YEAR 10 SCIENCE 2011

Psychology

SPORT PSYCHOLOGY

FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY

SPORT PSYCHOLOGY What do Sport Psychologists do?

- Help athletes to enjoy and perform at their best in training and competition

- Develop programs to maximise the well being of athletes

- Research athletes’ attitudes towards performance enhancing techniques & methods of training eg: visualisation

OBJECTIVES

To understand the role of a sports psychologist and the areas they work in.

To be able to define motivation and explain both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

To be able to know and contrast tangible intangible rewards Explain how athletes use mental imagery in competition

and for motivation The roles of focus and flow in Sports Psychology The role of a Forensic Psychologist To understand the role of Criminal Profiling and the BEA

method

HOW DO I BECOME A SPORTS PSYCHOLOGIST?

Step 1: A person must complete a 4 year degree majoring in

Psychology Step 2: Complete a Masters or supervised by a registered

Psychlogist for 2 years.

MOTIVATION Is an internal force that “ADS” Activates Directs & Sustains behaviour towards acheiving a goal

A goal is something that an individual wants to achieve. In order for goal setting to be effective research has found that the following elements need to be

incorporated: “SMART” – useful acronym

Specific rather than general

Measurable – the goal must be something that can be checked & measured

Action – oriented – the athlete must understand what needs to be done

Realistic – the goal must be possible

The goal should be completed in a specific timeframe

Complete: Activity 4.1 page 73

V

MOTIVATION MOTIVATION

EXTRINSIC INTRINSIC

• When the incentive is based on the individual.Eg: Love or desire to succeed. Fun, excitement and satisfaction from competing.

• When the incentive is based on someone or something elseEg: - external rewards (goals), - relationship with team mates or coach

Tangible (trophies, money, medals etc) Intangible (prestige, praise, parents)

Complete Activity 4.2 & 4.3 pages 76 & 77.

COMPLETE ASSESSMENT TASK: ACTIVITY 4.2 – MOTIVATION & SPORTING PERFORMANCE

Some possible ideas for research include:

High profile Athletes who have been successful in: TennisSailing SoccerAFLAthletics Car Racing,Golf, Rugby Rowing Basketball, Cricket, Boxing, Snowboarding Skiing Distance Running Swimming

ACTIVITIES TO COMPLETE:

Motivation & Sporting Performance 4.2 p76. Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation 4.3 p77. Personal Motivating Profile 4.4 p78 Motivation 4.5 p78

MENTAL SKILLS FOR PEAK PERFORMANCE: Mental Imagery: - Also called visualisation- Should be as vivid as possible to be effective - Should be used for positive outcomes- We often use it without realising - Can be used for motivation or calming - Smell, touch, taste & body position can be combined with

visual information to create realistic images -

- Complete: Activity 8.1 p 117 – 118 with a partner - Complete: Activity 8.2 in a small group

SPORT PSYCHOLOGY - FOCUS & FLOW

Focus is : - also known as concentration- complete attention to the execution of a skill- the ability to block out all other distractions

Why do atheletes find that they lose focus the better they become at their sport?

Flow is : - the successful & automatic execution of a skill without being negatively influenced by competing distractions, stressors & mood.

- being in complete control of actions & reactions

- Being fully focused on the activity & Not evaulating the quality of the execution of skills during performance.

-

DISTRACTIONS - EXTERNAL & INTERNAL Distraction

Meaning Examples

External - Distractions that come from outside

- Opposition players - noise of crowd & players, weather conditions

Internal - Distractions that come from within the athlete

-Negative thoughts- anxiety - pressure

Complete Activity 8.4 page 125 -126 & write a report

CHAPTER 5: GOAL SETTING Read the story of shark attack on Bethany Hamilton on

pg 80-81.

Watch this youtube clip

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kkuk-NPIpzMomplet

e

or DVD: Heart of a Surfer

Activity 5.1- Heart of a Soul Surfer

CHAPTER 5: TYPES OF GOALS Short Term Goals-are the goals a

person wants to achieve in a

relatively short period of time.

Long Term Goals- are the goals a

person wants to achieve over a

long period of time.

Long term goals are more likely to

be achieved when they are broken

down into a succession of short

term goals....like stepping stones.

CHAPTER 5: GOAL SETTING- A STEP-BY- STEP APPROACH• Goal Setting- The process of

setting specific, measureable

and time-targeted targets or

objectives. (SMART).

• Setting goals and having

something to work towards,

helps you stay motivated and

can provide necessary

incentive.

Bethany didn’t focus on winning a world surfing championship...she focused on getting back in the water, then back on her board until eventually she was ready to compete again

CHAPTER 5: TIPS FOR GOAL SETTING

Achievable

Action-Oriented

Measureable

Time-Bound

Written Down &

Displayed

Owned

CHAPTER 6: SELF-CONFIDENCE & SPORTING PERFORMANCE Self Confidence- a person’s

belief in themselves and

their abilities.

Athletes with a low level of

self-confidence tend to be

negative about themselves

and perform poorly.

CHAPTER 6: IMPROVING AN ATHLETE’S SELF CONFIDENCE

• Watch this short YOUTUBE clip on

Confidence

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

d_FWTqjld48

• Complete

• Activity 6.2 With Compliments pg 97

• Activity 6.3 Personal Self Confidence

pg 98

• Activity 6.4 Self Confidence pg 98

• Project: The Champion’s Creed (refer

to handout)

FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY: - Combines an understanding of the legal & criminal justice system & how

people interact with the legal system. - A Forensic Psychologist may work in the civil & criminal sectors of the

Australian legal system - They are experts on legal issues that affect people

- Civil areas a forensic psychologist works in include: - child custody & divorce counselling

- personal injury suits - fradulant or false advertising - sexual harrassment cases

- Criminal areas a forensic psychologist works in include: - psychological assessment, behaviours & profiling of offenders (eg: stalkers)

- victims’ behaviour, stress and trauma - insanity defences - jury decision making

Student Activities:

Complete: Activity 12.1 Crime Scene Investigators p 195- 196

Complete: Activity 12.2 What is Forensic Science p 198

Stalkers & Stalking Stalking: - was officially recognised as a crime in all states & territories of Australia between 1993 – 1995 - is one of the newest categories of crime - is repeated & persistent harassment where a person imposes on another person with unwanted or unwelcome communications or contact - communications can be made by: email, telephone calls, text messages, letters and graffiti

WHEN IS IT STALKING? The Victorian law states that a person is guilty of stalking if he or she engages in actions

with the: - intention of causing physical or mental harm to the victim. - intention of causing fear or apprehension for the victims safetyor their loved ones

Some actions defined as Stalking: - Making any contact with the other person (sending letters, emails etc)

- Loitering near, watching or entering a place where the other person lives, works or visits.

- -tracing the victims use of the internet, email or other electronic communication

- See box 13.1 – Cyberstalking page 202 – 203

- Complete Activity 3.1 in small groups – present to the class for 2 minutes.

TYPES OF STALKERS:

Statistics indicate that 87.7% of stalkers are men and that 82.4% of their victims are women.

Forensic Psychologists have developed a system for classifying stalkers into types. Common types are:

- Rejected stalker - Erotomanic stalker - Intimacy –seeking stalker - Predatory stalker - Incompetent suitor - Resentful stalker see p 204 – 206 for

details on each of these

WHY IS “CLASSIFYING” STALKERS USEFUL TO FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGISTS?

It helps to guide their treatment strategies as research has shown that different types of stalkers require different treaments in order to effectively stope their behaviour

Class activity: Read box 13.4 page 209 o Complete the Class Debate Activity 13.2 Complete the research activity Using the worksheet Complete Activity 14.1 using worksheet

CHAPTER 16: DANGEROUSNESS-PSYCHOPATHS

Psychopathy was, until 1980, the term used for a personality disorder characterized by an abnormal lack of empathy combined with strongly amoral conduct but masked by an ability to appear outwardly normal.

The publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

third edition (DSM-III) changed the name of this mental disorder to Antisocial Personality Disorder.

Ted Bundy

PSYCHOPATHS It is estimated that up to

2% of the population are

‘psychopaths’.

Psychopaths can blend in,

undetected, in a variety

of surroundings, including

corporate environments

and even schools!!

PSYCHOPATHS It is a misconception that all

psychopaths are violent criminals

with the majority living and

working amongst us

psychologically destroying

people.

o You may encounter such people

in your adult life so you should

be aware of their characteristics.

HOW TO SPOT A WORKPLACE PSYCHOPATH

o Single/unmarried-inability to form close

relationships.

o Come across as very confident, smooth talkers.

o Perfect candidates for leadership roles.

o Build alliances with senior managers to ensure

they remained undetected at best or would be

defended at worst.

o Criticise ‘victim’ to colleagues and those higher

up in the organisation so that by the time this

person complains, management already have a

bad impression of them. The victim tends to be

labelled as the problem.”

Read page 251-252

Complete Handout: Psychopaths

DANGEROUSNESS

Watch this clip on Daniel Valerio http

://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_KvkjJu

QzA

Read this article on the early release

of his killer.

http://

www.heraldsun.com.au/opinion/rele

asing-daniels-killer-was-right-decision

/story-e6frfhqf-1225988527378

o Complete the Handout on

Dangerousness after reading pg244-

254 of your text.

Criminal Profiling

-sometimes called “ offender profiling”

- it is used by forensic psychologists (profilers) to narrow down suspects

- A profiler develops a report that summarises the traits of a criminal offender. This report is known as a criminal profile

A criminal profile contains: - An offenders personality, age, sex, weight, height, ethnic background, martial status, clothing etc.

CRIMINAL PROFILING CONT’ Offender signature - pattern of behaviour that are

characteristic of the offenders needs.

2 parts to an offenders signature: - signature aspect: pattern of distinctive behaviour that

are characteristic of and satisfy the offender.

- signature behaviours: acts committed by an offender that are not necessary to complete the crime but which the offender must do to satisfy themselves

CRIMINAL PROFILING METHOD – BEHAVIOURAL EVIDENCE ANALYSIS ( BEA) this method of profiling involves 5 steps.

STEP 1 – Analysis of Evidence - Collecting, arranging and assessing all evidence related to the case. (eg: fibres, paint chips, blood, photos, videos, DNA etc)

STEP 2 – Analysis of the victims characteristics - Personality, age, how, why and when the victim was chosen.

STEP 3 – Analysis of the Crime Scene Characteristics - Determining where the crime occurred & number of crime scenes

STEP 4 – Develop a Criminal Profile - Physiological & Psychological characteristics of the offender is prepared using the information in steps 1

– 3.

STEP 5 – Apprehension - If a suspect is identified – he or she is interviewed. If the investigators have reason to beleive the

suspect is the offender then a warrant is obtained for the suspects arrest. This is followed by a trial with the expert witnesses including the forensic psychologist.

CRIMINAL PROFILING & SERIAL MURDER Criminal Profiling is used in the cases of serial murder A serial murderer: someone who has murdered on at least three

occasions (J Douglas) According to Australian Statistics from (NHMP):From July 1989 – June 2006 – there were 11 groupings of serial

murders, committed by 13 known offenders with 52 victims. Holmes DeBurger identified 4 types of Serial Murderers: - Visionary- Mission – Oriented - Hedonistic - Power/ control

Read pages 222 – 225 & complete activity 14.2 Criminal Profiling & Serial Murder Questions 1 – 6

THE FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGIST IN THE COURTROOM

A forensic Psychologist may act as an expert witness to:

- Assess the defendant’s fitness to stand trial and plea guilty or not gulity

- Assess an offenders risk of dangerousness - Give evidence & eyewitness memory to support the cases

CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

- Determining whether at the time of the offence the person had the mental intention to commit the criminal act.

In order to find someone guilty of a crime two elements must be proven:

- Actus reus – means the criminal act or physical part of the offence

- Mens rea – refers to the suspects “state of mind” or the mental part of the offence (whether they knew right

- from wrong at the time of the offence).

CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY CONT”

In a court of law it may be argued that the defendant lacked mens rea due to:

AUTOMATISM – not conscious of what they were doing, they may have been sufferiing from a disorder (eg fuge amnesia), sleepwalking, or another condition

THEIR AGE – children are responsible for their actions after the age of 10 in Australia. Under this age they cannot be charged with a criminal offence unless the prosecution can prove they had mens rea beyond reasonable doubt. “ see boy 7 goes on croc feeding rampage” page 233

DIMINISHED RESPONSIBILITY - this defence is ONLY available in relation to charges of murder, the person may then be found guilty of manslaughter. See BOX 15.1 PAGE 232

TWO MELBOURNE BOYS ON TRIAL FOR MANSLAUGTHER - 1994 Read pages 235 – 237 Watch DVD“ FAST LANE”

EYEWITNESS MEMORY Complete Activity 17.1 page 256 - watch first 11 min of “The Fugitive”

Eyewitness – someone who has had firsthand knowledge about an event or crime through their senses.

Eyewitness testimony – the verbal or written statement the person gives about what they remember about the specific event or crime they witnessed.

METHODS USED TO HELP EYEWITNESSES REMEMBER WHAT THEY SAW P263 - 268

Cognitive interview - eyewitness is asked to reconstruct report, recall and retrieve information about the crime

Forensic Hypnosis - artifically inducing a state of relaxation & concentration in which deeped parts of the mid are thought to be accessible

Line up – placing suspect(s) among distracters ( innocent fillers) and asking the eyewitness if he or she can identify the person they saw in the original event

Mug shots – eyewitness looks through photos of known criminals & see if they can recognise the suspect.

Constructing a facial composite - software is used to help eyewitnesses re- create a persons face

METHODS USED TO HELP EYEWITNESSES REMEMBER WHAT THEY SAW – FACIAL COMPOSITIES CONT”

Complete activity 17.3 on page 268

Download Hot Potatoes & make a revision exerciseComplete Unit test