexico and New Granada, 1821-1849’ (Ccmp. Srud. SOC. and Hist., 29) makes interesting comparisons with Mexico while focusing on unsuccessful attempts to revitalize missions in New Grenada. C.A. Week!$, The /udrez myth in Mexico (Alabama U.P., f25.45) is a superficial treatment of the making and exploitation of the Juarez myth. The ability of the Mexican elite to survive the revolution is discussed in D. Ankerson, Agrarian warlord: Sarurnino Cedillo and the Mexican revolution in Sun Luis fotosi (Northern Illinois IJ. P., $32) and M. Wasserman, ‘Strategies for suririval of the Porfirian elite in revolutionary Mexico: Chihuahua during the 1920s’ (Hisp. Am. Hist. R. , 67). By contrast, the communist party has steadily lost ground in 20th century Mexico. The party’s failure to form an effective alliance between workers and peasants is discussed in B. Carr, ‘The Mexican communist party and agrarian mobilization in the Laguna, 1920-40’ (ibid) and ‘Crisis in Mexican communism: the extraordinary congress of the Mexican communist party’ (Science & Society, 50 and 51) which tells the story of the controversial 1940 party congress. A. Riding, Mexico: inside the volcano (I.B. Tauris, f19.50) provides a very readable though journalistic view of modern Mexico.


12.58 (e) Central America An excellent bibliographic aid is R.L. Woodward, ‘The historiography of modem Central America since 1960’ (Hisp. Am. Hist. R., 67). The outpouring of books on the region’s troubled relationship with the United States continues unabated. L.A. Clayton, ‘The Nicaragua canal in the nineteenth century’ (J . t a t . Am. Srud., 19) is a reminder that over a century ago American politicians were just as confused about Central American affairs as they are today. A much shorter historical memory is contained in R.A. Pastor, Condemned to repetition: the United States and Nicaragua (Princeton U.P., $15.60) which fears that the ‘loss’ of Cuba may soon be repeated in Nicaragua. The collection of well- informed articles in T.W. Walker (ed.), Reagan versus the Sandinistas: uno!eclared war on Nicaragua (Westview P., f26, pbk f13) provides an excellent analysis of the


Reagan administration’s attempts to destabilize the government of Nicaragua. W.1. Robinson and K. W. Nordworthy, David and Goliath: Washington’s war against Nicaragua (Zed Books, pbk f8 ) adopts a more sensational approach and is bluntly critical of American policy. Despite its evident sympathy for the Sandinista cause D.C. I-lodges, Intellectual foundations of the Nicaraguan revolution (Texas U.P., $27.50) contributes a welcome sense of historical perspective by including an opening section dealing with the life of Sandino and the evolution of his intellectual legacy. American policy towards the whole Central American region is examined in E. Best, U.S. policy and regional security in Central America (Gower, f 19.50) and M. Falcoff and R. Royal (eds), The continuing crisis: U.S. policy in Central America and the Caribbean (U.P. of. America, pbk f9.95) which includes documenh and commentaries intended as a teaching aid. The plight of the people of Guatemala and their seemingly unceasing struggle against oppression both from within and without is the subject of J.P. Painter, Guatemala: false hope, false freedom (Latin American Bureau, pbk f4.95). M. Gatehouse and M.A. Reyes, Sofi drink, hard labour: Guatemalan workers take on Coca-Cola (Latin American Bureau, pbk f1 .25) and H. Frundt, ‘To buy the world a coke: implications of trade union redevelopment in Guatemala’ (Latin American Perspectives, 14). Of related interest is 0.T Quamina, Mineworkers of Guyana (Zed Books, f 18.95) which describes the almost identical struggle of Guyanese mineworkers against not only a foreign multinational but also their own corrupt trade union leaders.

12.59 (0 The Caribbean There are two highly informative biographies of Fidel Castro. T. Szulc, Fidel (Hutchinson, f14.95) is the work of a veteran journalist whose already formidable personal knowledge of Caribbean affairs has been supplemented by several meetings with the Cuban leader. Not surprizingly, the result is a very interesting but extremely lengthy book cornprizing more than 700 pages. P. Bourne, Castro (Macrnillan, f 15) attempts to be more detached, but he also succumbs to the inherent difficulty of assessing the career of a man who is not only living but is also still in power. S.B. Liss, Roots of revolution: radical thought in Cuba (Nebraska U.P., f20.85) provides a marxist summary of radical thinkers from the 19th century to Fidel and Che. ET. Fitzgerald, ‘The “sovietization of Cuba thesis” revisited’ (Science & Society, 51) argues ingeniously that the Cuban revolution remains unique and relatively free from Soviet direction and control. P.S. Falk, ‘Cuba in Africa’ (For. Affs., 65) takes an opposite view and regards Cuba as merely the proxy of the Soviet Union. On the subject of slavery L.W. Bergard, ‘Slave prices in Cuba, 1840-1875’ (Hisp. Am. Hist. R. , 67) produces statistical evidence to show that the continuation of high prices reflected Cuban dependence on slave labor throughout much of the nineteenth century. Competent studies of some of the other islands in the Caribbean are G.K. Lewis, Grenada (Johns Hopkins U.P., f 17.75) and J.L. Dietz, Economic history of Puerto Rico (Princeton U.P., $49.50).

xii the americas

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