xp new perspectives on essential computer concepts 1 new perspectives on essential computer...

New Perspectives on Essential Computer Concepts

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XP

New Perspectives on

Essential Computer Concepts, 5th Edition


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XPCourse Objectives

At the end of the course, you will understand:

• The components of a computer system

• The different types of computers

• Microcomputer hardware and its functions

• Data representation and the ASCII code

• Peripheral devices

• Hardware and software used to establish a network connection

• Internet, e-mail, and World Wide Web

• System software

• Popular application software


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XPWhat is a Computer?

A computer is a device that:• Accepts input• Processes data• Stores data• Produces output


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A Computer System is made up of:

• Hardware—the physical components

• Software—the programs or lists of instructions

• Peripherals—the additional components


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Architecture or configuration is the design of the computer.

As in, what does the computer consist of?

Specification is the technical detail about each component.

As in, how big is the monitor?


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XPHow a Computer Works

The hardware, software, and you work together to complete tasks.


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XPHow a Computer Works

The data you type into the computer is called input.

The result of the computer processing your input is called output.


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XPTypes of Computers

The categories of computers are:• Personal or microcomputers

– Desktop

– Notebook or Laptop

• Hand-help or PDAs• Mainframes• Supercomputers


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XP Types of Computers

Personal computers are used for general computing tasks and fit the needs of most users


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Hand-held computers fit in the palm of your hand and run on batteries.


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Mainframes are used by companies to provide centralized storage, processing, and management for large amounts of data.


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Supercomputers are the largest and fastest of computers, and can process an enormous volume of data.


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XPComputer Hardware

Computer hardware includes:• Input devices

• Output devices

• Processing hardware

• Storage devices and media


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XPComputer Hardware

Some input devices are:• Keyboard• Mouse• Wireless pointer• Touch pad• Track ball

A wireless mouse


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XPComputer Hardware

Output devices are:Monitors and Printers are common output

devices.

CRT monitors and LCD (or flat panel display) monitors are two types of monitors.


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XPComputer Hardware

Factors that influence a monitor’s quality are:

• Screen Size

• Resolution

• Dot Pitch


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XPTypes of Printers include:

• Laser

• Ink-jet

• Dot Matrix


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XPComputer Hardware

• Multimedia devices are peripheral devices that include text, graphics, sound, animation, and video.

• Speakers and sound cards are common multimedia output devices


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XPComputer Hardware

• The most important computer function is data processing.

• Processing hardware is used to process data.


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XPProcessing Hardware

• Computers interpret every signal as “on” or “off.”

• 1 (“on”) and 0 (“off”) are referred to as bits.

• Eight bits is a bite. Each byte represents a unique character.


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XPData Representation

Storage and memory capacity is the amount of data the storage device can handle.

• Kilobyte (KB) is about one thousand bytes• Megabyte (MB) is about one million bytes• Gigabyte (GB) is about one billion bytes


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XPProcessing Hardware

• The two most important components of personal computers hardware are the microprocessor and memory.

• These two factors directly affect the computer’s price and performance.


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XPThe Microprocessor

• The microprocessor is an integrated circuit or chip on the main circuit board inside the computer.

• Its speed is determined by:– Clock speed

– Word size

– Cache size


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XPMemory

Computer memory is a set of storage locations of the main circuit board.

There are four types of memory:• Random access memory (RAM)• Virtual memory• Read-only memory• Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

memory (CMOS)


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XPMemory

RAM is temporary memory that is constantly changing while the computer is on.

Virtual memory is extra memory that simulates RAM if more is needed.


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XPMemory

Read-only memory (ROM) is the permanent storage location for a set of instructions the computer uses.

CMOS memory is semi-permanent information about where essential software is stored.


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XPMemory

A storage device receives data from RAM and writes it on a storage medium. Later, it can be read and sent back to RAM.


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XPStorage Devices

Data is stored as files.

Executable files tell computers how to perform specific tasks.

Data files are created by the user, usually with software.


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XPStorage Devices

Files are kept on storage devices.

There are:

Magnetic storage devices and

Optical storage devices.


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XPStorage Devices

Some common magnetic storage devices are:

• Floppy disks• Hard disk drives• Tape drives• Zip drives

A floppy disk


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XPStorage Devices

Some common optical storage devices are:

• CD-ROM drives• DVD drives• CD-R drives• CD-RW drives


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XPStorage Devices

CD-ROMs are for “read-only” access.

CD-R drives allow you to record data on a CD-R disk.

CD-RW drives allow you to write data on a CD-RW disk and access and modify data.


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XPData Communications

Data Communications is the transmission of text, numeric, voice, or video data from one computer to another.


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The four essential components of data communications are:

• Sender• Channel• Receiver• Protocols


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A sender is the computer that originates the message.

The message is sent over a channel, such as a telephone.


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The receiver is the computer at the message’s destination.

Protocols are the rules that establish the transfer of data between sender and receiver.


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XPData Bus

The data bus is the communication between microprocessor, RAM, and the peripherals.


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XPData Bus

An external peripheral device has a port or cable that connects it to the computer.

Each port connects to a controller card, which plugs into expansion slots.

The transmission protocol is handled by a device driver.


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XPData Bus

Microcomputers have several types of ports:• Parallel• Serial• Small computer system interface (SCSI)• Musical instrument digital interface (MIDI)• Universal serial bus (USB)


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XPData Bus

A parallel port transmits data eight bits at a time, and is often used to connect a nearby printer.


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XPData Bus

A serial port transmits data one bit at a time, and often connects a mouse, keyboard, or modem.


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XPData Bus

A SCSI connection can allow many devices to use the same port, and are popular on Macs and notebooks.

MIDI cards are used to record and play back musical data.


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XPData Bus

Computer expansion ports


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XPData Bus

USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports replace numerous connectors with one plug and port combination. The device you install must have a USB connector.


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XP

A network connects one computer to other computers and peripherals.

In a local area network (LAN), computers and peripherals are close to each other.


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XPNetworks

A client/server network is a network with a file server. A file server acts as the central storage location.

A network without a file server is a peer-to-peer network. All of the computers are equal.


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XPNetworks


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XPNetworks

Each computer that is part of the network must have a network interface card and network software.

Then it becomes a workstation.

Any device connected to the network is called a node.


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XPTelecommunications

Telecommunications is communicating over a telephone. In the telecommunications process, the modem converts digital signals to analog signals at the sending site and a second modem converts them back at the receiving site.


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XPTelecommunications


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XPThe Internet

The Internet is the world’s largest network.

E-mail and the World Wide Web are two benefits of the Internet.


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XPThe Internet

A hyperlink is a place on a Web page allowing you to connect to a particular file.

http://www.course.com/newperspectives


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XPThe Internet

A Web browser is

the communications software that allows you to navigate the WWW.


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XPComputer Software

Software is the instructions and data that direct the computer to accomplish the task. It can refer to a single program or a package.


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XPSystem Software

System software helps the computer carry out it s basic operating tasks.

Application software helps the user carry out a variety of tasks.


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XPSystem Software

The four types of system software are:

• Operating systems

• Utilities

• Device drivers

• Programming languages


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XPSystem Software

The operating system controls the I/O or input/output, the flow of data from microprocessor to memory to peripherals.

The operating system makes multitasking possible.


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XPSystem Software

Some types of system software include:

• Virus protection software

• Utilities

• Device drivers

• Computer programming languages


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XPApplication Software

Application software enables you to perform specific tasks. Application software includes:

• Document production software• Spreadsheet software• Database management software• Graphics and presentation software


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Document production software includes word processing, desktop publishing, and Web authoring software that assist you in writing and formatting documents.


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XP

It often has grammar and spell-checking, thesaurus, search and replace, and template features.


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With spreadsheet software, you can create formulas that perform calculations. Spreadsheet software creates worksheets with columns and rows. The intersection of a column and row is a cell.


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Database management software creates structured databases to contain information.

Graphics and presentation software allow you to create illustrations, diagrams, and charts to be presented or transmitted. Most allow you to include graphics.


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Multimedia authoring software allows you to record digital sound files, video files, and animations that can be included in presentations and other documents.


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Object linking and embedding (OLE) is the ability to use data from another file, called the source.

This integration between applications has become an important skill in business.

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