youn
DESCRIPTION
amoeTRANSCRIPT
-
MECHANICAL VENTILATIONMarc Charles Parent
-
PresentationDifferent settings to considerMonitoring of the patientDifferent type of patient
COPD, AsthmaARDSTrouble shooting
-
Ventilator settings
-
Ventilator settingsVentilator modeRespiratory rateTidal volume or pressure settingsInspiratory flowI:E ratioPEEPFiO2Inspiratory trigger
-
CMV
-
A/CV
-
SIMV
-
PSV(pressure support ventilation)
Spontaneous inspiratory efforts trigger the ventilator to provide a variable flow of gas in order to attain a preset airway pressure.Can be used in adjunct with SIMV.
-
Respiratory Rate
What is the pt actual rate demand?
-
Tidal Volume or Pressure setting Maximum volume/pressure to achieve good ventilation and oxygenation without producing alveolar overdistention
Max cc/kg? = 10 cc/kg
Some clinical exceptions
-
Inspiratory flowVaries with the Vt, I:E and RR
Normally about 60 l/min
Can be majored to 100- 120 l/min
-
I:E Ratio
1:2
Prolonged at 1:3, 1:4,
Inverse ratio
-
FIO2The usual goal is to use the minimum Fio2 required to have a PaO2 > 60mmhg or a sat >90%
Start at 100%
Oxygen toxicity normally with Fio2 >40%
-
Inspiratory TriggerNormally set automatically
2 modes:
Airway pressureFlow triggering
-
Positive End-expiratory Pressure (PEEP) What is PEEP?
What is the goal of PEEP?
Improve oxygenation
Diminish the work of breathing
Different potential effects
-
PEEPWhat are the secondary effects of PEEP?
BarotraumaDiminish cardiac output
Regional hypoperfusionNaCl retentionAugmentation of I.C.P.?Paradoxal hypoxemia
-
PEEPContraindication:
No absolute CI
BarotraumaAirway traumaHemodynamic instabilityI.C.P.?Bronchospasm?
-
PEEPWhat PEEP do you want?
Usually, 5-10 cmH2O
-
Monitoring of the patient
-
Look at your patientQuestion your pt
Examine your pt
Monitor your pt
Look at the synchronicity of your pt breathing
-
Pressures
-
Compliance pressure (Pplat)Represent the static end inspiratory recoil pressure of the respiratory system, lung and chest wall respectively
Measures the static compliance or elastance
-
PplatMeasured by occluding the ventilator 3-5 sec at the end of inspirationShould not exceed 30 cmH2O
-
Peak Pressure (Ppeak)Ppeak = Pplat + Pres
Where Pres reflects the resistive element of the respiratory system (ET tube and airway)
-
PpeakPressure measured at the end of inspiration
Should not exceed 50cmH2O?
-
Auto-PEEP or Intrinsic PEEP What is Auto-PEEP?
Normally, at end expiration, the lung volume is equal to the FRC
When PEEPi occurs, the lung volume at end expiration is greater then the FRC
-
Auto-PEEP or Intrinsic PEEPWhy does hyperinflation occur?
Airflow limitation because of dynamic collapseNo time to expire all the lung volume (high RR or Vt)Expiratory muscle activityLesions that increase expiratory resistance
-
Auto-PEEP or Intrinsic PEEPAuto-PEEP is measured in a relaxed pt with an end-expiratory hold maneuver on a mechanical ventilator immediately before the onset of the next breath
-
Auto-PEEP or Intrinsic PEEPAdverse effects:
Predisposes to barotraumaPredisposes hemodynamic compromisesDiminishes the efficiency of the force generated by respiratory musclesAugments the work of breathingAugments the effort to trigger the ventilator
-
Different types of patient
-
COPD and AsthmaGoals:
Diminish dynamic hyperinflationDiminish work of breathingControlled hypoventilation (permissive hypercapnia)
-
Diminish DHIWhy?
-
Diminish DHIHow?
Diminish minute ventilation
Low Vt (6-8 cc/kg)Low RR (8-10 b/min)Maximize expiratory time
-
Diminish work of breathingHow:
Add PEEP (about 85% of PEEPi)
Applicable in COPD and Asthma.
-
Controlled hypercapniaWhy?
Limit high airway pressures and thus diminish the risk of complications
-
Controlled hypercapniaHow?
Control the ventilation to keep adequate pressures up to a PH > 7.20 and/or a PaCO2 of 80 mmHg
-
Controlled hypercapniaCI:
Head pathologiesSevere HTNSevere metabolic acidosisHypovolemiaSevere refractory hypoxiaSevere pulmonary HTNCoronary disease
-
A.R.D.S.Ventilation with lower tidal volume as compared with traditional volumes for acute lung injury and the ARDS
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network
N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301-08
-
MethodsMarch 96 March 9910 university centersInclusion:
Diminish PaO2Bilateral infiltrateWedge < 18ExclusionRandomized
-
MethodsA/C 28d or weaning2 groups:
1. Traditional Vt (12cc/kg)2. Low Vt (6cc/kg)
End point:
1. Death2. Days of spontaneous breathing3. Days without organ failure or barotrauma
-
ResultsThe trails were stopped after 861 pt because of lower mortality in low Vt group
-
Trouble Shooting
-
Trouble ShootingDoctor, doctor, his pressures are going up!!!
What is your next step?
-
Trouble ShootingCall the I.T., he will take care of it!Where is the staff?I dont know this pt, and run!Ask which pressure is going up
-
Trouble ShootingPpeak is up
Look at your Pplat
-
Trouble ShootingIf your Pplat is high, you are faced with a COMPLIANCE problem
If your Pplat is N, you are faced with a RESISTIVE problem
DD?
-
Trouble Shooting
-
Trouble ShootingDoctor, doctor, my patient is very agitated!
What is your next step?
-
Trouble ShootingGive an ativan to the nurse!Give haldol 10mg to the patient!Take 5mg of morphine for yourself!Look at your pt!
-
Trouble ShootingAt the time of intubation, fighting is largely due to anxiety
But what do you do if pt is stable and then becomes agitated?
-
Trouble ShootingRemove pt from ventilatorInitiate manual ventilationPerform P/E and assess monitoring indicesCheck patency of airwayIf death is imminent, consider and treat most likely causesOnce pt is stabilized, undertake more detailed assessement and management
-
Trouble Shooting
-
Conclusion
Feuil1
Type of patientTidal VolumeRRPEEPFIO2Ins. FlowI:ENoteNote
Normal10 cc/kg10 to 120 to 5100%.60 l/min1:2.
ARDS6 cc/kg10 to 125 to 15100%.60 l/min1:2.
COPD6 cc/kg10 to 125 to 10100%.100 to 1201:3 to 1:4PH>7.2
PCO2