Ying-Dar Lin 1

Linux Information AppliancesLinux Information AppliancesTransforming Resources into ProductsTransforming Resources into Products

Prof. Ying-Dar Lin 林盈達Department of Computer and Information Science

National Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan

ydlin@cis.nctu.edu.twwww.cis.nctu.edu.tw/~ydlin

October 2000

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Content

GNU/Linux Evolution Open Source: Resources Open Source: Business Models Why Linux for IA? IA Characteristics IA Product Lines

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GNU/Linux Evolution

FSF, Free Software Foundation

GNU, GNU’s Not Unix GPL, General Public License

Free to 取得、使用，及散佈 a public ownership

放棄 Intellectual properties

1983： Richard M. Stallman @MIT

FSF

1984： GNU

GPL

1991： Linus Torvalds’s Linux at 「 comp.os.minix」1998： Navigator source released

Open Source Timeline1969 Internet在 ARPAnet初見雛形

Unix

1979 Berkeley Software Distribution（BSD）

1983 Sendmail by Eric Allman

1984 Richard Stallman成立 GNU計畫

1986 Berkeley Internet Name Domain（BIND）

1987 Perl by Elaine Ashton

1991 Linus Thorvald撰寫 Linux

1994 Allan Cox接手維護 GNU/Linux核心 PHP by Rasmus Lerdorf

1995/2 Apache HTTP Server Project的雛形漸露，小組成員八人

1998/3 Navigator原始碼釋出

1998/8 微軟 Steve Ballmer承認對於 Apache及 Linux：”是的，我們擔心”

1998/11 「萬聖節文件」從微軟內部流出，揭露對付 Linux及開放原碼的伎倆〔2〕

1999/3 蘋果電腦以 APS License釋放 Darwin程式碼（MacOSX的核心軟體）

2000/7 Apache網站伺服器突破 11000000台，市佔率達 62.8%〔3〕

表 2 Linux/Open Source Timeline

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Who’s Who in Open Source

必須認識 Linus Torvalds Linux, 現任職 Transmeta,研發 Crusoe公司 Richard Stallman GNU, FSF, Emacs,現雲遊四海 Eric Raymond Open Source Initiative Brian Behlendorf Apache, 現為 CEO of ASF, CFO of Collab.Net

應該認識 Allan Cox Linus公布第一版後，由 Allan負責之後 kernel maintenance Donald Becker 撰寫 Linux Ethernet驅動程式 Bob Young Red Hat Bruce Perens Debian Project, Open Source Initiative, LSB, TECHNOCRAT.NET Tom Paquin及 Jim Hamerly mozilla.org, Netscape

小虫 CLE發起人，現前往MIT念博士

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Major Linux Distributions

成立 創立者/發起人 最新版本 售價 服務方式 套件數 包裝檔

Slackware 1992 Patrick Volkerding 7.1(Snag) 4CDs $39.95

線上文件、論壇/

郵件/電話 ~443 TAR

Debian 1993 Ian Murdock 2.1(Slink) 2CDs 不營利

線上社群、論壇/IRC ~2500 DEB

Red Hat 1995 Bob Young及Mark Ewing

6.2 2CDs $29.95

線上文件/郵件/

付費服務 ~771 RPM

SuSE 1992 Roland Dyroff, etc. 6.4 6CDs $49.95

線上文件/郵件/

付費服務 ~1734 RPM

Linux- Mandrake

1998 Gael Duval 7.1(Helium) 3CDs $29.95

線上文件/郵件/

付費服務 ~931 RPM

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Open versus Closed

Microsoft (Just buy it!) Open Source (Just do it!)

Web server IIS + ASP Apache + PHP3 SQL server SQL server MySQL, DBMaker

Browser IE Netscape Office MS Office 2000 Corel WordPerfect 2000

Email server MS Exchange SendMail Email client Outlook Express Twig (can import outlook) FTP client cuteFTP gFTP FTP server Windows 2000, Server-U Wuftpd, BeroFTPD Emulator VMWare for Windows 2000 Wine

表 6 User’s Preference Under MS and Open Source

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Open Source “Repository”

Open Source Software

Console

Daemons

X11

Web

Development GNOME KDE

45

22

20 10 12

7

48

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Hierarchy of [Console/GNOME/KDE/X11]

Console/ GNOME/KDE/X1168

#2

#1

#3

[247] Administration[019] AfterStep applets[019] Anti-Spam[119] Applications[048] Backup[008] Browser Addons[023] CAE[034] CD Writing Software[196] Communication[030] Compression[009] Core[130] Database[063] Desktop[027] Development[006] Dialup Networking[055] Documentation[108] Drivers[088] Editors[062] Education[165] eMail[008] Embedded[088] Emulators[068] Encryption

[032] Multimedia [480] Networking[048] News[053] OS[048] Office Applications[042] Packaging[053] Printing[189] Scientific Applications[007] Screensavers[031] Shells[265] Sound[136] System[041] TV and Video[011] Terminals[190] Text Utilities[665] Utilities[004] VRML[033] Video[038] Viewers[684] Web Applications[038] Web Browsers[121] Window Maker Applets[039] Window Managers

[028] Enlightenment Applets[023] FTP Clients[044] File Managers[052] Filesystems[051] Financial[179] Firewall and Security[026] Fonts and Utilities[593] Games[277] Graphics[008] Home Automation[103] IRC[053] Java[074] Log Analyzers[208] MP3[010] Mail Clients[051] Mini Distributions[021] Mirroring[351] Misc[028] Modelling[007] Modem gettys[184] Monitoring[003] Motif

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Hierarchy of [Daemons]

Daemons24

[007] Anti-Virus[005] Batch Processing[030] BBS[010] Chat[032] Database[026] DNS[015] Filesharing[009] Finger[022] FTP[006] Hardware[097] HTTP[013] Ident[013] IMAP

[050] IRC[015] Mailinglist Managers[231] Misc[027] MUD[009] Network Directory Service[013] NNTP[023] POP3[071] Proxy[031] SMTP[005] SNMP[002] Time

[010] Bug Tracking[068] Compilers[014] CORBA[073] Database[038] Debugging[084] Environments[028] Game SDK[048] Interfaces[173] Java Packages[028] Kernel[001] Kernel Patches[121] Languages[485] Libraries

[100] Perl Modules[008] PHP Classes[001] Pike Modules[057] Python Modules[031] Revision Control[019] Tcl extensions[017] Test Suites[558] Tools[178] Web[055] Widget Sets

Development23

一般使用者

文字編輯器 vim(VIsual editor iMproved), vi, pico, joe, emacs, xemacs

文書處理 WordPerfect, Kword, PAPyRUS, TeX/LaTeX, LyX, xfig

Office類似 StarOffice, KOffice, iOffice2000

繪圖影像 GIMP, XV

秀圖瀏覽 iManager for ImLib, QtVu, Quick Image Viewer, KuickShow

影音撥放 Xanim, Xmovie, MpegTV

MP3播放 XMMS, X11AMP,

ICQ類似 Licq, Kicq, GnomeICU

瀏覽器 Netscape Communicator,Opera, Mozilla

電子郵件(client/local) fetchmail, mailx, pine, elm, Balsa, alphamail, twig

電子郵件(client/www) WebMail

新聞群組(client) Pan, News Peruser, KRN, tin

檔案傳輸(client) gFTP,NFTP, SkateFTP, IglooFTP PRO, ncftp

檔案管理員 Kruiser, Xfm, llnlxdir

桌面管理 enlightment,Window Maker, Blackbox, sawfish, Afterstep

系統管理員/進階使用者

電子郵件(sever) EMUmail, Epop, teapop, Qmail, sendmail

新聞群組(server) Leafnode, MetaNews

檔案傳輸(server) BeroFTPD, wuftpd, proftpd

資料庫 MySQL, PostgreSQL, DBMaker

網站伺服器 Apache, iPlanet Web Server, NetMAX WebServer, Understudy

程式開發人員

除錯器 ddd (可取代 GDB, DBX, JDB, WDB, and XDB), gdb, kgdb（remote）

桌面作業環境 GNOME, GNUstep, KDE

直譯程式 Java 、Perl、Python、CINT Plam程式設計 gcc、PRC-Tools、PilRC、PocketC

My Favorites in Open Source

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Business Models (1/2)

Free core Non freeaccessories

Case 1 Software (desktop clients/servers)

e.g. Sendmail Inc.

Case 2 Services

Charged service

Free software

free

Case 3 ASP

Appz

e.g. Red Hat

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Business Models (2/2)

Case 6 Add-on values

E.g. Red Hat is going great guns.Roller coaster!! $151 ~ 1

Case 5 User Feedbackfree

money if satisfied

Case 4 Embedded clients/servers

e.g. VA Linux, Cobalt

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Why Linux for IA?

Cost of development and ownership No license fee, royalty

Better code quality and higher availability Worldwide contributors, fast patches

Abundant open source resources/modules Over 10,000 packages

Time to market

VxWorks, QNX, ChorusOS, pSOS, WinCE

Win32 NT Connectivity Robust graphics/UI

Higher-end applications; ADCU has focused on Manufacturing, Retail, Healthcare

Direct (>25,000 units)

Distributors

Range from < $5 up to $30+

$995

<2%

Approx 12 (Worldwide)

$3M royalty (FY99)$2M Tools

Windows CE

Exceptional reliability and high availability Optimized for telecommunications

Telecommunications

Direct only

Low-end $15 Mid-Range $58

High-End $109

$23,000 initial seat, $4,000 for the following seats

2%

Original sales force, around 20 + Sun influence

Unknown

$20M

ChorusOS

Integrated development environment Optimized for Motorola processors and DSPs

True micro-kernel architecture Complete POSIX compliant Most scalable

Most complete integrated environment Largest coverage of CPU and hosts

Strengths

Automobile industry, some CE (interactive television)

Industrial automation, medical systems, CE, telecom/datacom

Digital imaging, telecom/datacom, CE, automotive

Focus

Direct; 16 distributorsMixed – direct for large market; 40 distributors for smaller market

Direct; 3 distributors in Japan

Distribution Model

Range from < $1 up to $30 Component-based pricing

$3-$80

$1-$35

There is no real fixed price for licensing

Royalty

$4,995 by seat

Depends on the options

$2,995 per seat

(3rd party tools)

$7,500 - $10,000

(Based on a 10 seats license)

Tools Price

(per seat)

12%2%15%Market Share

Approx 200 (Worldwide)Approx 40Approx 250 (Worldwide)

Direct Sales Force

9% (SEC filling)Unknown. <10%8.7% (SEC filling)Profit Margin %

$105M($15M royalty)

$20M$130M($20M royalty)

Sales

pSOSQNXVxWorks

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IA Characteristics

Easy-to-use/configure Nearly plug-n-play Application-specific No standard H/W & S/W platforms Internet access Robustness

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微處理器 (CPU)

X86PowerPC

MIPSStrongARMSH Series

記憶體 (Memory)

SRAMEDO

SDRAMFlash(DOC)

通訊介面模組 (Communication Module)

有線 無線

Analog ModemCable ModemADSL Modem

1/10/100 EthernetISDN/G.Lite

RFBluetooth

IrDA

作業系統 (OS)

WinCEJavaLinux

RTOS (VxWorks,...)Native Chinese OS

儲存裝置 (Storage)

IDE HDDMini Drive

Compact FlashPCMCIA Memory

DOC Flash Memory

輸出入裝置 (Input/Output)

KeyboardMouseRS-232ParallelPCMCIA

Smartcard

多媒體功能 (Multimedia Function)

Video Audio

SVGA MonitorTV Output

(STN/TFT) LCDTouch Panel

MPEG 2VCD/DVD

SB AudioMP3 Audio

MPEG 2AC3

DolbyVCD/DVD

•微處理器 (CPU)–32 bit CISC/RISC architecture–Performance (MIPS)–Power Consumption

•記憶體 (Memory)–8-128MB DRAM (SDRAM/EDO)–2- 16 MB Flash Memory–Various size for different applications

•儲存裝置 (Storage)–IDE HDD (large capacity)–Small form drive–Flash Memory (PCMCIA/DOC/Compact)

•通訊介面模組 (Communication Module)–Wired (analog modem/Cable/ADSL/Ethernet/ ISDN)–Wireless(RF/Bluetooth/IrDA)–Dedicated media for various applications

•多媒體功能 (Multimedia Function)–SVGA/VGA - Monitor/TV/LCD Video–Touch panel–MPEG/VCD/DVD Video/Audio–SB/MP3/AC3/Dolby Audio

•輸出入裝置 (Input/Output)–PS2 keyboard/mouse–RS-232/Parallel–PCMCIA–Smartcard

•作業系統 (OS)–WinCE/Java/Linux/Vxworks/Native Chinese OS (Hopen/CAVA)/EPOC/QNX

IA System Specs: Non-Wintel !!

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Micro Web Browser

email

ICA/RDP

MP3 Audio

MPEG Audio

Voice Recording

Speech Recognition

Hard-WritingRecognition

IA Product Lines: Components

IP Phone

FAX

Game

On line transaction

Voice Mail

Telephone AnsweringMachine

Personal Information

Management(PIM)GPS

Word Processor

MPEG Video

Calculator

Calendar

AddressBook

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0.1

0.5

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

0.1 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 MBs GBs GBs TBs

Large

Tiny

Mid-range

High-End Embedded

Embedded PC

Desktop

Server

RAM Size (MB)

Flash/ROM/Disk Size

IA Product Line: Size Matters

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Analog ModemCable ModemISDN ModemXDSL ModemG LiteATM

Set up Box

Web Phone

Thin Client &Windows-based Terminal

Internet Box

Home Entertainment

Point of Sales

IA Product Lines: Client-Side

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WAN/PSTN/PLMN

WAN/PSTN/PLMN

Firewall

PDA

PBX

Access Point

Fax

Telephone

ServerSide

AdapterCards

VoIPGateway

Layer 3Switch

Switch

Hub

Host

PC

Fax

Telephone

RAS Server

Key terminal System

Cable TV Network

TV

VoIPGateway

Printer

PrintServer

Web Server/Mail Server

NetworkManagement

Software

Router

Switch

Hub

Modem

Headend

Headend

CableModem

Branch Office

Router

IP PhoneBase

Station

FiberNode

MobileStation

CableModem

Home User

Dial-in

PC

WANInterface

LANInterface

PC

Switch

Switch

Telephone

Notebook

Probe

IA Product Lines: Network-Wide

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Layer 2Switch

Hub

BandwidthManager

NetworkSecurity

Hardware

Software

Other Server

Mail Server

Web Server

Print Server

IP Phone

VoIPGateway

Layer 4-7Switch

Layer 3Switch

pureRouter

MobileStation

AccessPoint

AdapterCard

BroadbandAccess

Headend

RASServer

Cable

DSL

ISDN

56K

Serverside

Desktopside

NetworkEquipments

CoreAccess Service

LAN WAN WirelessIP

TelephonyApplication

ServerNetwork

ManagementIntranet

Hub /Layer 2Switch

Adapter

Router /Multilayer

Switch

ModemAccessServer

IA Product Lines: Access, Core, Service

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Hot Products

Client: STB, Web TV, Web phone, Web terminal, PDA, WAP

handset, MP3 player, etc. Server:

All-in-one intranet server, mail server, proxy server, FAX server, message server, storage server, entertainment server, etc.

Network: Security gateway, home gateway, bandwidth manager,

etc.