year 11 geography paper 1 global geographical issues · divergent plate boundary where two tectonic...
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Year 11 Geography
Paper 1 Global
Geographical Issues
Exam Revision Booklet
Contents Page Topic Page
Number
Exam Command Words
How to structure your answers
Tectonics Checklist
Tectonics Key Words
Tectonics Revision Material
Tectonics Practice Questions
Tropical Cyclones Learning Checklist
Tropical Cyclones Key Words
Tropical Cyclones Revision Material
Tropical Cyclones Practice Questions
Climate Change Checklist
Climate Change Key Words
Climate Change Revision Material
Climate Change Practice Questions
Development Dynamics Checklist
Development Dynamics Key Words
Development Dynamics Revision Material
Development Dynamics Practice Questions
Challenges of an Urbanising World Checklist
Challenges of an Urbanising World Key Words
Challenges of an Urbanising World Revision Material
Challenges of an Urbanising World Practice Questions
Exam Command Words Command
Word
Marks Meaning Example Question Sentence Starters/ Hints
Identify/
Name/
State
1 Find/give a simple
statement
Identify the landform in
the photo
I can see….
An example is…
Define 1 Give the meaning Define the term fertility
rate
This means….
The term ? means….
Calculate 1 or 2 Work out Calculate the mean age of
a group of people
Show your working out
Label 1 or 2 Print the name of/
Write on a map or
diagram
Label 2 features of the
river in Figure 2
Use correct Geographical terminology
Draw 2 or 3 Sketch/ Draw a
line
Draw a line to complete
the graph in Figure 3
Always draw in pencil
Compare 3 Find the
similarities and
differences
Compare the rate of
population growth in 2
cities
This figure shows…
As you can see…
One similarity/ one difference that
is evident
Describe 2 or 3 What is it like/
Trends on graphs
Describe the trends shown
in Figure 1.
Describe the increase in
population
Use PQE: Pattern Quantity Exceptions Use GCSE General Comment Specific Example or Exceptions
Explain 2, 3
or 4
Give reasons why
it happens
Explain the formation of a
meander
PEE paragraphs This is because…..
Suggest 2,3 or
4
Give a well-
reasoned guess to
explain
Suggest reasons why
flooding has become more
frequent along this river
One possible reason…
It may be that…
In some cases we might…
Assess 8 Weigh up which is
most/least
important
Assess the need for
coastal management along
a stretch of coastline you
studied
On one hand…
Some may suggest that…
The most important reason could be…
Evidence suggests…
Evaluate 8 Give a judgement:
which is most/
least effective
Evaluate the methods used
in collecting data in your
fieldwork
Although…
In certain situations…
Contributed to…
Overall…
Select &
Justify
12 Select and then
give evidence to
support
Select and justify the best
option for the future of
The reason for this…
Significant impacts…
However…
To conclude
Some may suggest
How to structure your answers 1 mark
Identify, State, Name, Define, Calculate, Label
Write a simple sentence or just a few words
2 marks
Calculate – You must show your workings out
Label – Label/annotate at least 2 main things
Draw – Draw a diagram and label/annotate at least 2 main parts
Describe – state 2 things
Explain – Point, Explain
Suggest – Point, Development
3 marks
Draw – Draw a diagram and label/annotate at least 3 main parts
Compare – At least one difference and one similarity plus another of your choice
Describe – state 3 things
Explain & Suggest – Point & 2 development or Point, Development, Point
4 marks
Explain & Suggest – Point & Development x 2
8 marks
4 marks for explanation & 4 marks for use of evidence
Explanation Use of evidence
Assess Requires you to explain which you think is
the most important aspect of something
in relation to others. Give 4 reasons for
your decision or opinion
E.g. Global responses to climate change
are more important than local response
because….
May require you to find evidence in a figure
and/or use your own knowledge to give
evidence for your decisions. Learn case
studies and named examples.
Evaluate Require you to explain how successful you
think something is or has been. Give 4
reasons for your decision.
E.g. India has been successful in managing
the environmental impacts of slims in
Mumbai because…
Require you to use your own knowledge of
the world to answer the question and
provide evidence. Learn case studies and
named examples.
Tectonics Checklist Learning Objective How do you
feel?
I understand the different layers of the earth and their
characteristics
I understand how the heat of the inner core drives convection
currents and moves plates
I understand the three main plate boundaries and their features.
I also understand hotspots
I understand how different volcanoes are formed and how they
are different hazards
I understand how earthquakes and tsunamis form
I understand the primary and secondary effects of an earthquake
in a MEDC and a LEDC
I understand how earthquakes can be managed in a MEDC and a
LEDC including Short Term and Long Term responses and the 3Ps
Tectonics Key Words
Keyword Definition
Aftershocks
a less-powerful earthquake which follows a more-powerful earthquake – a result of the fault 'settling' into its new position
Aid short-term help – such as food, given in emergency, or long-term help – such as training in health care
Collision zones where two tectonic plates collide – forming
mountains fold mountains like the Himalayas
Conservative
plate boundary
where two tectonic plates are sliding alongside each
other, in the same or different directions
Continental
crust
the part of the Earth’s crust that makes up
land, on average 30-50 km thick
Convection
currents
Currents which transfer heat from one part of a
liquid or gas to another.
Convergent
plate boundary where two tectonic plates collide
Core the centre of Earth, believed to be solid inside
with a hot liquid outer core
Divergent plate
boundary
where two tectonic plates are moving away from each
other
Economic
impacts impacts on the wealth of an area
Epicentre the point on the ground directly above the focus
(centre) of an earthquake
Evacuate when people move from a place of danger to a safer
place
Focus the point of origin of an earthquake
Friction the force which resists the movement of one surface
over another
Geothermal heat from inside the Earth
Lava melted rock that erupts from a volcano
Lava flows
lava flows at different speeds, depending on what it
is made of. Lava flows are normally very slow and not
hazardous but, when mixed with water, lava can flow
very fast and be dangerous
Lithosphere the cool and brittle uppermost layer of the Earth. It includes the very top of the mantle and, above this, the crust
Magma melted rock below the Earth’s surface. When it
reaches the surface it is called lava
Magnitude of an earthquake (how much the ground shakes), an
expression of the total energy released
Oceanic
crust
the part of the Earth’s crust which is under the
oceans, usually 6-8 km thick
Plate where tectonic plates meet. There are three kinds
boundaries of boundary a) divergent – when two plates move
apart b) convergent – when two plates collide c)
conservative – when two plates slide past one
another
Predict saying that something will happen in the future. A
scientific prediction is based on statistical evidence
Primary effects the direct impacts of event, usually occurring
instantly
Probability the chance of an event happening
Pyroclasts fragments of volcanic material that is thrown out
during explosive eruptions
Relief effort help given by organisations or countries to help
those facing an emergency
Richter scale a scale for measuring the magnitude of earthquakes
Secondary
effects
the indirect impacts of an event, usually occurring in
the hours, weeks, months or years after the event
Seismometer a machine for recording and measuring an earthquake
using the Richter scale
Social impacts the impacts of an event upon people
Stratovolcano type of volcano characterised by steep sides, also
known as a composite cone
Subduction
describes oceanic crust sinking into the mantle at a
convergent plate boundary. As the crust subducts, it
melts back into the mantle
Tectonic
hazards natural events caused by movement of the Earth’s plates that affect people and property
Tectonic plate
the Earth’s surface is broken into large pieces, like a
cracked eggshell. The pieces are called tectonic
plates, or just plates
Volcanic
Explosivity
Index (VEI)
measures the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions on a scale of 1 to 8
Tectonics Revision Material
Tectonics Practice Questions
1. Explain why radioactive is important to tectonics (2 marks)
2. Explain how volcanoes form over hotspots. Use an annotated diagram in
your answer (4 marks)
3. Define the term ‘tsunami’ (1 mark)
4. Explain how a tsunami is caused. Use a diagram in your answer. (4 marks)
5. Explain the secondary impacts of a named earthquake event that you have
studied. (4 marks)
6. Explain the primary impacts of a named volcanic event in a developing
country you have studied (4 marks)
7. Describe one preparation that could be made by people living close to a
dormant volcano in case of eruption (2 marks)
8. Explain how convection currents contribute to plate movement (3 marks)
9. Explain two ways some earthquakes cause more damage and loss of life
than others. (2 marks)
10. State two secondary impacts often caused by volcanic eruptions (2
marks)
11. Define the term ‘short term relief’ (1 mark)
12. Describe how continental crust is different from oceanic crust. (2
marks)
13. Explain how volcanoes form away from plate boundaries (3 marks)
14. Describe the characteristics of shield volcanoes and composite
volcanoes (3 marks)
15. Explain how earthwuakes are caused at convergent plate boundaries
(3 marks)
16. Suggest why the effects of a tectonic hazard may be greater in an
urban location than a rural one. (2 marks)
17. Scientists monitor gases and ground vibrations in tectonically active
areas. Explain how this helps them to predict tectonic hazards (2 marks)
18. ‘Preparation reduces the impact of tectonic hazards.’ Assess this
statement using examples of hazards in countries of contrasting levels of
development. (8 marks)
Tropical Cyclones Checklist Learning Objective
How do you
feel?
I understand where tropical cyclones are distributed in the
world and how they form
I understand how the global circulation of atmosphere leads to
tropical cyclones and why they intensify/dissipate
I understand the physical hazards that tropical cyclones can
lead to and their impact on people
I understand why some countries are more vulnerable to the
impacts of tropical cyclones than others
I understand how countries prepare for and respond to
tropical cyclones
I understand how the effectiveness of preparation and
response varies between a MEDC and a LEDC
Tropical Cyclones Key Words Keywords Definition
Aid short-term help – such as food, given in emergency, or long-term help – such as training in health care
Coriolis force a strong force created by the Earth's rotation. It
can cause storms, including hurricanes
Cumulonimbus
clouds
tall clouds created by the condensation of water
vapour
Economic
impacts impacts on the wealth of an area
Eye of the
storm
the centre of a storm, consisting of calm, descending
dense air
Hurricane the term given to a tropical cyclones in the USA and Caribbean
Predict saying that something will happen in the future. A
scientific prediction is based on statistical evidence
Primary effects the direct impacts of event, usually occurring
instantly
Probability the chance of an event happening
Relief effort help given by organisations or countries to help
those facing an emergency
Risk zone areas assessed upon the likelihood of hazardous
events happening, such as storm surges
Saffir-Simpson
hurricane scale
a scale that classifies hurricanes into five different
categories according to their wind strength
Secondary the indirect impacts of an event, usually occurring in
effects the hours, weeks, months or years after the event
Social impacts the impacts of an event upon people
Storm surge a rapid rise in the level of the sea caused by low pressure and strong winds
Tropical cyclone
an area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral
around a calm central point called the eye of the
storm – winds are powerful and rainfall is heavy
Typhoon term given to a tropical cyclone in the western North
Pacific
Tropical Cyclones Revision Material
Tropical Cyclones Practice Questions 1. ‘Developed countries provide much better protection against tropical
cyclones than developing or emerging countries.’ Assess this statement
with reference to named examples. (8 marks)
2. Explain how tropical cyclones form. (3 marks)
3. Explain one reason why some tropical storms intensify into cyclones (2
marks)
4. Explain the physical hazards associated with tropical cyclones. (3 marks)
5. Explain one reason why tropical cyclones present a particular danger to
low-lying coastlines (3 marks)
6. Describe the human impact cyclones can have (2 marks)
7. Suggest why some countries are more vulnerable than others to the
impact of tropical cyclones (2 marks)
8. Using a named example, describe one method used to prepare for future
cyclones (2 marks)
9. Explain why the impact of tropical cyclones is greater in some places (3
marks)
10. State two features of tropical cyclones (2 marks)
11. State the main physical characteristic of the hurricane that is measured
to give its category rating. (1 mark)
12. State two physical hazards of tropical cyclones (2 marks)
13. Explain one longer term impact on people that may results from a
tropical cyclone (2 marks)
14. Describe two impacts that tropical cyclones can have on the
environment (4 marks)
Climate Change Learning Checklist Learning Objective How do you
feel?
I understand the global atmospheric circulation and how cells and
ocean currents redistribute heat energy
I understand how global atmospheric circulation causes areas of
high pressure (arid) and low pressure (rain!)
I understand the main natural causes of climate change
I understand the main evidence for natural climate change and
how it shows a changing climate over time
I understand how human activity causes an enhanced greenhouse
effect and the evidence that supports this
I understand the major impacts of global warming on people
I understand that there are different predictions about
temperature and sea level change and I understand why.
Climate Change Key Words Keyword Definition
Atmosphere the layer of gases above the Earth’s surface
Climatologist a scientist who is an expert in climate and climate change
Enhanced greenhouse
effect
the increased effectiveness of the greenhouse effect,
believed to be the cause of recent global warming
Ferrel cell part of the global circulation model, where Earth’s atmosphere consists of descending cool, dry air
Global circulation
model
a theory that explains how the atmosphere operates in a
series of three cells each side of the Equator
Greenhouse effect
The way that gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun. Like
the glass in a greenhouse – they let heat in, but prevent most of it
from escaping
Greenhouse gas gases like carbon dioxide and methane that trap heat around
the Earth, leading to global warming
Gulf stream a warm ocean current that begins in the Gulf of Mexico and is
blown northeast across the North Atlantic
Hadley cell
the largest section of the global circulation model, found
above the tropics and caused by the heating and cooling of
Earth’s atmosphere
Ice cores columns of ice that are extracted from ice sheets and used to reconstruct temperature patterns
Interglacial a long period of warmer conditions between glacials
Inter-tropical
Convergence Zone
(ITCZ)
a narrow zone of low pressure near the Equator where
northern and southern air masses converge
Milankovitch cycles
The three long-term cycles in the Earth’s orbit around the
sun. Milankovitch’s theory is that glacials happen when the
three cycles match up in a certain way
North Atlantic drift a warm ocean current that branches off from the Gulf
Stream into the North Atlantic Ocean
Ocean currents permanent or semi-permanent large-scale horizontal
movements of the ocean waters
Polar cell sections of the Earth’s atmosphere found above the North
and South Poles, consisting of descending cold, dry air
Polar desert areas in Antarctica and the Arctic ice sheet that have dry
and cold climate conditions
Solar insolation the Sun’s energy
Thermal expansion As a result of heating, expansion occurs. When sea water
warms up, it expands
Trade winds easterly winds that blow from high to low pressure, towards
the Equator
Tree rings
The growth of a tree can be seen in its rings, each
representing a year’s growth. Scientists use these to examine
past climate conditions
Tropics regions either side of the Equator where the Sun moves directly
overhead from its farthest point in the North and the South
Climate Change Revision Material
Climate Change Practice Questions 1. Explain two natural causes of past climate change (4 marks)
2. Explain two types of human activity that are thought to contribute to the
enhanced greenhouse effect (4 marks)
3. Explain how atmospheric circulation distributes heat energy from the
equator to the poles (4 marks)
4. ‘Past climate change helps scientists to predict how climate will change in
the future.’ Assess this statement (8 marks)
Development Dynamics Learning
Checklist Learning Objective
How do you
feel?
I understand the contrasting ways to define development and how
to measure development.
I understand how countries at different levels of development
have difference in their demographic data.
I understand the causes and consequences of global inequalities:
social, historical, economic and political.
I understand how Rostow’s modernisation theory and Frank’s
dependency theory explain why countries develop over time.
I understand that characteristics of top-down and bottom up
strategies in terms of their scale, aims, funding and technology.
I understand the advantages and disadvantages of different
approaches to development.(NGO, IGO, TNC)
I understand the site, situation and connectivity of the megacity
and its significance, in a national, regional and global context.
I understand the broad political, social, cultural and environmental
context of a city example in its region and globally.
I understand that key economic trend in globalisation since 1990.
I understand the role of globalisation and government policy in the
development of India.
I understand how rapid economic change has contributed to
demographic change, caused urbanisation and created different
regions.
I understand how the positive and negative impacts of development
and globalisation
I understand the impacts of economic development and
globalisation on the environment.
I understand how rapid economic development has changed the
geopolitical influence and relationships with the EU and USA
I understand the conflicting views of the costs and benefits of
changing international relations and the role of foreign investment
(TNC’s) in the economic development.
Development Dynamics Key Words Keyword Definition
Biogas
a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as manure or sewage, in the absence of oxygen. It can be used as a biofuel
Bottom-up development
experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives, often run by non-governmental organisations
Cash crops crops sold for cash, directly from farmers to be exported and traded on global markets
Colonisation when another country takes over a foreign land and applies a system of power
Commodities items of value that can be traded for money
Containerization the transport of goods using container ships
Core region areas within a country that are important economic hubs, with high levels of employment and technological innovation
Cycle of poverty a set of factors that cause continuous poverty unless intervention is made
Demographic data all data linked to population e.g. birth rate, death rate etc.
Dependency ratio
the proportion of people below (aged 0-14) and above (over 65) normal working age. The lower the number, the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent
Development indicators measures of how a country is improving
Economic liberalisation
when a country's economy is given the freedom of a 'market economy', consumers and companies decide what people buy based on demand
Emerging countries a country with high-to-medium human development, and recent
economic growth
Emerging economies countries that have recently industrialised and are progressing towards an increased role in the world economy
Fertility rate average number of births per woman
Footloose term used to describe companies that are able to locate anywhere there is high-quality communication links
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
unrestricted flows of capital (money) from one country to another
Frank’s dependency theory
theory developed by economist André Frank that describes development using two types of global region (core and periphery)
Global north a group of wealthy countries found mainly in the Northern
hemisphere
Global south a group of less wealthy countries found mainly in the Southern hemisphere
Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) the total value of *goods and *services produced by a country in one year
Globalisation increased connections between countries
High Income
Countries (HICs) countries where employment is dominated by tertiary and quaternary sectors
Human Development Index (HDI) a standard means of measuring human development
Industrialisation where a mainly agricultural society changes and begins to depend on manufacturing industries instead
Infant mortality number of children per 1000 live births who die before their first birthday
Infrastructure
the basic services needed for an industrial country to operate e.g. roads, railways, power and water supplies, waste disposal, schools, hospitals, telephones and communication services
Inter-Governmental
Organisations (IGOs) governments and agencies working together
Intermediate technology
uses low-tech solutions using local materials, labour and expertise to solve problems
Irrigation is the artificial watering of land that allows farming to take place
Knowledge economy an economy based on specialised knowledge and skill
Level of development
means a country's wealth (measured by its GDP), and its social and political progress (e.g. its education, health care or democratic process in which everyone can vote freely
Maternal mortality number of mothers per 100 000 who die in childbirth
Life expectancy average number of years a person can expect to live
Low Income Countries (LICs)
countries where employment is dominated by the primary sector
e.g. farming
Middle Income Countries (MICs)
countries dominated by the secondary sector (manufacturing), which often have large reserves of raw materials which has encouraged investment and growth e.g. Brazil and Chile
Multiplier effect
when people or businesses move to an area and invest money on housing and services, which in turn creates more jobs and attracts more people
New economy economy based on the sale of services, rather than manufactured products
Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs)
the name given to countries that have very recently started to rapidly develop, such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia (the ‘Asian Tigers’)
Non-governmental
organisations (NGOs) NGOs work to make life better, especially for the poor. Oxfam, the Red Cross and Greenpeace are all NGOs
Outsourcing using people in other countries to provide services if they can do so more cheaply e.g. call centres
Population structure the number of each sex in each age group (e.g. 10-14), usually displayed in a population pyramid diagram
Primary products raw materials
Rostow’s theory theory by Walt Rostow about the economic growth of countries
Quaternary sector employment based on highly specialised knowledge and skill
Rural-urban migration
the movement of people from the countryside to the cities, normally to escape from poverty and to search for work
Secondary products manufactured goods
Secondary sector employment based in manufacturing
Subsistence farming where farmers grow food to feed their families, rather than to sell
Tariff additional cost added to the price of traded goods
Terms of trade means the value of a country's exports relative to that of its imports
Tertiary sector employment based on services
Top-down development
when decision-making about the development of a place is done by governments or large companies
Trans National Companies (TNCs) those which operate across more than one country
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
a global organisation dedicated to making trade between countries easier
Development Dynamics Revision
Material
Development Dynamics Practice
Questions 1. Explain some of the problems of only using economic measures of
development (4 marks)
2. Explain why GDP per capita is a better indicator of development than just
GDP (2 marks)
3. Identify two problems with Rostow’s modernisation theory (2 marks)
4. Explain why the dependency theory assumes that ‘developing’ countries
will never become developed countries (4 marks)
5. Explain one way that governments contribute to globalisation (2 marks)
6. Explain the disadvantages of TNC investment in developing or emerging
countries (4 marks)
7. Define GDP per capita (1 mark)
8. State two differences between the population structures in developed
and developing or emerging countries (2 marks)
9. Describe how Rostow’s theory can be used to help understand economic
growth over time (3 marks)
10. Suggest why Frank’s dependency theory may not apply to some
countries today (3 marks)
11. State two characteristics of top-down development (2 marks)
12. Explain the positive impacts globalisation has had on different
groups of people (4 marks)
13. Many TNCs have located their operations in emerging countries.
Suggest how people in emerging countries can benefit from TNCs (3
marks)
14. Explain one feature of the political context of the emerging country
you have studied (3 marks)
15. Describe how the natural environment and culture of your emerging
country case study has influences its economic development (3 marks)
16. Explain the impact of globalisation on the environment of emerging
countries (3 marks)
17. Referring to a named example, describe how levels of development
vary within a country (2 marks)
18. For a named emerging country, assess to what extent globalisation
had had a positive impact on the quality of life for the people living there
(8 marks)
Challenges of an Urbanising World
Checklist Learning Objective How do
you feel?
I understand past and current trends in urbanisation and how it
varies between global regions.
I understand the global pattern of megacities and how in many
countries urban areas have disproportionate economic and
political influence.
I understand how economic change and migration contributes to
the growth/ decline of cities in the developing/ emerging
developed countries.
I understand why urban economies are different in the
developing, emerging and developed countries.
I understand how urban population numbers, distribution and
spatial; growth change over time.
I understand the characteristics of different urban land uses
and the factors that influence land-use type.
I understand the significance of site, situation and connectivity
of the megacity in a national, regional and global context.
I understand the megacity’s structure in terms of its functions
and building age.
I understand reasons for past and present trends in population
growth for the megacity.
I understand how population growth has affected the pattern of
spatial growth and changing urban functions and land use.
I understand the opportunities for people living in the megacity.
I understand the challenges for people living in megacities
caused by rapid population growth.
I understand the pattern of residential areas of extreme wealth
and contrasting slums and squatter settlements.
I understand the advantages and disadvantages of city-wide
government strategies for making the megacity more sustainable.
I understand the advantages and disadvantages of community
and NGO-les bottom-up strategies for making a megacity more
sustainable.
Challenges of an Urbanising World
Keywords Keyword Definition
Accessibility the ease of access to a place
Bottom-up development
experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives, often run by non-governmental organisations
Brownfield sites former industrial areas that have been developed before
Central Business District (CBD)
the heart of an urban area, often containing a high percentage of shops and offices
Chawl low quality multi-storey building
Conurbation a continuous urban or built-up area, formed by merging towns or cities
Counter-urbanisation when people leave towns and cities to live in the countryside
Deindustrialisation decreased activity in manufacturing and closure of industries, leading to unemployment
Ethnic enclave communities with a similar origin
Formal economy means one which is official, meets legal standards for accounts, taxes, and workers’ pay and conditions
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year
Hyper-urbanisation rapid growth of urban areas
Informal economy
An unofficial economy, where no records are kept. People in the informal economy have no contracts or employment rights
Informal housing unplanned settlements such as squatter shacks
Internal migration movement of people within the same country
International migration the movement of people from one country to another
Knowledge economy an economy based on specialised knowledge and skill
Megacity
A many centred, multi-city urban area of more than 10 million people. A megacity is sometimes formed from several cities merging together
Metropolitan area urban settlement
Million city a city with a population above one million
Natural increase The birth rate minus the death rate for a place. It is normally given as a % of the total population
Net growth the number left after subtracting those leaving from those arriving
Regeneration re-developing former industrial areas or housing to improve them
Residential areas where people live
Re-urbanisation when people who used to live in the city and then moved out to the country or to a suburb, move back to live in the city
Rural-urban fringe the surrounding urban areas of a urban centre
Rural-urban migration the movement of people from the countryside to the cities, normally to escape from poverty and to search for work
Sanitation the provision of hygienic living conditions, such as clean drinking water and safe disposal of sewage
Spatial 'relating to space' e.g. the spatial growth of a city means how much extra space it takes up as it grows
Sustainable development
defined by the Brundtland Commission as that which 'meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'
Top-down development when decision-making about the development of a place is done by governments or large companies
Urban built-up areas
Urbanisation a rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas, compared to rural areas
World city trade and invest globally e.g. London and New York
Challenges of an Urbanising World
Revision Material
Challenges of an Urbanising World
Practice Questions
1. State one advantage of informal employment in cities in developing
countries (1 mark)
2. For a named megacity, identify two advantages of top down strategies (2
marks)
3. For a named megacity, identify two disadvantages of top down strategies
(2 marks)
4. For a named megacity, identify two advantages of bottom up strategies (2
marks)
5. For a named megacity, identify two disadvantages of bottom up strategies
(2 marks)
6. Define the term urbanisation (1 mark)
7. Define the term megacity (1 mark)
8. Define the term urban primacy (1 mark)
9. Explain one problem associated with a developing world megacity (2 marks)
10. Define the term informal employment (1 mark)
11. Explain one problem for people working in the informal economy (3 marks)
12. Compare the economic activities in developed countries with those in
developing or emerging countries (3 marks)
13. Describe the location of Mumbai (3 marks)
14. Explain one reason why the location of Mumbai has been important
for its growth (2 marks)
15. Referring to a megacity you have studied, explain how it has changed
as a result of recent growth (3 marks)
16. Referring to a megacity you have studied, explain one social problem
facing people living there (2 marks)
17. Explain one reason why there are inequalities in how people are
housed in megacities (3 marks)
18. For a named megacity, evaluate the attempts made to improve the
quality of life for people living there (8 marks)
19. Give two push factors that encourage people to move from rural
areas to cities (2 marks)