yarrow oral presentation by victoria roy
TRANSCRIPT
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Antimicrobial Effects of Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) Essential Oil
Victoria A. RoyKimberly A. Hays, Ph.D.
Department of Natural ScienceDalton State College
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Achillea millefolium• Herbaceous, perennial, flowering plant•Native to Asia, Europe and North America•Strong, sweet scent•Flowers May – June •Three color morphs
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Yarrow History• Achilles– Soldiers wounds– Scientific name origin
• Native Americans – 46 tribes
• Algonquin• Lenape
– 28 ailments• Kidney disorders• Stomach disorders• Open wounds
• Greece– Military herb
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Essential Oils: Growing Popularity
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Objective
The objective of our study was to determine the antimicrobial effects of four commercially
purchased yarrow extracts against four common strains of bacteria.
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Bacillus cereus
• Gram-positive• Rod shaped• Endospore forming• Pathology– Two types of food poisoning • Enteric and emetic
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Escherichia coli
• Gram-negative• Rod-shaped • Found in lower intestine
of homoeothermic organisms• Opportunistic pathogen• Pathology– Food poisoning, urinary tract infections, neonatal
meningitis, Gram-negative pneumonia
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Staphylococcus aureus
• Gram-positive • Coccal • Opportunistic pathogen• Found in normal skin flora • Pathology– MRSA– Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
• Produces toxins that cause blisters• Ritter’s disease
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Gram-negative • Rod-shaped• Opportunistic pathogen– Burn victims– Cystic fibrosis• Adheres to tissue surfaces• Replicates to infectious critical mass• Damage with virulence factors
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Materials and Methods
• Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test – 4 bacteria species• Confluent growth
– TSA agar– Impregnate paper disks with 15 μL of oil/water• DI Water control• Eden’s Garden (EOE)• Artisan Aromatics (EOA)• Nature’s Kiss (EOK)• Nature’s Oil (EON)
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Photo: Misty Wheeler
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Materials and Methods
• Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test– Three replicates – 24 hour incubation at 37o C– Measure zones of inhibition if present
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1
2
3 4
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EON EOE EOA EOK Water0
2
4
6
8
10
12
B. cereusE. coliS. aureusP. aeruginosa
Treatment
Aver
age
Zone
of I
nhib
ition
(mm
)
Average Zone of Inhibition Per Treatment
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Statistical Analyses
• Two-tailed T-tests (α < 0.05) were used to compare the average zones of inhibition between:– Oils vs. DI water control– Oils vs. oils
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Results: B. cereus
EON – Natures’ OilEOE – Eden’s GardenEOA – Artisans AromaticsEOK – Nature’s Kiss
P values C EON EOE EOA EOKC EON 0.000043 EOE 0.00041 0.75 EOA 0.00019 0.00071 0.0049 EOK 0.00291 0.0202 0.011 0.14
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EON EOE EOA EOK Water0
2
4
6
8
10
12
B. cereusE. coliS. aureusP. aeruginosa
Treatment
Aver
age
Zone
of I
nhib
ition
(mm
)
Average Zone of Inhibition Per Treatment
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Results: E. coli
EON – Natures’ OilEOE – Eden’s GardenEOA – Artisans AromaticsEOK – Nature’s Kiss
P values C EON EOE EOA EOKC EON 0.000152 EOE 0.00026 0.81 EOA n/a 0.00015 0.00026 EOK n/a 0.00015 0.00026 n/a
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EON EOE EOA EOK Water0
2
4
6
8
10
12
B. cereusE. coliS. aureusP. aeruginosa
Treatment
Aver
age
Zone
of I
nhib
ition
(mm
)
Average Zone of Inhibition Per Treatment
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Results: S. aureus
EON – Natures’ OilEOE – Eden’s GardenEOA – Artisans AromaticsEOK – Nature’s Kiss
P value C EON EOE EOA EOKC EON 0.00024 EOE 0.00088 0.101 EOA n/a 0.00024 0.00088 EOK n/a 0.00024 0.00088 n/a
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EON EOE EOA EOK Water0
2
4
6
8
10
12
B. cereusE. coliS. aureusP. aeruginosa
Treatment
Aver
age
Zone
of I
nhib
ition
(mm
)
Average Zone of Inhibition Per Treatment
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Results: P. aeruginosa
EON – Natures’ OilEOE – Eden’s GardenEOA – Artisans AromaticsEOK – Nature’s Kiss
P value C EON EOE EOA EOKC EON n/a EOE n/a n/a EOA n/a n/a n/a EOK n/a n/a n/a n/a
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Summary of Results
• All essential oils showed significant zones of inhibition on:– B. cereus
• Two essential oils (EOE and EON) had significant zones on inhibition on:– S. aureus (Mean = 10.21mm)– E. coli (Mean = 7.77mm)
• No measurable zones on inhibition on – P. aeruginosa
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Discussion
• Potential cause for differences: – Gram interactions • B. cereus and S. aureus = Gram positive
– No outer membrane– More susceptible to antibiotics
• E. coli and P. aeruginosa = Gram negative– Purity of oils• Incorrect labeling and advertising
– Problems culturing P. aeruginosa • Passed plates did not grow
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Future Directions
• Steam distillation– Requires large amounts of plant material– Small product of essential oil– Analysis of commercial and our oils
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Future Directions
• Test more bacteria – Because B. cereus had the largest zones of
inhibition, move on to Bacillus anthracis (common in livestock and occasionally in humans)
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Acknowledgements• Dr. April Kay• Dr. Richard Collison• Dr. Dean Turner• MaryAnn McBrayer• Misty Wheeler• Josh Peppers• Amanda Smith• Dr. Jonathan Fisher• DSC Foundation• DSC Vice President of Academic Affairs Office
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Questions?
Photo: Misty Wheeler