Your Body Systems

Chapter 5

BELLRINGER: How many body systems can you

name?

Body Organization

• Human Body – Complex Machine

• City ( Buildings, transportation systems, Electrical energy)

• Working together – Each part has role to play – Contributes to the function of the other parts

of the body

– ** What happens to the body when a part is not functioning properly?

Cells

• Simplest and most basic units of life• Human Body vs. Bacteria• Nucleus – “brain” of cell – Largest organelle of the cell – Contains the DNA

Tissues

• A group of cells that are similar & work together to perform a specific function

• 4 Types of Main Body Tissue : – Epithelial ( Boundary) • Protects body from moisture loss, bacteria,

internal injury

–Muscle ( movement) – Connective Tissue ( Support & Structure) – Nervous Tissue ( Messaging System)

Body Tissue

Organ

• Two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function

Organs

• How many organs are in the human body? – 78

• Which organ is the largest?– Skin

• What is the major organ of the body?– Brain

• Other organs of the body – http://www.organsofthebody.com/

Body System

• A group of organs that work together for one purpose

• Your Body Systems: – Nervous System – Endocrine System – Skeletal System – Muscular System – Digestive System – Urinary System – Circulatory System – Respiratory System

Body System Function

Nervous System Controls & coordinates activities of the body systems

Endocrine System Helps nervous system control and coordinate activities of the body; helps regulate growth

Skeletal System Provides a framework to support and protect the body

Muscular System Works with the skeletal system to cause movement

Digestive System Breaks down foods into simpler substances; transfers nutrients into the blood; eliminates solid waste products so they can be eliminated from the body; protects the body from disease

Circulatory System Transports and distributes gases, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body; collects and transports waste products so they can be eliminated from the body; protects body from disease

Respiratory System Exchanges oxygen from the environment and carbon dioxide from the body

Urinary System Filters liquid waste products from the blood and eliminates them from the body

Body Systems Work Together

• Each system has a different function–Work together and help on another

• Body systems depend on one another – Perform their functions properly

• When working properly – The body stays alive and is healthy

CELL ORGANIZATION POSTER HANDOUT

BELLRINGER : ARE PEOPLE WITH BIGGER

BRAINS SMARTER THAN PEOPLE WITH SMALLER

BRAINS?

Nervous System

• Body system that gathers and interprets information about the body’s internal & external environments and responds to that information

Nervous System Components

• Brain • Spinal Cord • Nerves • Sensory Organs ( eyes, ears, taste

buds)

Nervous System

• Controls voluntary & involuntary activities – Walking – Talking – Heart beat

• Also allows … – Seeing – Hearing – Smelling – Tasting – Detect pain & pressure

Nervous System controls

• Conducts electrical messages to & from various parts of your body –NERVE IMPULSES

• Carry information that help the organs and body systems carry out their functions correctly

The Brain

• Major organ • Mass of nervous tissue that is located

inside your skull

Brain Impulses

• Sends impulses to different parts of the body

• Impulses contain information about your body and about the world around you – Constantly receiving impulses

• Your brain uses this information to – Tell your body how to react to the

environment – Sending impulses to different body parts

Structure of Brain

• Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Brainstem

Cerebrum

• Largest part of the brain • Most complex • Coordinates many activities of the

brain • Controls– Senses, emotions, voluntary muscle

movements, consciousness, learning, & memory

Cerebellum

• Second largest part of the brain • Controls –Muscle coordination, balance, and

posture

Brainstem

• Connects to the spinal cord • Controls – Heart rate – Blood pressure – Breathing

PIN THE FUNCITON ON THE BRAIN

Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Includes brain & spinal cord• Spinal Cord – Bundle of nervous tissue that is about a foot and

a half long and is surrounded by your back bone

• Spinal cord Function – Relay impulses between the brain and different

parts of the body

• Interpreting impulse – Brain – spinal cord – body part – Body part – spinal cord – brain

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• Composed of nerves that connect all parts of your body to the CNS

• Uses nerves to control the actions of different parts of the body

Nerves

• A bundle of cells that conducts electrical signals through the body

• Like an electrical cable–Many small wires

• ** ONLY IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ***

Nerves

• Means of communication in the CNS • CNS & skeletal system –When & how to move

• CNS & Skin – Heat – Pressure – Pain – Other sensations from the environment

Common Problems of the Nervous System

• Meningitis • Rabies • Concussions • Stroke • Paralysis • Epilepsy• Cerebral Palsy

Meningitis

• Infection, inflammation of the protective covering of the brain & spinal cord– Bacterial & viral

• Bacterial ( antibiotics ) • Vaccine • No vaccine to treat / prevent viral

form

Rabies

• A viral infection of the brain that causes irritation of the brain and spinal cord

• Passed by saliva of an infected animal

• Avoid wild / unfamiliar animals • Medical treatment needed

Concussion

• Blow to the head • May cause brief memory loss;

unconsciousness• Preventative measure –Wear protective headgear

Stroke

• Death of brain tissue – Lack of blood going to brain

• Medical attention & hospitalization

Paralysis

• Partial / total loss of the ability to use muscles– Caused by damage to brain or spinal

cord

• May be permanent

Epilepsy

• Disorder of the nerves and brain that are characterized by uncontrollable muscle activity

• Form of seizure • Treated with medication

Cerebral Palsy

• Very poor muscle control– Caused by damage of the brain

• No cure or prevention – Physical therapy

Endocrine System

• Network of tissues and organs that release chemicals that control certain body functions

Hormones

• Chemicals that travel in the blood and cause changes in different body parts

• Tells body how to grow or develop • Stressful Situations – Fight or Flight – Epinephrine Rush

Hormone Facts

• Makes & releases between 50-100 different hormones

• Every hormone has an important function for the body

• Most glands make & release different hormones

• Each function of the body is controlled by more than one hormone

• Hormones work together to cause changes in the body

Gland

A tissue or group of tissues that makes and releases chemicals • Endocrine Glands make hormones* • Specific Endocrine Glands • Hormones released into blood • Control certain body functions

Types of Glands

• Thyroid Gland • Adrenal Gland • Pancreas • Ovaries • Testes • Thymus Gland • Parathyroid Glands • Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Gland

• Controls the rate at which your body uses energy

• Located in the neck area

Adrenal Glands

• Helps the body respond to stress or danger

• Located above kidneys

Pancreas

• Regulates blood sugar levels • Located on the bend of stomach

Ovaries

• Females Only • Produce hormones involved in

reproductions – Estrogen & progesterone

Testes

• Males Only • Produce hormones in reproduction – Testosterone

Thymus Gland

• Regulates the immune system, which helps body fight disease

• Located between Lungs

Parathyroid Gland

• Regulates the calcium level in the blood

• Located behind thyroid

Pituitary Gland

• Secretes hormones that affect other glands & organs

• Located in the Brain

Types of Hormones

• Thyroxine • Testosterone • Estrogen • Progesterone • Insulin • Human Growth Hormone • Epinephrine & Norephinephrine

Thyroxine

• Thyroid • Stimulates body metabolism • Regulates body growth &

development

Testosterone

• Testes • Stimulates secondary sex

characteristics in males • Stimulates sperm production

Estrogen

• Ovary • Stimulates secondary sex

characteristics in females

Progesterone

• Ovary • Allows the uterus to prepare for

pregnancy • Regulates menstrual cycle

Insulin

• Pancreas • Regulates the amount of sugar in

blood

Human Growth Hormone

• Pituitary Gland • Stimulates body growth

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

• Adrenal • Stimulate the body systems and

metabolism in emergencies & during stress

HORMONE & BONE GROWTH ACTIVITY

Common Problems of the Endocrine System

• Too much / Too little of a hormone• Interfere with – Normal Structure – Function of the Body

• Endocrine System Problems – Type II Diabetes – Gigantism – Hyperthyroidism – Hypothyroidism

Type II Diabetes

• High level of sugar in the blood • Body does not produce enough

insulin • Body’s cells do not • Treatment – Diet & Exercise – Insulin Injection– Pills

Gigantism

• Individual has a very large body size• Excess production of human growth

hormone by pituitary gland • Treatment –Medication

Hyperthyroidism

• Produces too much of the thyroid hormone

• Body Systems become too active • Lead to rapid & unhealthy weight loss

and other problems • Treatment –Medications – Radiation – Surgery

Hypothyroidism

• Produces too little of the thyroid hormone

• Body system slow down • Can lead to rapid and unhealthy

weight gain • Treatment: –Medication that replace missing

hormones

BELLRINGER: HOW MANY BONES & MUSCLES ARE IN THE HUMAN BODY?

Skeletal System

• Bone – Is a living organ made of bone cells,

connective tissues, and minerals

• Bone, Cartilage, & special structures make up the system

Skeleton

• Body’s framework • Support the Body • Protect organs • Store Minerals • Work with your muscles to move

HEALTHY VS UNHEALTHY BONES

2 Types of Bone Tissue

• Compact Bone – Is dense bone tissue found outside of all

bones

• Spongy Bone –Many air spaces – Lighter & less dense than compact bone

and found inside most bones

Compact & Spongy Bone

Cartilage & Marrow

• Cartilage – Ends of many bones which are covered

by a soft, flexible tissue

• Marrow– Soft tissue inside bones

• 2 Types – Red Marrow – makes red & white blood

cells – Yellow Marrow – stores fat

Joints

• Place in the body where 2 or more bones connect

• Allow movement –When muscles attached to the bone contract

• Classified by how bones move • Fixed Joints– Joints allow little or no movement

• Ligaments – Flexible bands of connective tissue

JOINT ACTIVITY

Skeletal / Joint Problems

• Break • Dislocate • Stretch or torn • Aging / poor diet

– Osteoporosis – Fracture – Osteomyelitis – Arthritis – Osteoarthritis – Rickets– Scoliosis – Sprain

Osteoporosis

• Density of bone decreases • Bones are weak • More likely to break• Treatment – Exercise – Calcium / Vitamin D –Medications

Fracture

• Break in a bone • Caused by accident or injury • Treatment – Cast – Surgery

Osteomyelitis

• Bacterial infection of the bone and marrow

• Treatment:– Antibiotics – Surgery

• Prevention: – Clean deep wounds / cuts

Arthritis

• Joint inflammations • Treatment : – Physical Therapy –Medications

Osteoarthritis

• Caused by aging • Joints are stiff & painful• Treatment: – Anti-inflammatory Drugs – Physical Therapy – Surgery

Rickets

• Children• Causes the body to have difficulty

absorbing calcium • Bones soften • Caused by lack of vitamin D • Treatment: –Medication with vitamin D

Scoliosis

• Curvature of the spine • Uneven growth of the body• Treatment: – Exercise – Brace – Surgery

Sprain

• Injury to ligaments at a joint • Treatment: – Rest – Ice – Cast

Types of Muscle

• Muscle – Any tissue that is made up of cells or

fibers that contract & expand to cause movement

• Types of Muscle – Smooth Muscle – Cardiac Muscle – Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

• Move materials such as food through internal organs

• Makes up internal organs – Stomach – Intestines

Cardiac Muscle

• Found in the heart • Blood is pushed through the body

Skeletal Muscle

• Muscle attached to bones • Attached to bones by connective

tissue– Tendons

• Pull onto the bones they are attached to – causes body to move

• Release energy –Maintains body temperature

Muscular System

• The muscles that move your body

How muscles Move

• Skeletal muscles work together –Make your Body move

• Movement – Result of muscles pulling on bones

Muscle Contraction- Flex

• Gets shorter • ONLY pull bones closer together • Flex– Bend

• Example : Bicep – Pulls the bones of the forearm toward

shoulder

Muscle Contraction – Extend

• Extend • Example : Triceps – Pulls the bones of the forearms away

from the biceps

Muscular System Problems

• Tired & Sore • Strained & Torn • Warm up, cool down, stretch • Problems: – Muscular Dystrophy – Inguinal Hernia – Muscle Cramp – Strain – Tendinitis – Shin Splints

Muscular Dystrophy

• Genetic Diseases– Causes muscle weakness

• Destruction of skeletal muscle tissue • Treatment: – No Cure – Physical Therapy – Surgery

Inguinal Hernia

• Intestine bulges through abdominal muscles

• Causes • Caused: – Lifting heavy objects – Improper lifting

• Treatment: – Surgery

Muscle Cramp

• Sudden & painful contraction of a muscle

• Night • After Exercise• No Treatment

Strain

• Overstretching • Tearing of a muscle due to overuse /

misuse • Treatment : – Rest – Ice –Wrapping Injury

Tendinitis

• Inflammation of a tendon– Aging – Excessive Exercise

• Treatment – Rest– Hot or Cold compresses – Ant – inflammatory medications

Shin Splints

• Pain in the shin caused by damage• Irritation to the muscles in the front

of the leg • Treatment: – Rest – Ice – Pain Medication

Exercise Circuit Activity

BELLRINGER: NAME DIFFERENT SYMPTOMS THAT OCCUR WHEN YOU

HAVE PROBLEMS DIGESTING YOUR FOOD.

Digestion

• Digestion – Process by which your body breaks

down food you eat

Digestive System

• Group of organs and glands that work together to physically & chemically break down, or digest food

• Mouth • Stomach • Small Intestine • After Digestion – Food is absorbed in the blood

Nutrients

• Substances in foods that your body needs to function properly

• Produce Energy – Growth –Maintenance – Repair

Journey of Food- Mouth

• Mouth • Chewing – Food particles are smaller–Makes digestion easier

• Saliva –Moistens food –Makes it easier to follow

Journey of Food – Throat

• Pushed by your tongue • Throat • Pharynx • Esophagus to Stomach

Journey of Food – Stomach

• Food Particles–Mixed with acidic juices

• Stomach churns –Mixes food & juices

• Stays in stomach for a few hours – Travels to large intestine

Journey of Food – Small Intestine

• Most chemical digestion happens • Food moves by contractions – Smooth muscle of small intestine

• Contractions – Push food through the organ

• Liver, gall bladder, pancreas – Release chemicals into the small intestine

• Leaves small intestine to large intestine

Journey of Food – Large Intestine

• No digestion happens • Mostly waste products • Pushed out • Takes about 24 hours

Body Absorbs Nutrients

• Absorbed in bloodstream• Alcohol, simple sugars, & simple salts

– Absorbed in stomach

• Small Intestine • Carbohydrates, proteins, fats – Absorbed in small intestine

Villi

• Inner wall of the small intestine covered in fingerlike projections

• Increase the surface of the intestinal wall

• Nutrients – Pass easily from the small intestine to

the blood

• Large intestine –Water – Simple Salts

Common Digestive Problems

• Improper Chewing • Too much Acid • Problems:

– Indigestion – Heartburn – Diarrhea – Constipation – Ulcers – Appendicitis – Hemorrhoids – Stomach & Colon Cancer

Indigestion

• Pain / discomfort in stomach • Treatment: – Antacids –Medication

Heartburn

• Burning feeling in the esophagus – Backflow of acidic stomach contents

• Treatment: – Antacids –Medication

Diaherrea

• Increase amount & number of times a person passes waste

• Treatment: –Medication

Constipation

• Passing solid waste is difficult & infrequent

• Treatment: –Medication – Fluids

Ulcers

• Round, open sore in the lining of stomach or small intestine caused by bacteria

• Treatment: – Avoiding certain foods – Antacids – Antibiotics

Appendicitis

• Inflammation of the appendix – Releases harmful bacteria into the

abdomen

• Treatment: – Surgical removal of the appendix

Hemorrhoids

• Swollen tissues of the rectum and anus– Contain blood vessels that may bleed

• Treatment: – Usually does not require treatment –May require surgery

Stomach & Colon Cancer

• Tumor in the stomach, colon, rectum of large intestine – Age – Diet

• Treatment: – Surgical removal of the affected organ – Chemotherapy – Radiation

TRAVEL BROCHURE

Excretion

• Removal of liquid wastes from the body

• 3 Body Systems Involved: – Skin & Water • Releases products • Sweating

– Lungs • Get rid of Carbon Dioxide

– Urinary System • Removes waste products from blood

Urinary System

• Group of organs that work together to remove liquid wastes from the blood

• Carries waste from cells to kidneys • Kidneys– Clean the blood of liquid waste

• Ureters–Waste passed from kidneys to tube like

structures

Urinary System

• Bladder–Muscular, baglike organ that stores this

liquid waste until it can be released from the body

• Urethra –When bladder is full, waste leaves the

body through a single tube like structure

• Urination – Release of the waste

Filtering Blood

• Kidneys– clean you blood – Regulate amount of water in body

• Blood Contains – Nutrients, gases, water, & waste

• Kidney Removes–Waste & excess water from the blood

Kidneys

• Nephrons– Remove harmful products from your

blood

• Filtration – A process where nephrons remove the

wastes from the blood

• Urine – Liquid waste

Common Problems of the Urinary System

• Waste products can build up in the blood – Lifetime threatening conditions

• Uncomfortable or painful • Problems: – Urinary Tract Infection – Stones – Urinary Incontinence – Overactive or Neurogenic Bladder

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

• Infection of one or more of the organs of the urinary system– Bacteria – Viruses – Fungi – Parasites

• More common in women • Treatment: – Antibiotics – Antiviral drugs

Stones

• Crystallized mineral chunks that frequently from in the kidneys and bladder

• Small stones leave body with urine • Larger stones may be trapped• Treatment: –Medications – Ultrasound waves – Surgery

Urinary Incontinence

• Uncontrollable loss of urine from the bladder

• Inability to control urination– Aging

• Treatment: –Medication – Surgery

Overactive / Neurogenic Bladder

• Inability to control urination– Damage to nerves that go to the urinary

bladder

• Treatment: –Medications – Surgery – Catheter

BELLIRINGER: WHY DO YOU THINK PEOPLE

ASSOCIATE LOVE WITH THE HEART?

Circulatory System

• Made up of three parts – Clean blood – Help regulate the amount of waster in

your body

• Functions– Transport nutrients and gases to a

different parts of the body where they can be used by the cells

– Take waste materials from the cells to kidneys, lungs, and skin, where wastes can be removed

Heart

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH0QTWzU-xI

Blood

• 5 liters • Tissue that is made of liquid, cell

parts, and 2 types of cells • Liquids & solids • Components: – Plasma – Platelets – Red Blood Cells –White Blood Cells

BLOOD VISUAL

Plasma

• 55% of blood • 90% of plasma is water • Fluid • Carries nutrients, hormones, and

waste products from one part of the body to another

Platelets

• Solids • 45% of blood • Carried by plasma • Cell fragments that help repair blood

vessels and form blood clots • Made in bone marrow • Clump together in the damaged area

of body – Forms blood clots & stops you from

bleeding

Red Blood Cells ( RBCs)

• Most numerous blood cells • Transport oxygen & carbon dioxide

through the body • Hemoglobin – Protein – Oxygen & carbon dioxide attach – Carries gases through the body

White Blood Cells ( WBCs)

• Large cells that help you stay healthy by fighting infection and protecting the body from foreign particles

Supply Lines

• Arteries– Blood vessels that carry blood away from the

heart

• Veins – Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

• Capillaries – Microscopic blood vessels of the body that

link the arteries and veins – Nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste

products enter and leave the blood stream

Common Circulatory Problems

• Cells do not get oxygen & nutrients – They will die

• Wastes are removed from cells– They will die

• Problems: – Hypertension – Heart Attack – Anemia – Sickle Cell Anemia – Leukemia – Hemophilia

Hypertension

• Abnormally high blood pressure • Increase the chance of stroke/ heart

attack • Treatment: – Losing Weight – Eating healthy – Not Smoking –Medication

Heart Attack

• Blood supply to the heart is reduced or stopped– Injures heart

• Treatment –Medical emergency –Medical professional

Anemia

• Number of blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin is below normal

• Treatment: – Treated with vitamin B 12 – Iron supplements –Medications

Sickle Cell Anemia

• Blood cells are sickle cell shaped • Contain an abnormal type of

hemoglobin• Genetic • Treatment: – Cannot be cured – Hospitalization at times

Leukemia

• Cancer of the tissues of the body that produce white blood cells

• Treatment: – Chemotherapy

Hemophilia

• Genetic disorder • Blood does not clot • Clots very slowly • Treatment: – Blood transfusions – Avoiding situations that may cause

bleeding

Respiratory System

• Body system that brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide from the body

• Gases forced in & out of the lungs through breathing

Respiratory system

1. Nose & Mouth 2. Pharynx ( throat) 3. Voice Box ( Larynx) 4. Windpipe ( trachea ) 5. Bronchi

1. Allows air to enter lungs

Lungs

• Large sponge like organs in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are passed between the blood and environment

How you Breathe

• Diaphragm –Movement of air in & out of the lungs – Dome shaped muscle beneath the lungs

• Contract– Air enters lungs

• Relax – Air leaves lungs

LUNG MODEL

Alveoli

• Gases move between the blood and tiny air sacs

Common Respiratory problems

Air may contain harmful materials Avoid smoking tobacco & using drugs Problems:

Tuberculosis Pneumonia Asthma Emphysema Lung Cancer

Tuberculosis

• Contagious infection that infects the lungs – Chest pain – Difficulty breathing – Bacteria in the air

• Treated with antibiotics

Pneumonia

• Inflammation of the lungs – Alveoli become filled with thick fluid

• Treatment: – Rest – Fluids – Antibiotics

Bronchitis

• Inflammation of the bronchi – Includes cough

• Treatment: – Rest – Aspirin – Cough medicine – Antibiotics

Asthma

• Allergic response in which airways fill with mucus

• Triggers – Pollen – Dust – Smoke – Cold air – Stress – Strenuous exercise

• Treatment– Drugs

Emphysema

• Condition in which the alveoli in the lungs break– Difficulty breathing

• Treatment – Can’t be cured –Medication

Lung Cancer

• Cancer destroys lung tissue • Most common type of cancer –Men & Women

• Treatment– Surgery – Chemotherapy – Radiation Therapy

BELLRINGER: MAKE A LIST OF HABITS THAT

ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GOOD HEALTH AND BAD

HEALTH

WANTED: BODY ORGANS ADVERTISEMENT