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2004

8

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1949

12

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(1)Hadumod Busmann, Rontledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, translated and edited by Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzazi (London: Routledge, 1996 p 284)

14

11

111

15

1

112

19

2

(1)John Lyons, Language and Lingusties: An Introduction, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1981 p, 34)

219964

16

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113

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(1) See Lyons 1981:35 (2) Lyons 1981:35

17

1131

1

2

18

312

4

35

(1)R.H. Robins, General Linguisties: An Introductory Survey, 2nd edn (Lengman 1978), p.181. (2)E.A. Nida, Morphology, 2nd edn (Michigan: The university of Michigan press, 1962),p.1. (3) Lyons, 1981:100.

19

1

2

(1) See Busman ,1996:423. (2) John Lyons Linguistic Semantics :An Introduction (Cambridge :Cambridge university press,1995),p.xii.

20

61

2

3

(1) Geoffrey Leech, principles of pragmatics (New york Longman, 1985)p.x. (2) John Lyons semantics (Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 1977).1:115. (3) Lyons, 1977:1:114.

21

1

2Medieval

lslamic Pragmatics

(1) S.C. Levinson, pragmaties(Cambridge :university press,1983),p.5. (2) Mohamed M. yunis Ali, Medieval Islamic pragmatics Sunni le gal the or ists models of tex tual colonization (London: Curzon press, 2000), p.9.

22

Speech act Theory1975

sistuation semantics1

illocutionarylogic2

(1) M.Gawron, and Stanley peters, Anaphora and Quantification in situation semantics (Stanford: csl,1990). (2) See Bussmann ,1996:374.

23

1

114

12

3

2

(1) Leech ,1983:xi. (2) Lyons ,1981:267. (3) Busman .1996;439.

24

1

3 Psycholinguisticspsyche

lingua2

(1) Lyons ,1981:267. (2) Lyons ,1981:268.

25

1

19

1953

24

3

(1) See McLeish ,1993:606-607. (2) See Busman ,1996:390. (3) Lyons ,1981:295-296.

26

1

(1) Lyons ,1981:295-7.

27

1

(1) See Mcleish, 1993: 718.

28

2

21

29

–

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2

(1) F.de Saussure, Course de linguistic general (Paris: Payot, 1968), p.32.

2199324

30

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221

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31

222

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198342

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11982103

(2) Saussure, 1968: 169.

33

–

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35

36

37

224

1

1199346–47

38

1

225

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1199346

39

utterance

1

productivity

1

143

40

1

226

2

(1) N. Chomsky, Syntactic Structures (the Hague: Mouton, 1957), p. 13. (2) G Yule, The study of Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1996), p.24.

41

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4

42

5

1 2 3 4 12 5 23

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43

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123

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4

5

6

7

8

9

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Epistemology

See Dagobert D. Runes, Dictionary of philosophy, 16th edn,

(NewYork: philosophical Library, n – d).

47

48

311

3111

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Otto Jespersen

1

2 (experience)

perceptionBloomfield

Behaviorism 1924 3

(1) O. Jespersen, Language. Its Nature, Development, and Origin. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1922) p. 7. (2) Lyons, 1981, p.40. (3) Lyons 1977, 1: 121.

50

1.

2

3.

4

infinity

(1) N. Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Cambridge: The MIT press, 1965) p. 193, notel. (2) Chomsky N., 1965: 20 (3) Chomsky, N., 1965: 194. (4) R . H. Robins , A short History of Linguistics (London: Longman, 1997) p. 261.

51

intuition introspection

Robins

–

–

1

2

(1) Robins, 1997: 262 (2) See Robins, 1997: 262.

52

1

unworkable

(1) Lyons, 1981: 441 –442.

53

steril1– –

3112

adequacy

Observational

adequacy descriptive adequacy explanatory adequacy

(1) Lyons, 1981: 42.

54

1

(1) Dieter Wunderlich, Foundations of Linguistics, Translated by Roger Lass (Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1979) p. 70.

55

universals

1

(1) N Chomsky, Curent Issues in Linguistics Theory (The Hague: Mouton, 1964) p. 28.

56

1 .

2

3113

(1) Chomsky, 1964: 28, n.1. (2) See Robins, 1997: 265 –266.

57

Schnelle

1 .

(1) Wunderlich, 1979: 105 –106.

58

3114

Kazt 1

2 3

4

(1) Jerrold J Katz, Linguistic Philosophy: the Underlying Reality of Language and Its Philosophical Import (London: Allen and Unwin, 1972). Underlying Reality of Language and Its Philosophical Import (London: Allen and Unwin, 1972). (2) See Jerrold J Katz, Language and other Abstract Objects (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981) p 22. (3) See Katz, 1981: 181. (4) Katz, 1981:183.

59

1

idealization

theoreticallanguageactual

(1) Yunis Ali, 2000, pp 87 – 140.

60

language1،

2

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typification

3

(1) Wunderlich, 1979: 69.

21349241

(3) Wunderlich, 1979: 104.

61

1

SperberWilson2

3115

parole

(1) Ibid. (2) Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson "irony and Use-Mention Distinction'' in Steven Davis (ed), Pragmatics: A Reader (NeW York: Oxford University press, 1991), pp. 550 – 564, pp. 551 – 552.

62

1

linguistic patterns

2

63

2163

64

1916

65

1

1 universal grammar

2

2

1

Yunis Ali, 2000: 15 – 16, 142 – 143. (2) Lyons 1995, p. 21.

66

––

productsystemprocess 1

pragmaticssemantics

process product

2

speech acts

(1) Lyons, 1995 p. 21. (2) Lyons, 1995 p. 22.

67

intention meaning conversation

3116 1

productivity

1957

1

68

13117

––

(1) Chomsky, 1957, p. 13.

69

32 321

1746–1794

1821–

1868 1859

1863

1

)1( 19967

70

1787–1832

1

19

)1( 199711–12

71

––

–

19

1

(1)P.A.. M, seuren , western Linguistics: An Historical Introduction (Oxford : Black Well publishers Ltd , 1998) , p. 83 – 84.

72

assimilation

haplology1

analogy2borrowing1

)1(

ottonotte

octonoctis

EnglandEngla – landsee Lyons , 1981: 207 – 208).

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Neogrammarians

-

edjumpedJump

sangsing

73

19

roderide

–

holphelpedhelp

dovedived

divesee Lyons , 1981 : 201 – 203

)1( borrowing

skskirt , skill , skyskshsksh

shirtshipshed see Lyons , 1981 : 206

74

1931

1

2

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5

(1) see seuren , 1998: 83 (2) Lyons , 1981 : 55

75

1

728–

1328 751–1350

2

(1) Lyons , 1981 : 55 (2) see Yunis Ali , 2000: 110.

76

tententien

dekm ten

77

1

322

structuralism structure struere

(1) Lyons , 1981 : 55 – 56.

78

1

(1) see Lyons , 1981 : 54.

79

aoi

–aoi

80

–

–

81

–

1

(1) See Lyons , 1981 : 220.

82

1

2

(1) Robins: 1997 , 226. (2) Robins : 1997 , 226 – 227.

83

201

2

3

(1) Robins 1997 : 243. (2) Robins , 1997 : 239. (3) Robins , 1997 : 239 .

84

323

1

1882–1945

(1) Seuren , 1998 : 158.

85

1992 1

3231

19

subjectpredicate

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(1) Seuren , 1998 : 158.

86

– 1

1 2

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(1) M. A. K. Halliday & R. Hasan , cohesion in English (London): Longmun 1976 , p. 326.

87

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by

The rat was eatene by the cat.

88

the

a

1673

89

1

2

11

22

33

44

)1(

1997225 (2) D. Nunan, Introducing Discourse Analysis (London : penguin English , 1993) p.45.

90

1

1

3232

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(1) Nunan , 1993: 46 – 47. (2) Robins , 1997 : 238.

91

1896–1982

12

tbkt

k t

–r –l

92

1

1890–1938

)1( 1996126–127

93

1

2 – 3

94

1 import import

2

3

(1) See Lyons , 1981 : 224 –225. (2) see loyns , 1981 : 94.

)3( 1996117–118

95

au

1

3–23–3

2

)1( 1996113

(2) See Robins , 1997: 264.

96

1

)1( 4198346–471971116

3198619

142

97

1

2 –

– –

) (

1845–1929

3

(1) J. R . Firth , papers in lingustics 1934 – 1951 (London: Oxford University press , 1957) p. 19. (2) John loyons , j , Firths theory of meaning . in Bazell , C. E. etal . (Eds) , in Memory of J. R. Firth , (Longman 1970) p. 296. (3) D. jones , The phoneme its Nature and Use . Cambridge : Cambridge University press , 1976 p. 213.

98

1

–

2–

(1) Firth , 1957 : 20 – 21. (2) Robins , 1997 : 246.

99

1

–

–

2

(1) See Robins , 1997 : 246. (2) See Robins , 1997 : 253.

100

1

324

1928

)1( 1996115

101

1957

1959

1957

1

(1) See Robins , 1997: 260.

102

1

(1) Lyons , 1981: 231.

103

3241

1

1

–

1

1

(1) Lyons , 1981 : 124- 125.

104

2

3 –

105

1

(1) Lyons , 1981 : 125 – 126.

106

T– rules

13242

(1) See Robins , 1997 : 261.

107

– – – – – ––––––

–

1 2 1 3 4 5 6 1 23

)1(

108

4 5 6

12 3 4 5 6

109

3243

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3

_ –

110

47

4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2 1

)1( 1993280–283

111

3244

1

(1) See Robins , 1997 : 264.

112

1

unfriendliness un –friend – ly –

ness hierarchical structurebracketing

122

un –friend – ly – ness

unfriendliness

(1) Lyons , 1981: 118. (2) Lyons , 1981: 119.

ness ly friend un

113

ness un

un

unfriendlinessly unfriend

1

1ly ly unfriendly

2ness ness unfriendly

unfriendliness3un

un unfriendly unfriendlyununfriendly1

(1) Lyons , 1981: 119 – 120.

114

on the wooden

table prepositional phrase–on

noun phrasethe wooden table –thewooden table

–wooden–table

3

–table

table wooden the on

115

1

5

(1) Lyons , 1981: 121 – 122.

ئا نا

table wooden

the on

116

3245

1

2

117

17

118

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

recursion

1

3

(1) Yule , 1996: 106 – 107.

119

11 2

(1) See Yule , 1996: 106 – 107.

120

121

1

325

2

2

1

(1) See Mcleish , 1993 : 739 – 740. (2) A. Akmajian , R. A. Demers and R. M. Harnish , linguistics : An introduction to Language and Communication , 2nd eden (Cambridge : the mit press , 1984) 392 –398.

122

1 2

1 2 1

2

1913–1988

21

1

2

123

3 4

1

2 sadock

(1) See H.P. Grice, "logic and Conversation", in Steven Davis (ed.). Pragmatics: A Reader (Newyork: Oxford University press, 1991) PP. 305- 315, PP 307-309. See also "logic and Conversation" in Peter Cole and Jerry L.Morgan (eds.), syntax and semantics 3: speech acts (New york: Academic press, 1975), pp. 41- 68. (2) See R. M. Harrnish, "logical form and implicature" in Steven Davis (ed.) Pragmatics: A Reader (New york: Oxford University press 1991) PP. 316- 364.

124

1

21

2

1

–

3

(1) ) J. M Sadock, on Testing for Converstational implicature, in Steven Davis (ed.), pragmatics A Reader (New york: Oxford University press 1991 pp. 365- 376. (2) See D Wilson and Dan Sperber "Inference and Implicature" in Steven Davis (ed.) Pragmatics: A Reader Newyork: Oxford University press 1991) pp. 377- 393. See also, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson Relevance: Communication and congnictin (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986. (3) Leech , 1983 : 85.

125

–

1

2

)1( 2350 )2( 2

136813151251

126

pragmatics1

2

)1( pragmaticspragmaticspragmatism

Lyojns , 1977: 119. Levinson , 1983 : p. 1.

200322–28

(2) See Leech , 1983: 3.

127

1

(1) See Lech , 1983 : 4.

128

1

(1) See for example J.Allood and others, Logic in Linguistics (Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1977, see also L.T.F. Gamut

129

ism Structuralism functionalism Generatinism

logic, Language and Meaning (Chicago: the University of Chicago, 1991).

130

1

2

131

3

4

5

21

132

1

23

4

56

78

9

1

133

2

10

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4

134

5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3

4 5 13

135

11

12

12

3

4

136

5 6

7

8

137

138

1 2

13682 1997 3

1983 4

2003 5 1996 6 1982 7

– 8

1971 9 4

1983 10 1996 11

139

31986 12

– 13

1349 14

1993

140

1. Akmajian, A., R. A Demers and R. M. Harnish, linguistics:An introduction to language and Communication, 2nd edn. (Cambridge: The MIT press, 1984). 2. Allod J, and others, Logic in linguistics (Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1977). 3. Busmann, Hadumod, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, translated and edited by Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzazi (London: Routledge, 1996). 4. Chomsky N., Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Cambridge: the MIT press, 1965). 5. Chomsky N., Cureebt Issues in linguistic Theory (The Hague: Mouton, 1964). 6. Chomsky, N., Syntactic Structures (The Hague: Mouton, 1957). 7. Firth J. R. papers in linguistics 1934 – 1951 (London: Oxford University press, 1957). 8. Gamut L. T. F., logic, Language and Meaning (Chicago: the University of Chicago, 1991). 9. Gawron J., M., and Stanley peters, Anaphora and Quantification in Situation Semantics (Stanford: CSLI, 1990) 10. Grice H. P. "logic and Conversation'', in Steven Davis (ed.), Pragmatics A Reader (New York: Oxford University press, 1991) PP. 305 – 315. 11. Grice H. P., "Logic and Conversation'', ''. in pater cole and Jerry L. Morgan (eds.) Syntax and Semantics, 3: Speech acts (New York: Acadimic press, 1975), pp. 41 –

141

68. 12. Halliday, M. A. K. & R. Hassan. Cohesion In English (London: Longman, 1976). 13. Jones, D. The Phoneme Its Nature and Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University press 1976). 14. Jespersen, O. Language. Its Nature, Development, and origin. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1922). 15. Katz, Jerrold J, Language and Other Abstract Object (Oxford: Basil Blaclwell, 1981). 16. Katz, Jerrold J, Linguistic philosophy: the Under lying Reality of Language and Its Philosophical Import (London: Allen and Unwin, 1972). 17. Leech Jeoffrey., Principles of Pragmatics (New York: Longman, 1983). 18. Levinson , S. C. , Pragmatics (Cambridge: University press, 1983). 19. Lyons , John . J. , Firth's Theory of Meaning. In Bazell , C. E. et al. (Eds), In Memory of J. R. Firth, Longman 1970. 20. Lyons, John, Language and Linguistics: An Introduction, (Cambridge: Cambridge University press 1981). 21. Lyons, John, Linguistics Semantics: An Introduction, (Cambridge: Cambridge University press 1995). 22. Lyons, John, Semantics:(Cambridge:Cambridge University press, 1977). 23. Nunan, D. Introducing Discourse Analysis (London: Penguin English, 19930. 24. Robins, R. H., A short History of linguistics (London: Longman, 1997). 25. Robins, R. H., General Linguistics: An Introductory

142

Survey, 2nd edn (London: Longman, 1978). 26. Nida, E., A., Morphology, 2nd edn (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 1962). 27. Runes, Dagobert D., Dictionary of philosophy, 16th edn. (New York: Philosophical Library n – d). 28. Sadock,J. M.,"On Testing for Conversational Implicature", in Steven Davis (ed.) Pragmatics: A Reader (New York: Oxford University press, 1991) pp. 365 – 376. 29. Saussure, F. de, Cours de Linguistic general (Paris: Payot , 1968). 30. Seuren, P. A. M., Western Linguistics: An Historical Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1998). 31. Sperber, Dan and Deirdre Wilson, "irony and Use – Mention Distinction" in Steven Davis (ed), Pragmatics: A Reader (New York: Oxford University press, 1991). 32. Sperber, Dan and Deirdre Wilson, Relevance: Communication and Cognition (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986). 33. Wilson,D. and Dan Sperber,"Inference and Implicature", in Steven Davis (ed.), Pragmatics: A Reader (New York: Oxford University press, 1991) pp. 377 – 393. 34. Wunderlich, Dieter., Foundations of Linguistics, Translated by Roger Lass (Cambridge:Cambridge University press, 1979). 35. Yule,G.,The Study of Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1996). 36. Yunis Ali, Mohamed M., Medieval Islamic Pragmatics: Sunni Legal Theorists Models of Textual Communication (London: Curzon press, 2000).