yoshitsugu hayashi director, international research center for sustainable transport and cities,...

Strategies and Policy/Technology Instruments for Sustainable Land Use and Transport

- International Comparisons -

Yoshitsugu HayashiDirector, International Research Center for Sustainable Transport

and Cities, Nagoya University, Japan

Chair, Scientific Committee of WCTRS(World Conference on Transport Research Society)

THE PEP International Workshop in Moscow – Sustainable Development of Urban Transport: Challenges and Opportunities, 7-8 June 2012

7June2012 Hayashi Laboratory, Nagoya University 1

PUTTING TRANSPORT INTO CLIMATE POLICY AGENDA

World Conference on Transport Research Society (WCTRS)http://www.wctrs.org/

December 2011

URGENT!

There is an urgent need to involve transport as a major sector in the climate change negotiation. WCTRS could help UNFCCC and the IPCC to promote this process.

WCTRS (World Conference on Transport Research Society)The WCTRS covers multi-modal, multi-disciplinary, and multi-sectoral fields. The members span almost all aspects of transportation research, planning, policy and management. The World Conferences held every 3 years mirror this breadth of interests. 67 countries are represented in the WCTRS, with more than 1,500 members.

President: Anthony May (University of Leeds, UK)Chair of Scientific Committee: Yoshitsugu Hayashi (Nagoya University, Japan)

WCTRS SIG11 (Special Interest Group11) - Transport and the Environment

The SIG11 aims at seeking ways to establish effective mechanisms for mitigating environmental degradation due to transport in the international domain. The following topics are researched: a) Comparing 　 the emission of greenhouse gas and air pollution between countries and cities, b) Diagnosing transport system and its resulting global and local environmental degradation and prescribing countermeasure policies, and developing an evaluation system of their performance, c) Providing scientific instruments for evaluation of international mechanism for environmentally sustainable transport and the methods to collect the necessary financial resources.

Contact: Hayashi and Kato Laboratory, International Center for Sustainable

Transport and Cities (SUSTRAC), Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan

Address: 464-8603, C1-2, Nagoya, JapanTEL: +81-52-789-2773E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.sustrac.env.nagoya-u.ac.jp/en/

Global Environment Research Fund (S-6-5), Ministry of Environment, Japan

Graduate School of Environmental Studies & Global COE Program “From Earth Science to Basic and Clinical Environmental Studies”, Nagoya University, Japan

College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, China

Sponsored by:

Supported by:

- Recommendations from WCTRS to COP17 -


3

School boy waiting for a bus at 4:30 am in Suburb of Bangkok(1993)

Bangkok Post 4 Sept 1993

7June2012 Hayashi Laboratory, Nagoya University

4

Photo by Yoshitsugu Hayashi(1993)

Slower than walkers in Sukunvit Rd., Bangkok8hr+ Commuters > 10% (1993)


Bike Taxi in Bangkok

Photo by Hayashi (1993)

Photo by Yoshitsugu Hayashi(1993)7June2012 Hayashi Laboratory, Nagoya University 5

Negative Spiral between Motorization and Urban Sprawl


Econ.Growth

Rise of Income

Increment of car ownership

Increment of car use

Urbanization

Expansion of urban area

Increment of VKT

Rising costs to supply

infrastructure

Excessive Traffic

demand

Insufficiency of Road

Traffic congestion

Obstacle to progress of economy

Econ.

Problems from local to global

Env.Level of Technology

Increment of energy

consumption

InsufficientPublic

Transport

Motorization

Urban Sprawl

Development of

InfrastructureBottleneck of Traffic

Sift to low-emission mode （ SHIFT ）

Restraint of unnecessary demand （ AVOID ）

Improvement of emission factor （ IMPROVE ）

Car Ownership

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

GDP per Capita US$ (1995)

Cars

per

1,0

00 in

habi

tant

s

London

TokyoBangkok

Seoul

Hong kong

Singapore (CA)

‘95

‘95

‘90

‘90‘90

‘95‘00

‘85

‘85‘80

‘80

‘95

‘95‘00

‘70

‘60

Nagoya

Shanghai

‘95

‘02

Beijing

* Result of the study of Nagoya Univ.7June2012 Hayashi Laboratory, Nagoya University 7

Moscow‘02

‘99

Road Infrastructure Supply vs. Motorization Level vs. Peak Hour Speed

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0246810

Bangkok

Tokyo

London

Nagoya

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Bangkok

Tokyo

London

Nagoya

1972

1986

1993

1971

1988

1972

1987

1993

1972

1988

1972

1986

1993

1972

1993

1971

1988

Road

length

per ca

r(m/ca

r)

Car ownership(car/1,000 inhabitants)Speed (min/km)

Shanghai


Hayashi Laboratory, Nagoya University 9

Motorization & Road Supply

7June2012

Decomposition of Urban Transport Emission


CAR OWNERSHIP

Urban area

TransportFrequency

Public TransportImprovement

FuelEconomy

Level ofcongestion

LEV diffuseDevelopment of Public Transport

Compact Development

Road Pricing

Regulation of Sprawl

Fuel TaxIT/ITS

Road Improvement

LEV Ratio

Concentration of urban activity

× ×

Trip Generation Degree of Car dependence Technical Level

Total Trip Length

year year

Emission Factor

year

Modal Share＝

year

Emission

AVOID SHIFT IMPROVETotal

CUTEPolicy Matrix

7June2012

× ×


Innovating Transport SystemsCUTE Matrix: (Strategy) x (Instruments)

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya University

Strategy

Instrument

Avoid Shift Improve

Reduce need totravel

Reduce car use

Improve alternative

modesImprove road

networkImprove vehicles

and fuels

Technology TODPedestrian

friendly urban design

Rail/bus infrastructure IMTS LEV

Alternative fuel

RegulationCompact

cityMix land

use

Access permits

Bus/tram priorities TDM

Emission standardTop runner program

Information Teleworking

Car sharingAwareness campaign

Bus location system

Eco-driveIT/ITS

IT / ITS

EconomyLocational Subsidy Fuel tax

Road pricing Rail/bus fare Road pricingLEV subsidy

LEV preferential tax7June2012

Hayashi Laboratory, Nagoya University 12Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya University

Strategy

Instrument

Avoid Shift Improve


Reduce car use

Improve alternative

modesImprove road


and fuels




Alternative fuel

RegulationCompact

cityMix land

use

Access permits





Bus location system

Eco-driveIT/ITS

IT / ITS



LEV preferential tax

Tokyo, London, Singapore

Urban Compaction

Transit Oriented

Development (TOD)

Railway development

7June2012

Innovating Transport SystemsCUTE Matrix: Avoid

London

Tokyo Nagoya

Bangkok

0 50 　km

191019651985

Change in Built-up AreasChanges in Built-up Areas

Urban SprawlAVOIDAVOID

* Result of the study of Nagoya Univ.7June2012 Hayashi Laboratory, Nagoya University 13

Hayashi Laboratory, Nagoya University

Tokyomax. 　 1 5 , 4 0 0

Londonmax. 1 1 , 5 0 0

2 0 , 0

0 0

5 0

Nagoyamax. 1 7 , 1 0 0

Bangkokmax. 4 2 , 2 0 0

0

km

人 /km2

Population Density (1988)

7June2012 14

AVOID

15

Transit Oriented Development

7June2012

source:left: http://11.pro.tok2.com/~mu3rail/link156.html http://w3land.mlit.go.jp/WebGIS/index.html right: Google maps

20121970

1. Purchased undeveloped land2. Improved the infrastructure and constructed new railway

• Supermarket in station, department store in city terminal, leisure site in terminal3. Sold the land again

• Restore the development benefits TOD without public investment

New town construction by Tokyu Railway CompanyAround Tana Station, Yokohama city


http://11.pro.tok2.com/~mu3rail/link156.html

http://w3land.mlit.go.jp/WebGIS/index.html


Strategy

Instrument

Avoid Shift Improve


Reduce car use

Improve alternative

modesImprove road


and fuels




Alternative fuel

RegulationCompact

cityMix land

use

Access permits





Bus location system

Eco-driveIT/ITS

IT / ITS




Rail Improvement

Bangkok, Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai, London

Mass Transit System for Urban/Sububan Lines

7June2012 16

Innovating Transport SystemsCUTE Matrix: Shift


Railways Improvement vs Road Congestion

Tokyo Seoul Shanghai Singapore London

Area (km2)

615(15,000)

606(1,900)

600(2,900) 700

319(18,000)

Population (million)

8.8(35.2)

9.9(19.9)

10.0(18.4)

4.5 3.0(20.0)

Urban railway (km)

292 338 420 138 652

Avg car speed (km/h)

26 17 20 32 26

(): 2010 data of urban area in the Metropolitan Region (source: demographia)

7June2012

18

Modal Share in Inner Cities (all purposes)

car11%

bus5%rail

48%

walk22%

cycle14%

Tokyocar26%

bus33%

rail36%

walk4%

cycle1%

Seoul

car20%

bus29%

rail4%

walk27%

cycle20%

Shanghai

(2008)(2004)

(2009)(2007)


car25%

bus19%rail

17%

walk36%

cycle3%

London

(23wards)

(Inner London)

(city)

(city)

7June2012

Inner TOKYO 23WardsO

D

OuterTOKYO

InnerTOKYO

23Wards

Outer TOKYO

Total : 3. 07 million trip/day Total : 0.35 illion trip/day

Total : 3.06 million trip/day Total : 7.2 million trip/day

Car Rail Bus/Tram Cycle Walk

8%3%

65%

10%14%

17%1%

78%

1% 3%

4%1%

94%

0% 1%46%

3%

29%

9%13%

Modal share on commuter trip in Tokyo metropolitan area


Tokyo

5km

10km

15km

5km

10km

15km

© Y. Hayashi & S.Lee

Urban Railway Network

Tokyo SeoulTotal Line Length 2,313 　 476 km

City 292 338 km Hinterland 2,021 138 km

7June2012

Seoul


5km

10km

15km

ShanghaiUrban Railway Network

London

5km

10km

15km

Tokyo Seoul Shanghai London

Total Line Length (km)

2,313 476 729 1,401

City (km) 292 338 420 652

Hinterland (km) 2,021 138 309 7497June2012 21

Situation of Sukhumvit after the opening of Skytrain（ 2002）

Photo by Hayashi(2002)

SHIFT


After SHIFT

7June2012 22

Mass-transit Network of Future Bangkok

2010 　 84.8km

planning ：2016 　 236km2019 　 391km2029 　 509km （ 12lines ）　

Master Plan Study to adjust rail mass transit system in Bangkok and its vicinity （ 2010 ）

SHIFT


SHIFT

7June2012 23

CO2 Emission Reduction from Passenger Car by Railway Development


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1000 10000 100000 1000000

Pass

enge

r-ca

r-or

ient

ed C

O2

emiss

ion

chan

ge r

ate

GRP per capita [US$ in 2003]

Shanghai

Beijing

Delhi

2050

2010

2050

2050

201020102010 Bangkok

2050

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

Pass

enge

r car

s per

100

0 in

havi

tant

s

GRP per capita [US$ in 2003]

Nagoya

Tokyo

Shanghai

Beijing

Delhi

Bangkok

1993

2050

20502050

2050

19651965

2005

2005

1993

1999

Without Railway

Development during mature stage 　　　　　　　（ 2030 ～ 2050 ）

Developed during early stage　（ 2010 ～ 2030 ）

SHIFTSHIFT

If railway might be developed during early stage, 36% of

CO2 can be reduced. If including technological

innovation, around 80-86% of CO2 can be reduce.

(2010 年排出量＝ 1)

Pass

enge

r Car

O

wne

rshi

p（

Car/

1000

pers

on）

GRP par capita 　（ US dollars in 2003 ）

GRP par capita 　（ US dollars in 2003 ）

Chan

ge o

f CO

2 Em

issi

on fo

rm P

C　

（co

mpa

ring

2010

）

By 2050, railway will be developed as same level in Tokyo in 2005.

* Result of the study of Nagoya Univ.

25

Road vs Rail: which is more effective for mitigation of congestion

Cartraveltime

Road construction&operationcost

Roadtrafficvolume Rail

passengervolume

Railtraveltime

Rail construction &operationcost

SRo1

SRo1

SRo2

SRo2

SRa1

SRa1

SRa2

SRa2

DRo1

DRo1

DRo2*

DRo2*

DRa1

DRa1

tRo1

tRo2

tRo2*

CRo2*

CRo1

CRo2 CRa

2

CRa1

Demand level

Supply level

VRa1 VRa

2

Construction cost

Construction cost

Widening cost

Policy A Road widening

Policy B Track widening

ERo2*

VRo2* VRo

1* VRo2

ERo2

ERo1

ERa1

ERa2

Cartraveltime

Road construction&operationcost

Roadtrafficvolume Rail

passengervolume

Railtraveltime

Rail construction &operationcost

SRo1

SRo1

SRo2

SRo2

SRa1

SRa1

SRa2

SRa2

DRo1

DRo1

DRo2*

DRo2*

DRa1

DRa1

tRo1

tRo2

tRo2*

CRo2*

CRo1

CRo2 CRa

2

CRa1

Demand level

Supply level

VRa1 VRa

2

Construction cost

Construction cost

Widening cost

Policy A Road widening

Policy B Track widening

ERo2*

VRo2* VRo

1* VRo2

ERo2

ERo1

ERa1

ERa2


SHIFT

Road Rail

Strategy

Instrument

Avoid Shift Improve


Reduce car use

Improve alternative

modesImprove road


and fuels




Alternative fuel

RegulationCompact

cityMix land

use

Access permits





Bus location system

Eco-driveIT/ITS

IT / ITS



LEV preferential taxYoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya University

MRT LRT

developmentSingapore &

SeoulHierarchically

Integrated Transport

Bus priority (BRT)

IT/ITS operation

system

PT fare system


Innovating Transport SystemsCUTE Matrix: Shft

Recent Expansion Plan for the City Centre and Railway Network in Singapore

(Sun, G., LTA)

Marina Bay development (2008)


Bukit Panjang LRT

• 8 km, 14 stations

• Opened in 1999

(Sun, G., LTA)

Sengkang LRT

• 11km, 14 stations

• Integrated with Sengkang MRT

• Fully-automated system

• Opened in 2003

Punggol LRT

• 10km, 15 stations

• Integrated with Punggol MRT

• Fully-automated system

• Opened in 2005

LRT Integrated with MRT in Singapore


SHIFT

Status of Existing Bus Lanes (2005)• Exclusive median bus lanes: 7 lines/ 84km • Curbside bus lanes: 293.6km

■ Expansion Plan (13 lines / 192 km)

Before After

Source: GyengChul Kim

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Seoul


SHIFT

Increase - Network capacity new bus route +BRT - Bus ridership - Bus frequency (Keep Interval)Decrease - Total bus operation cost

> Increase - Bus company revenue> Decrease - Subsidy of SMG


Hierarchical BRT System in Seoul


SHIFT


Integrated Bus-Subway Operation in SeoulBus interval management

Safe operation

Providing dynamic information to public


SHIFT

32

Electric Fare System (Smart card) •Distance based fare (no change for transfers)

• Data collection for traffic management

• Non-transit applications (e.g. retail purchases, mileages)

Seoul (2004-) Singapore (2002-)


SHIFT


Strategy

Instrument

Avoid Shift Improve


Reduce car use

Improve alternative

modesImprove road


and fuels




Alternative fuel

RegulationCompact

cityMix land

use

Access permits





Bus location system

Eco-driveIT/ITS

IT / ITS




Road pricing

IT/ITS operation

system

Car ownership &

parking control

Emission Standard

Singapore & LondonCar Traffic Control

7June2012

Innovating Transport SystemsCUTE Matrix: Shift + Improve

Singapore

Vehicle Quota System (VQS)

• Introduced in 1990

• Certificate of Entitlement (COE)

– valid for 10 years

– Bid the COE

Shanghai

License Plate Auction System

• Introduced in 1997

• Bid license plates of vehicles

• The price exceeds 60,000yuan ($9,540) in 2012

(Sun, G., LTA)

Car Ownership Control


SHIFT

Off-Street Parking Control in London•Maximum car parking space by land use

Location Marginal floor area (m2) to add one parking space

Central London (CAZ) 1,000 – 1,500

Inner London 600 – 1,000

Outer London 100 – 600

Employment car parking standard

Residential car parking standard

Predominant housing type

Car parking provision

4+ bed units 2 – 1.5 spaces

3 bed units 1.5 – 1 space

1 – 2 bed units 1 to less than 1

•Maximum car parking space by Public Transport Accessibility Levels (PTAL)


SHIFT

On-Street Parking Control in Tokyo

• In principle, parking is prohibited on the road• parking meters are installed in some of the road • Management by the police

Tokyo St.

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

1000004 wheel2wheel

Number of cars parked in the streets in Tokyo[cars]


SHIFT

Area Licensing Scheme (ALS)

• Implemented in 1975

• Reduced traffic entering the Restricted Zone (RZ)

Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)


• Replaced manual ALS

(Sun, G., LTA)

Road Pricing in Singapore


SHIFT

65 kph45 kph

IncreaseERP rate

DecreaseERP rate

Expressways

30 kph20 kph

Increase ERP rate

DecreaseERP rate

Arterial Roads

• ERP is a congestion management tool

• Pay-as-you-use principle

• Review speed range at 3-month interval, adjust ERP rates

Courtesy of Mohinder Singh, LTA

traffic.smart

Application of ITS

Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)


SHIFT

39

Road Pricing in London

Congestion Charge


• The Zone of City Centre

• Exemption introduced in 2011 for LEVs (EURO5, EV/PHV etc)

Low Emission Zone


• Freight vehicles and coaches

• The whole city (GLA)

• EURO3 standard


SHIFT


Strategy

Instrument

Avoid Shift Improve


Reduce car use

Improve alternative

modesImprove road


and fuels




Alternative fuel

RegulationCompact

cityMix land

use

Access permits





Bus location system

Eco-driveIT/ITS

IT / ITS




Emission Standard

Japan Top Runner Program

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya University7June2012

Innovating Transport SystemsCUTE Matrix: Improve

Emission Standards in the World

1996 2001 2006 2011-0.05-0.000.050.100.150.200.250.30

g-PM

/ k

Wh

PM

1996 2001 2006 20110.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

JapanEUUSChinaThai-landg-

Nox

/ k

Wh

NOx

1995 2000 2005 20100

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06PM

Ann

ual a

vera

ge [

mg

/ m

3]

1995 2000 2005 20100

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06NO2 NO

Ann

ual a

vera

ge

[ppm

]

Euro2

Euro3

Euro4

Euro5

Euro2

Euro3

Euro4,5

Atmospheric Concentrations of NOx and PM around roads in Japan

Source: Ministry of Environment ,Japan, www.env.go.jp/air/osen/index.html7June2012 Hayashi Laboratory, Nagoya University 41

IMPROVE


Top Runner Program with vehicles List of the Specified 21 Appliances

Passenger VehiclesFreight VehiclesAir ConditionersElectric RefrigeratorsElectric FreezersElectric Rice CookersMicrowave OvensFluorescent LightsElectric Toilet SeatsTV Sets (CRT, LCD, Plasma)Video Cassette RecordersDVD RecordersComputersMagnetic Disk UnitsCopying MachinesSpace HeatersGas Cooking AppliancesGas Water HeatersOil Water HeatersVending MachinesTransformers

at the time of standards establishment

Target year

19km/L

18km/L

17km/L

15km/L15km/L

14km/L

13km/L

12km/L

16

Fuel Efficiency (km/L)

target value

Weighted average value for each product category

7June2012

The “Top Runner” program: Efficiency improvement(Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry )

IMPROVE


Strategy

Instrument

Avoid Shift Improve


Reduce car use

Improve alternative

modesImprove road


and fuels




Alternative fuel

RegulationCompact

cityMix land

use

Access permits





Bus location system

Eco-driveIT/ITS

IT / ITS



LEV preferential tax7June2012 Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya University

LEV subsidyLEV preferential

tax

Japan Greening Taxation

Innovating Transport SystemsCUTE Matrix: Improve


Effects of Tax and Subsidy Policies

7June2012 Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya University

Fueleconomy[km/l]

Observed Estimation

Sales base

Real running

EV

HV

NGV

LPG

Methanol

Ownership base

Greening taxation

Greening taxation

Methanol-fueled vehicleLPG-fueled vehicleNatural gas vehicleHybrid vehicleElectrical vehicle

Year

No. of vehicles

Top RunnerProgram

Top RunnerProgram

IMPROVE

45

Increase in Low Emission Cars

7June2012

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000EVHV

[vehicle]

Year

HV : 1,418,400(2.54 % of total passenger cars)

EV : 16,800(0.03 % of total passenger cars)


IMPROVE

Scenario for Improvement of Power Source and Fuel in the Case of Bangkok


2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 20500

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Year

CO2E

miss

ion

Fact

or[g

-CO

2/km

]

CO2 Emission Factor for Passenger Vehicle* Result of the study of Nagoya Univ.

FCV

EV

HV

GV

IMPROVEIMPROVE

• 　 Scenario for CO2 Emission Factor Improvement was set based on estimation in Japan

• 　 Production of electricity will be estimated based on scenario “increased use of renewable energy”

Lower level

Upper level

Scenario for Low-emission Vehicle Diffusion

7June2012Hayashi Laboratory, Nagoya University 47

IMPROVEIMPROVE

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 20500

100

200

300

400

二輪 GV

二輪 EV

普通 GV

HV

普通 EV

Year

Nu

mb

er

of r

eg

iste

red

Ve

hic

le [‘

00

0]

Gasoline Motorcycle

ElectricMotorcycle

GasolinePassenger Car

HybridPassenger Car

ElectricPassenger Car

Based on Estimation in Japan, passenger car using gasoline will be 0% with the scenario that motorcycle will sift to passenger car,

* Result of the study of Nagoya Univ.

Identifying A Necessary Policy Package

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2005 2015 2025 2035 2045

CO2

emis

sion

s fro

m p

asse

nger

ca

rs in

Ban

gkok

(Mt/

year

) AVOIDSHIFTIMPROVE

Mitigation from

2050

Do Nothing

CO2 mitigation Scenario

SHIFT

IMPRO

VEAVO

ID

70%

Extensive Measures Needed for Low-Carbon Transport

IMPROVE


49

Energy Source

Mod

al S

hare

MC

PCGasoline

RailElectricity

Public Bus

Diesel CNG

Comprehensive Strategy to Achieve CO2 Emission Reduction Target

Electricity

DieselCNG

Biomass

Gasoline

Electricity

DieselCNG

Gasoline

-50%

-30%

From the view point of energy consumption


Decomposition of Urban Transport Emission


CAR OWNERSHIP

Urban area

TransportFrequency

Public TransportImprovement

FuelEconomy

Level ofcongestion

LEV diffuseDevelopment of Public Transport

Compact Development

Road Pricing

Regulation of Sprawl

Fuel TaxIT/ITS

Road Improvement

LEV Ratio

Concentration of urban activity

× ×

Trip Generation Degree of Car dependence Technical Level

Total Trip Length

year year

Emission Factor

year

Modal Share＝

year

Emission

AVOID SHIFT IMPROVETotal

CUTEPolicy Matrix

7June2012

× ×

Conclusion

• CUTE Matrix: (Strategy) x (Instruments) for Innovating Transport Systems

• Decomposition for understand Urban Transport Emission: Avoid, Shift and Improve

• Back-casting approach for seeking effective combinations • Scenario and Roadmap


Conclusion

• To realize the low-carbon society, leapfrog development is necessary in Asian developing cities.

• Thus, the future vision of low-carbon society which will achieve huge reduction of CO2 emission should be established firstly.

• Impacts of each avoid, sift and improve measures should be clarified.

• Then, thier effective combinations should be examined through backcasting approach.

• Finally the available scenario should be set up for the roadmap of each city.


yoshitsugu hayashi director, international research center for sustainable transport and cities,...

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