yield increase

7/30/2019 Yield Increase

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COTTON

I N C R E A S I N G C O T T O N Y I E L D ST H R O U G H E F F I C I E N T I R R I G A T I O N S O L U T I O N S

H i g H e r y i e l d s . . . l o w e r c o s ts . . .

p r e c i s i o n a p p l i c at i o n


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The correct amount o water onyour cotton crop is essential orproducing high yields. Zimmaticirrigation systems bring a cost-eective solution, alleviating riskwhen the weather isnt cooperating.They also give you more exibilitywhen it comes to planting, becauseyour timeline is not as aectedby nature.

Proper irrigation managementminimizes yield loss due to cropwater stress, optimizes yield per unito water applied and promotes goodmanagement practices. The result isa greater return on investment.

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1-Emergence:Adequate moisture atseeding enhances rootdevelopment to establishhealthy, uniorm stands.

2-Squaring:Avoidance o water-defcitstress beginning at frst squareis critical in developing adequateplant structure to acilitateyield goals.

3-First White Bloom:Sufcient moisture beorethe frst bloom provides wateror pollination processesand should be at or nearfeld capacity.

4-Peak Bloom:Water use reaches a maximumduring peak bloom. Frequentirrigation (every 2 days) osmall amounts o water(0.20 0.25 in) has beenshown to be eective.

5-First Open Boll:Control o late-season irrigationis essential. Irrigation (by pivot)should continue until 20% obolls are open (1-2 weeks aterfrst open boll).

i r r i g a t i o n i m p a c t s e v e r y s t a g e o g r o w t H

From establishment to harvest,eective water management isimportant at each stage o cottongrowth. At Lindsay, we takeinto account many actors whendesigning irrigation systems tomeet your specifc needs, such aslocal microclimate, soil type

and elevation.

Cotton plant responses to waterstress vary depending on the stageo growth at which the stressoccurs, the degree o stress, andthe length o time the stressis imposed.1

The plant aims to establish a

balance between carbohydrate

supply and demand. Water stress atany stage o growth will aect boththe production and distributiono carbohydrates throughout theplant, as well as shortening ofbers. Carbohydrate demandson the plant, primarily made bydeveloping bolls, restrict excessive

vegetative growth.

0.40.3

0.2

0.1

0

water requirement s or dierent growtH stages

1 2 3 4 5

WaterUse(in/d)

cotton yield

or diering

relative irrigation

amounts

c

b h b

(et).

J.p. Bk, J.w. K K. B. s c y r lepa i q ag-cares, 1990-2002.

Irrigation Treatment1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

AverageCottonLintYieldbyTest(lb/acre)

DRYLAND 25-30% ET 50-65% ET 75% ET 85-100% ET

d mw, d ex p s, n mx s u, l c, n mx. dh s c.


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Water Requirements

Cotton is considered a drought-

tolerant crop, yet it responds wellto sufcient water. Depending onclimate and length o the totalgrowing period, cotton needs 27to 51 inches (700 to 1300 mm)to meet its water requirements(ETm). In the early vegetativeperiod, crop water requirementsequal 10 percent o total. They arehigh during the owering periodwhen lea area is at its maximum 50 to 60 percent o total.

A good yield o a 160- to 180-daycotton crop under irrigation is3500-4500 lb/acre (4 to 5 ton/ha)seed cotton o which 35 percentis lint. Water utilization efciencyor harvested yield or seed cottoncontaining about 10 percentmoisture is 90-135 lb/ac-in(0.4 to 0.6 kg/m3).2

MonitoringEvapotranspiration

To eectively plan irrigation,growers need to account orevapotranspiration (ET).Evaporation is the total water useo a crop, including evaporationrom the soil and transpirationby the plant. Humidity, solarradiation, wind, as well as crophealth and growth stage aectevapotranspiration.

To measure and monitor cropevapotranspiration, access to theollowing inormation is needed:

1. A local weather station reportthat estimates cotton crop ET.

2. A rain gauge placed in each

feld or group o adjacent felds.3. A good estimate o the

allowable water depletion orthe soil (this can be calculatedby extension agents and cropconsultants).

Irrigation Optimization

To enhance root development,adequate water should be availablein the soil at the time o sowingand pre-irrigation is required

when stored soil water rompre-season rainall is not available.In the vegetative period, irrigationmay be scheduled when some60 percent o the available soilwater over the frst 2.5 t (0.75m)has been taken up by the crop.During owering, depletion osome 70 percent o availablesoil water will in general check

vegetative growth withoutimpairing yields; delayed irrigationduring this period may causeexcessive ower andsquare shedding.

During yield ormation (bollflling) and ripening, the soil waterdepletion may increase rom60 percent to higher values as theseason progresses, and dependingon climate and depth o stored soilwater, irrigation can be terminated4 to 5 weeks beore fnal picking.2

References

1 http://www.cottoncrc.org.au/fles/

d3d58a2a-dab6-47e6-9584-992

b0096977/WP3_1.pd

2 http://www.ao.org/landandwater/aglw/

cropwater/cotton.stm

Conditions vary by location.

Talk to your local Lindsay dealer

or more detailed inormation.

evapotranspiration

deicit impact on

cotton yield

h://..////.

root Zone soil water

eXtraction and

plant root

development

patterns

40%

30%

20%

10%

Percentage o Water Extraction

10

20

30

40

50

Days Ater Emergence

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Depth(inches)

g , txa exs. s mm.

Yield(1-Ya/Ym)

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Ripening

(4)

Flowe

ring(2)

Flow

ering

(2)+

Rip

enin

g(4)

Total growing periodky = 0.85

Evapotranspiration (1-ETa/ETm)


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e i c i e n t a p p l i c at i o n o r H i g H e r y i e l d s

Zimmatic Center Pivot Irrigation c-f f .

Zimmatic Lateral Irrigation i 98% f, b f.

References1 Vernon D. Lansord and Eduardo Segarra, Department o Agricultura l and Applied Economics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. James P. Bordovsky, Texas Agricultural Experiment

Station, Halway, Texas. The Dollars and Cents o Subsur ace Drip Irrigation (SDI) or Cotton in the Southern High Plains o Texas.

2 Freddie Lamm, Daniel OBrien, Danny Rodgers, Troy Dumler Sensitivity o Center Pivot Sprinkler and SDI Economic Comparisons American Society o Agricultura l Engineers (ASAE).

ertigation

reducing ertiliZer eXpense

witHout sacriicing yield

c x (n) z

(mcp).

lb N/Acre (k/h) lb Lint/Acre (k l /h)

N Rate MFCP Furrow

150 (167) 1262 (1413) 1334 (1494)

120 (134) 1394 (1562) 1347 (1509)

90 (100) 1525 (1708) 1248 (1398)

60 (67) 1346 (1508) 1198 (1342)

30 (33) 1255 (1405) 1027 (1150)

0 1185 (1327) 784 (878)

f h

h (n)

hh h

, h

x k.

c

b h x,

h h

h . a

b .

th H 5.5 8 h 7 8

. th z

90-160 b.

(100 180 k/h) n, 20-50 b.

(20 60 k/h) p 45-70 b.

(50 80 k/h) K.

t-h h k

h f 60 h

. n h b

b h h

;

h h

h . phh

b . p

b 20 40 x 12

20 h (50 100 x 30 50 ).

Zimmatic center pivot with LEPA

J. s mc w H. Bk. rz ex wh sf y.

http://www.ao.org/landandwater/aglw/cropwater/cotton.stm


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Pivot/lateral irrigationsystems right amount,

right time, right placeApplying the correct amount owater at the right time is crucialto getting a good yield, but its alsoimportant to apply it uniormly.

Pivots/laterals v.ood irrigation

Less waste

The most obvious beneft toirrigating with a pivot or lateralsystem is that it produces less

waste. You get even, precise waterapplication across the rows (FigureA), rather than having too muchwater at the upper end, and notenough water at the other end othe feld (Figure B). You wont losewater to evaporation, and you cancontrol the timing and amounto water that is applied. Theresalso less runo, helping preventcontamination o the water tableand nearby streams.

Lower labor costsThe Zimmatic irrigation systemby Lindsay is automated, so noone has to move pipes, or openand close oodgates. There are noditches to maintain or pivots. Oneirrigator can operate as many as25 pivots. Plus, remote control andmonitoring options are available.

Higher return on investment

The long lie o a pivot or lateral

system will save you money yearater year. Youll use less water,reducing your energy costs. AZimmatic pivot or lateral systemalso applies chemicals andertilizers evenly, accurately andinexpensively. All this adds up toconsistently higher yields.

Pivots/laterals v. drip

Fewer maintenance hasslesand labor costs

Compared to an SDI system,maintenance is extremely simpleor pivot and lateral systems. Thereis no emitter clogging and requiresonly a screened intake. Rodents,roots and cultivation equipmentwont damage your system.

Greater return on investment

The cost o SDI may increasesharply i a feld is irregularlyshaped or elongated. Many actors

inuence the cost o SDI andgrowers should consult a dealerwith design sotware to get anaccurate estimate o cost.

SDI requires a higher level omanagement than pivot irrigationwith LEPA to achieve higher lintyields and increased cotton fberquality.1

Better all-around value

Lower investment cost peracre than SDI or a savings o20-200% 65% lower or 123.5acres (50 ha)

Longer system lie 20+ yearsor pivot irrigation compared to10 years or SDI

Mortgageableandrecoverableasset with realizable resale value

Easier to fnance

Removable

95% recyclable materials2

Pivots/laterals v. dryland

Flexibility o planting time;high germination rates

Pivot/lateral irrigation providesinsurance against yield loss romdrought or inconsistent rainall,along with the ollowing benefts:

Increased yield per acre (ha)

Precise water distributionwithin the whole root zone

Precise ertilizer applicationto prevent deep percolationand runo

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Figure APivot/lateral irrigation

Figure BFlood irrigation

irrigated . dripnet returns

Irrigated Non-Irrigate

lbsLint/Acres

10 Year Survey Cotton Yields

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01

irrigated . dryland yields

J p. Bk w m. l, tx a exs, tx a&m u, lbbk, tx. e sa a e, tx th u, lbbtx. e e tx Hh p c ilepa sb d.

J H, u m oh & ex s2002 Bh i s.

NetReturn($/ac)

Cotton Lint Yield (lb/ac )

n

n

n

n sdi

Bk

lepa

800 900 1000


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Machines to ft your feld

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Durability

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Control panels

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Watertronics Customizedpump stations or maximumefciency

Each pump station is engineered basedon your needs and feld conditions toensure peak perormance.

Allcomponentsareintegratedandhoused in one complete unit

PrecisionenergyefciencyVariable Frequency Drive providesimmediate energy savings

Simplemonitoringandcontrol

Continuoussurge-freepressureregulation or enhanced efciencies

Horizontalandverticalpumpstations available

Also available as an economical pumpcontrol upgrade or existing pumps.

Tough, dependable Lindsayirrigation systems have been thechoice o the worlds irrigatorsor more than 30 years. Lindsayirrigation systems pay orthemselves many times over duringtheir liespan, and alleviate riskwhen weather conditions arenot ideal or planting and

growing conditions.

Yields: maximized

A Lindsay irrigation system canprovide proper application toevery part o a feld throughout the

growing season, even in those areasthat are currently underutilized.Only Lindsay oers powerul,easy-to-use GrowSmartirrigation management products.

Energy, water, laborand time: saved

When compared to other irrigationmethods, a Lindsay system willhelp maximize crop yields whileusing less energy, water, labor

and time. Flexible, intuitiveGrowSmart control products

make scheduling and operationsimple, while Web-basedremote control options oercomprehensive monitoringand management.

Application: precision

Zimmatic dealers analyze eachgrowers operation to customize asprinkler package based on cropand climate conditions.

Downtime: minimized

Lindsay irrigation systems aredesigned and engineered or lie

on the arm. Theyre constructedusing only the highest qualitycomponents or superiorperormance season ater season.

Support: certifed

Our network o certifed dealersis trained to customize, install

and service our entire range oirrigation systems.

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The right pivot option orany feld or terrain

Lindsay has the pivot optionsto increase water efciency andmaximize yield. Lindsay oersdurable parts, quality componentsand a range o tower heights orcrop clearance and stable operationon varying terrain.

LEPA sprinklers

Operating in either bubble andspray modes, LEPA (Low EnergyPrecision Application) nozzlesare designed to reduce suraceevaporation.

Customized sprinklerpackages

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lepa k

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SmartDesign

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Zimmatic lateral move


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LI COTTON REV 2010-6 3500

USA: 2222 n. 111h s., oh, ne 68164 Africa: v & d s d J p, 7620, sh a

Brazil: r ah p B - sp 340-Km 153, 5 J. B v - cx p 1001 cep 13800-970, m-m, s p, Bz

Lindsay Europe SAS: 72300 l ch da,

Lindsay Beijing Representative Office: r 403, B c Bj lh c nb 50, l r ch d Bj, ch 100016

1-800-829-5300 1-402-829-6800 ..

For more inormation on cotton and other crop specifc irrigation solutions,

visit www.zimmatic.com/keycrops/ or talk with your Lindsay dealer.

a Lindsay has a worldwide dealer network with warehouses in Nebraska, Texas and Idaho; actories in the United States, China,Brazil, France, and South Arica; and additional sales ofces in Argentina, Australia, China, Egypt and Guatemala.

We can coordinate a variety o resources to implement turnkey irrigation systems wherever theyre needed, through our dealer

network or Lindsay resources.

2010 Lindsay. All rights reserved. Zimmatic,

GrowSmart and FieldNET are trademarks or

registered trademarks of the Lindsay Corporation.

Lean, Clean and Green.Lindsay Corporation is committed to developingenvironmental awareness and implementing sustainable practices to reduce

the use of and protect energy, water, and all other resources.

Zimmatic center pivot with LEPAon cotton

yield increase

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