PresentationPresentation from the 2008 World Water Week in StockholmPresentation from the 2008 World Water Week  in Stockholm©The Author(s), all rights reserved

Mobilizing Wastewater to Protect Sustainable Water Cycle in

different Indus Zonesdifferent Indus Zones

Dr. Zaigham Habib

Planning Commission PakistanPlanning Commission Pakistan

C t t f W t t M tContext for Wastewater Management

AfghanistanIndia

g

India

India

Organization of the Presentation

i. Natural and water distribution settings

ii. Different Hydrological zones and challenges

iii W t t l t d bliii. Watewater related problems

iv Treatment and reuse scope in different zonesiv. Treatment and reuse scope in different zones

v. Conclusions

64° 68° 72° 76°E E EE

Aridity and Salinity

H I N D U K U S H

H I M A L Y A S

Kabul River

1000

mm50

0 m

m

1000 m

m

N

EW

S

34° N 34° N

N I S T A N

C H I N A

Indus PlainIrrigated Arae

LEGEND Areas with low rainfall have

L A

I M

A N

R

A N

G E

T O B A K A K A R R

A N G E

Sutlej River

Ravi River

Chenab R

iver

Jehlum River

Indu

s R i

ver

250

mm

125

mm

125

mm

125

mm

250 m

m

250 m

m

500 mm

230° N 30° N

A F G H A N

International BoundaryRiver

Isohytes of Annual Precipitation

Hilly Areas high groundwater salinity

M A K R A

N

R A

N G

E

E R

R A

N G

E

S E

R T

C H O L

I S T

A N

D E S E R T

S U

L

S A N D Y D E S E R T

Dashat River

Hing

ol Ri

ver

Hub

Riv

er Indu

s R i

ver

25 0 mm

125 mm125 mm1

2

3

LOCATIONS

1 Manchar Lake2 Hammal Lake3 Evaporation Ponds4 LBOD26° N 26° N

I R A N I N D I A

K I R

T H

T H

A R

D E

S

125 mm 44 LBOD26° N 26° N

64° 68° 72° 76°

MAP 1 Pakistan-Physical Features Percipitation and Irrigated Area

A R A B I A N S E A

MAP 1. Pakistan-Physical Features, Percipitation and Irrigated Area.

Drainage Basin loosing Recharge Patterns

Reduced river flows, high network losses, higher occurrence of wet and dry span, climate change pattern still not known

Indus Rivers Total Inflow and Outflow 1976-2006120

90

120

1976-86 1986-96 1996-06

60

90

Sea

(bcm

)

30

60

utflo

w to

S

0

30

O

120 150 180 210 240

River Inflows (bcm)

Closed Sub-systems Emerging

Three water supply ver demand Situationsi. Higher uses than the supplyii Gross inflow higher than the reported uses but groundwaterii. Gross inflow higher than the reported uses, but groundwater

depleting – i.e unaccounted uses! iii. Higher availability and positive groundwater recharge in

saline and waterlogged areas

(Gross Inflow - Total Et) and Groundwater Balance300

saline and waterlogged areas

100

200

300

mm

Gross Inflow-Total Et Aquifer balance

0

100

Valu

es in

m

-200

-100

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37

Large area units

Hydronomic Zone Key CharacteristicsHydronomic Zone

1 High water use

Key Characteristics

Vast irrigation network extensive GW1. High water use, populated, fresh but depleting

Vast irrigation network, extensive GW extraction, river shrinking, surface drains carry urban and industrial

aquifer effluent to rivers, direct wastewater agriculture

2. Good rainfall, Rain & streams local source, little i lt ff i lid &but deteriorating

Aquiferagriculture, runoff carries solid & liquid waste to downstream water bodies

3. Saline Groundwater

bodiesHigh dependency on river flows, water logging, canals and lakes Groundwater

low rainfall

gg g,drinking water source, drainage failure, Prelatic fresh water lenses

Wasterwater drains and surface watercources

Sampling sites pH COD mg/l BOD mg/lWater Quality of Surface Drains after Monsoon season

NEQS Limits 6-9 150 80

Hudiara Drain 7.9 407 217.1

Raiwind Main drain 7.6 1570 674.8Raiwind Main drain 7.6 1570 674.8

Deg Nullah 7.8 338 182.0

Paharan Drain 7.7 671 243.0Jaranwala Drain 7 9 274 144 3Jaranwala Drain 7.9 274 144.3

Khairwala Drain 9.4 273 126.2

Sillanwali Drain 8.3 278 178.7

Summandri Drain 7.9 254 110.3

Babu Sabu Drain 7.7 214 104.0

Chak Bandi Drain 8.0 247 118.5

Disposal Station Saggian 7.5 381 224

Kasur Nullah 8.1 987 392

Pandoki Drain 8.2 192 89

Gojra Drain 8.0 180 102

Fazilka Drain 7.3 357 216Pulkhu Nullah 7 4 498 254Pulkhu Nullah 7.4 498 254

Checho Ki Malian Drain 9.7 225 102

Wastewater Faisalabad – Urban ExampleCity Wastewater discharge 5 3 m3/sec district discharge 7 3• City Wastewater discharge 5.3 m3/sec, district discharge 7.3 m3/sec, 25% wastewater used for irrigation treated

• 88% samples exceed BOD, while 96% COD permissible limit88% samples exceed BOD, while 96% COD permissible limit

• Microbiologically unfit drinking water samples 25% to 65%

• 90% groundwater sample unfit for TDS Na K Cl• 90% groundwater sample unfit for TDS, Na, K, Cl

• Vegetables contaminated with Cr, Pb, Cd & Fe

Fi h t i t d ith F d C• Fish contaminated with Fe and Cr

• 75% industries without effluent treatment

• Filtration plants provided to 30% of the population

• 90% population complain about drinking water quality, but not report water born diseasesnot report water-born diseases

• According to doctors 30 to 40 percent patient suffer from water-born diseaseswater born diseases

Source: PCRWR, IWMI

High level of contamination is wide spreadg pCites: Rawalpindi: Total Dissolved Salts – 422 to 780 ppm, EC - 985 to 1800, Main source of contamination: recharge from Nullah Lai and Korang River Lahore: A drinking surve in 2008 show 20% to 90% samples contaminated Karachi: Groundwater saline, household supply contaminated due to sewage leakage. Multan and Rahim Yar Khan: A i i l l hi h i th 50% l d if b ttArsinic level high in more than 50% samples, deep aquifer better.

Rivers: the Least and worst polluted rivers Jhelum and Ravi need BOD in the range of 45 to 880 tonnes per dayBOD in the range of 45 to 880 tonnes per day

Fresh Water lakes: In 2003 river supported lakes Hamal andFresh Water lakes: In 2003 river supported lakes Hamal and Mancher had DTS 4600 mg/l and 5300 mg/l

City Population Wastewat Percent Wastewater Discharged

Annual Urban Wastewater Produced and TreatedCity Population

MillionWastewater MCM

Percent Treated

Wastewater Discharged

Lahore 5.15 287 0.01 River Ravi, Canals & Veg. farms

Faisalabad 2.01 129 25.6 Ravi, Chenab and Veg. farms

Gujranwala 1.13 71 SCARP Drains and Veg farms

Rawalpinidi 1,41 40 River Soan and Veg farms

Sheikhupura 0.87 15 SCARP Drains

Multan 1 2 66 Riv Chenab canals & Veg farmsMultan 1.2 66 Riv. Chenab, canals & Veg farms

Sialkot 0.71 19 Ravi, Canals and Veg farms

Karachi 9.4 604 15.9 ArabianKarachi 9.4 604 15.9 Arabian

Hyderabad 1.17 51 34.0 Indus, Canals & Drains

Peshawar 0.98 52 36.2 River Kabul

Other 19.48 967 0.7

Total Urban 43.45 2,301 7.7

Source: Master Plan for Urban wastewater (municipal & industrial) treatment

Human Health – all impacts not knownIncreased use of bottled waterIncrease in water born diseases according to medical specialists (diarrhea, typhoid, intestinal worms and hepatitis) while direct ( yp p )deaths have decreasedHigher dis-satisfaction of community about drinking water supply

Urban Floods

The drainage systems

Drying eco-systems

No water for natural forestsg yfailing in big cities and peri-urban areas during monsoon

No water for natural forestsDrastic reduction in fresh water supply to welands

Decreasing access for imformal uses

Planning for population growth and municipal water demands!water demands!

Population Projection for two Growth Rates

2.0

2.5

3.0

in m

illio

ns

350

400

450

wth

rate

0.5

1.0

1.5

Popu

latio

n i

150

200

250

300

Popu

latio

n gr

ow

Municipal Supplies based on Current

0.01990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

100

growth rate 2.2% consistant growth with controlled growth rate

Municipal Supplies based on Current Development Pattern

20

25

met

ers

Urban bcm

10

15

al b

illio

n cu

bic

m Rural bcm

0

5

1998 2003 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2050

Annu

a

Waste water Management in populated, high water use and depleting aquifer zone

Theme Quality control and Treatment

Reuse

water use and depleting aquifer zone

Treatment • Control

Municipal • Segregated urban

drainage treatment• Agriculture after

sufficien treatmentpsupply

Strict q alit

g

• Sectors control effl ent at the so rce

• Quality controlled discharge to ri ers• Strict quality

regulation•

effluent at the source

• Treat industrial

discharge to rivers

• Recharge aquifer• Maintain

surface drains

Treat industrial effluent to the secondary level

Recharge aquifer from treated drainage runoff and agriculture

• Control aquifer

• Effective urban drainage

and agriculture uses

• Local harvesting & uses

Waste water Management in High rainfall low Agriculture zone

Theme Quality control and Treatment

Reuse

g

Treatment • Minimize

Municipal waste • Segregate runoff,

wastewater and • Back to streams

and water bodiespwater

Q alit control

solid waste

Rain har est roof• Recharge aquifer

from treated rain• Quality control regulation

• Rain harvest – roof top, parks

from treated rain, drainage runoff

• Protect natural streams

• Treat municipal effluent to specific quality standards

• Plan domestic & infrastructure uses

• Fresh recharge of ground

quality standards

• Treat industrial

uses

• Wastewater aquifer effluent to the

drainage levelecology

Saline and Water Access Areas Theme Quality control and

Treatment REUSE

• Protect lakes • Segregate and • High potential in• Protect lakes, watercourses

• Segregate and manage at diff. levels

• High potential in agriculture, still better than saline

d t• Minimize Agri. and domestic effluent

• Bio-treatment through wetlands

groundwater

• Back to the rivereffluent

• Protect • Treat municipal

effluent to primary

Back to the river reaches after treatment

usability of wastewater

level for agriculture

• Treat industrial• Planned saline

plantations• Long term

saline uses

• Treat industrial effluent for drainage, controlled wetlands

p

Wastewater Management Challenges

Limited public sector capacity for collection and treatment

Public finances limited while private sector is not investing

High pressure to extend old water supply and sanitation systemsHigh pressure to extend old water supply and sanitation systems

Drinking schemes not covering waste treatment and drainage

Treatment laws for Industries not easy to implement

Profitability of traditional wastewater uses decresaing

Limited research and technology inputsgy p

Basin and local level interaction not understood

Climate change Challanges

Achieving a Water CycleMust do measures

Industrial effluent treatment to a usable levelIndustrial effluent treatment to a usable level

Municipal effluent & solid waste - primary level treatment

Ensuring safe wastewater agricultureEnsuring safe wastewater agriculture

Hygiene awareness and local actions

Safe gro nd ater recharge techniq esSafe groundwater recharge techniques

Direct rain-harvesting for urban uses

Control demand and supply in all water use sectors (allocation, pricing, incentives)

Address commercial aspects of water reuse

Basin level resilience integrating basin level andBasin level resilience, integrating basin level and local actions

Thanking You