zinc finger phage affinity selection of fingers

3
(Harwood Academic, N e w York, 1991). 2 . G . A . Sacher, in Handbook the Biology Aging, C . E . Finch a n d L Hayflick, Eds. (Van Nostrand Reinhold, N e w York, 1977), p . 582-638. 3 . C . K . Cassel, M . A . Rudberg, . J . Olshansky, Health Aff. 1 , 8 7 (1992); J . Fries, Perspect. Biol. Med. 3 1 , 4 0 7 (1988); D. B. Brock, J . M . Gural- nick, J . A . Brody, i n Handbook o f t h e Biology o f Aging, E . L . Schneider a nd J . W . Rowe, Eds. (Academic Press, Diego, C A , e d . 3 , 1990), p p . 3-23. 4 . C . E . Finch, Longevity, Senescence, a n d the Genome (Univ. o f Chicago Press, Chicago, 1990). 5 . T. E. Johnson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 8 4 , 3777 (1987). 6 . Science 249, 9 0 8 (1990). 7 . W . L . Conley, M . L Keller, Exp. Gerontol. 2 3 , 2 8 1 (1988). 8 . J . R . Carey, P . Liedo, D . Orozco, J . W . Vaupel, Science 258, 4 5 7 (1992). 9 . J . W . Curtsinger, H. H. Fukui, D . R . Townsend, J . W . Vaupel, ibid., p . 461. 1 0 . T . B . L Kirkwood, i n Handbook ofthe Biology o f Aging, C. E . Finch a nd E . L . Schneider, Eds. (Van Nostrand Reinhold, N e w York, e d . 2 , 1985), p p. 27-44; C . E . Finch, M . C. Pike, M . Witten, Science 249, 9 0 2 (1990). 1 1 . B . Charlesworth, Evolution inAge-Structured Pop- ulations (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1980); M . R . Rose, Evolutionary Biology o f Aging (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1991). 1 2 . T . J . Fabian a n d T. E. Johnson, J . Gerontol. Biol. Sci., i n press. 13 . T . E. Johnson a n d W . B . Wood, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 7 9 , 6603 (1982). 1 4 . A . Brooks a n d T . E . Johnson, Heredity 6 7 , 1 9 (1991). 15 . unpublished data. 16 . M . J . Norussis, SPSS/PC + 4 . 0 Base Manual (Statistical Package f o r t h e Social Sciences, Chi- cago, 1990); , SPSS/PC + Advanced Sta- tistics 4 . 0 (Statistical Package f o r t h e Social Sci- ences, Chicago, 1990). 1 7 . A model-comparison approach [ C . M . Judd a n d G . H . McClelland, Data Analysis: A Model Comparison Approach (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, S a n Diego, C A , 1989)] w a s used to identify t h e parameters capable o f reducing most of t h e error in predicting these data from a mathematical model. T h e models were compared a s each n e w parameter w a s added f o r a significant increase i n total variance that i s explained b y F R--R ) / M Finc ( 1 = ) e where F ~ is the incremental F ratio, R F i s t h e multiple R 2 achieved with the n e w parameter i n the equation, RF is t h e multiple R 2 without the n e w parameter i n t h e equation, M i s the number o f n e w parameters, a n d d f r i s t h e residual degrees o f freedom i n h e final analysis o f variance table [ B . G . Tabachnick a nd L S . Fidell, Using Multivariate Sta- tistics (HarperCollins, N e w York, e d . 2 , 1989), p . 157]. T h e percentage o f variance accounted f o r b y each parameter w a s calculated using Type I I I ( o r partial) sums o f squares, which a r e invariant t o th order of parameters i n t h e model [GLM-VARCOMP, vol. 2 o f SAS/STAT User's Guide (Statistical Analysis System Institute, Cary, N C , 1990), p . 936]. 1 8 . A. Kowald a n d T . B . L . Kirkwood, Science 260, 1664 (1993). 1 9. T . J . Fabian a n d T . E . Johnson, unpublished observations. 2 0 . M . Witten, Mech. Ageing Dev. 4 6 , 1 7 5 (1988). 21 . W e thank T . Reed, T . M . White, a n d D. Lopez f o r technical assistance a n d G . Carey f o r statistical advice. Supported b y grants from N I H (R01- AG08332, R01-AG10248, a nd K04-AG00369) a n d b y a gift from t h e Glenn Foundation f o r Medical Research. Some stocks were supplied b y a n d ar e available through t h e Caenorhabditis Genetics Stock Center, which i s supported b y NIHand t h e University o f Minnesota. 23 September 1993; accepted 8 December 1993 Zinc Finger Phage: Affinity Selection o f Fingers with N e w DNA-Binding Specificities Edward . Rebar an d Carl O. Pabo A phage display system w as developed a d used t o selectzinc finger proteins with altered DNA-binding specificities. Th e threezinc fingemrs o f t h e Zif268 were expressed o n t h e surface o f filamentous phage, a n d a library ofvariants w a s prepared b y randomizing critical amino acids in th e first zinc finger. Affinity selections, using D N A sites with base changes i n t h e region recognized b y t h e first finger, yielded Zif268 variants that bound tightly a n d specifically t o t h e n e w sites. This phage system provides a tool f o r th e study o f protein-DNA interactions a n d may offer a general method f o r selecting zinc finger proteins that recognize desired target sites o n double-stranded DNA. Designing a n d selecting proteins with n ew DNA-binding specificities c a n test a n d e x - tend our understanding of protein-DNA interactions. T h e zinc finger motif, of the type first discovered i n transcription factor IIIA (1), offers a n attractive framework f or these studies. This zinc finger is o n e o f t he most common eukaryotic DNA-binding motifs (2), a n d this family o proteins c a n recognize a diverse s e t o f DN A sequences (3). Zinc finger proteins also exhibit a modular organization which suggests that i t m a y b e possible t o "mix a n d match" fingers t o obtain proteins with novel DNA-binding specificities ( 4 , 5 ) . Crystallographic studies ofthe Zif268-DNA complex (4 ) a n d other zinc finger-DNA complexes (3, 6 ) show that residues a t four positions make most o f thebase contacts, a n d there h a s been some discussion about rules or codes that m a y explain zinc finger-DNA recognition (7). However, t h e recently reported structures of the GLI-DNA complex ( 3) a n d of the Tramtrack-DNA complex ( 6 ) show that zinc fingers can dock against t h e D N A i n a variety o f slightly different ways. This com- plexity makes model building a n d rational design more difficult, b u t i t also reempha- sizes t h e versatility ofthe zinc finger motif. Phage display systems have provided powerful selection methods f o r many stud- i e s o f peptides a n d proteins (8, 9 ) . T o explore t he usefulness o f phage display f o r studying zinc finger-DNA interactions, we first expressed the three Zif268 zinc fingers (10) on t he surface of filamentous phage (Fig. 1 , A a n d B ) . T h e resulting con- struct-fd-tet.Zif-produced useful titers o f "Zif phage" (11), a n d these phage bound specifically t o the pair site recog- nized b y Zif268 (12). W e then created a library o f Zif variants b y randomizing the four positions of t he first finger that appear most important f o r making base contacts (3, 4 , 6 ) . These randomized positions i n - clude t h e residue immediately preceding Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute o f Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. SCIENCE * VOL. 2 6 3 * 4 FEBRUARY 1994 t h e a helix a n d include the second, third, a n d sixth residues of this helix (13). Affinity selection methods were then used t o search the library f o r phage that would recognize altered binding sites. In eachround of affinity selection, phage were equilibrated with biotinylated target D N A a n d then applied t o streptavidin-coated m i - crotiter wells. After washing, the retained phage were eluted i n high salt buffer, am - plified i n Escherichia coli, a n d purified t o prepare f o r the next cycle. Th e target D N A duplexes f o r these selections contained modified Zif268 binding sites with changes t h e region recognized by finger o ne (4), a n d w e refer t o each duplex b y t h e sequence o f this region (Fig. 1C). Initially, w e per- formed five rounds of selection with each of t h e target sites (Fig. 1ID) (14). During these initial selection series, retention efficiencies i n t h e GACC- a n d GCAC-selected phage pools increased about 1 0 0 times, whereas retention efficiencies f o r t h e CCTG pool remained low (15). We then used these enriched GACC a n d GCAC pools a s a starting point f o r additional, more stringent selection cycles (Fig. 1 D) (14). T h e CCTG pool w a s n o t studied further. Phage pools from critical stages of the GACC a n d GCAC selections were charac- terized by sequencing (Fig. 1D), a n d amino acid preferences apparent i n each pool. For t h e GACC pool, sequencing after t h e initial selection series showed that a l l o f t h e phage (12/12) could b e characterized b y t h e consensus sequence (S/D/T)_NR (Ta- b l e 1 ) . Three additional rounds of selection using high salt washes di d not substantially change this consensus (Table 2 ) . F o r t h e GCAC selections, sequencing revealed n o - table changes i n t h e later pools. After the initial selection series, many of the phage belonged t o a group characterized b y t he consensus sequence RDR (18/22), b ut there also w a s a group characterized b y t he sequence _G(S/T)R (4/22) (Table 1 ) . A f - t e r additional rounds of selection with high salt washes, a single sequence- RADR-from th e first group predominat- 6 7 1 sllllss111$8811s$l[l.Bil. IIIBII.ICI    o   n    S   e   p    t   e   m    b   e   r    7  ,    2    0    1    1   w   w   w  .   s   c    i   e   n   c   e   m   a   g  .   o   r   g    D   o   w   n    l   o   a    d   e    d    f   r   o   m  

Upload: mehul-bhardwaj

Post on 07-Apr-2018

236 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Zinc Finger Phage Affinity Selection of Fingers

8/4/2019 Zinc Finger Phage Affinity Selection of Fingers

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/zinc-finger-phage-affinity-selection-of-fingers 1/3

( H a r w o o d A c a d e m i c , New Y o r k , 1 9 9 1 ) .2 . G . A . S a c h e r , i n H a n d b o o k o f t h e B i o l o g y o f A g i n g ,

C . E . F i n c h a n d L H a y f l i c k , E d s . ( V a n N o s t r a n dR e i n h o l d , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 7 7 ) , p p . 5 8 2 - 6 3 8 .

3 . C . K . C a s s e l , M . A . R u d b e r g , S . J . O l s h a n s k y ,H e a l t h A f f . 1 1 , 8 7 ( 1 9 9 2 ) ; J . F r i e s , P e r s p e c t . B i o l .M e d . 3 1 , 4 0 7 ( 1 9 8 8 ) ; D . B . B r o c k , J . M . G u r a l -n i c k , J . A . B r o d y , i n H a n d b o o k o f t h e B i o l o g y o fA g i n g , E . L . S c h n e i d e r a n d J . W . R o w e , E d s .( A c a d e m i c P r e s s , S a n D i e g o , C A , e d . 3 , 1 9 9 0 ) ,p p . 3 - 2 3 .

4 . C . E . F i n c h , L o n g e v i t y , S e n e s c e n c e , a n d t h eG e n o m e ( U n i v . o f C h i c a g o P r e s s , C h i c a g o , 1 9 9 0 ) .5 . T . E . J o h n s o n , P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . U . S . A . 8 4 ,

3 7 7 7 ( 1 9 8 7 ) .6 . S c i e n c e 2 4 9 , 9 0 8 ( 1 9 9 0 ) .7 . W . L . C o n l e y , M . L K e l l e r , E x p . G e r o n t o l .

2 3 , 2 8 1 ( 1 9 8 8 ) .8 . J . R . C a r e y , P . L i e d o , D . O r o z c o , J . W . V a u p e l ,

S c i e n c e 2 5 8 , 4 5 7 ( 1 9 9 2 ) .9 . J . W . C u r t s i n g e r , H . H . F u k u i , D . R . T o w n s e n d , J .

W . V a u p e l , i b i d . , p . 4 6 1 .1 0 . T . B . L K i r k w o o d , i n H a n d b o o k o f t h e B i o l o g y o f

A g i n g , C . E . F i n c h a n d E . L . S c h n e i d e r , E d s . ( V a nN o s t r a n d R e i n h o l d , Ne w Y o r k , e d . 2 , 1 9 8 5 ) , p p .2 7 - 4 4 ; C . E . F i n c h , M . C . P i k e , M . W i t t e n , S c i e n c e2 4 9 , 9 0 2 ( 1 9 9 0 ) .

1 1 . B . C h a r l e s w o r t h , E v o l u t i o n i n A g e - S t r u c t u r e d P o p -u l a t i o n s ( C a m b r i d g e U n i v . P r e s s , C a m b r i d g e ,

1 9 8 0 ) ;M . R .

R o s e , E v o l u t i o n a r y B i o l o g yo f

A g i n g( O x f o r d U n i v . P r e s s , O x f o r d , 1 9 9 1 ) .1 2 . T . J . F a b i a n a n d T . E . J o h n s o n , J . G e r o n t o l . B i o l .

S c i . , i n p r e s s .1 3 . T . E . J o h n s o n a n d W . B . W o o d , P r o c . N a t l . A c a d .

S c i . U . S . A . 7 9 , 6 6 0 3 ( 1 9 8 2 ) .1 4 . A . B r o o k s a n d T . E . J o h n s o n , H e r e d i t y 6 7 , 1 9

( 1 9 9 1 ) .1 5 . u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a .1 6 . M . J . N o r u s s i s , S P S S / P C + 4 . 0 B a s e M a n u a l

( S t a t i s t i c a l P a c k a g e f o r t h e S o c i a l S c i e n c e s , C h i -c a g o , 1 9 9 0 ) ; , S P S S / P C + A d v a n c e d S t a -t i s t i c s 4 . 0 ( S t a t i s t i c a l P a c k a g e f o r t h e S o c i a l S c i -e n c e s , C h i c a g o , 1 9 9 0 ) .

1 7 . A m o d e l - c o m p a r i s o n a p p r o a c h [ C . M . J u d d a n d G .H . M c C l e l l a n d , D a t a A n a l y s i s : A M o d e l C o m p a r i s o nA p p r o a c h ( H a r c o u r t B r a c e J o v a n o v i c h , S a n D i e g o ,C A , 1 9 8 9 ) ] w a s u s e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e p a r a m e t e r sc a p a b l e o f r e d u c i n g m o s t o f t h e e r r o r i n p r e d i c t i n g

t h e s e d a t a f r o m a m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l . T h e m o d e l sw e r e c o m p a r e d a s e a c h n e w p a r a m e t e r w a s a d d e df o r a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n t o t a l v a r i a n c e t h a t i se x p l a i n e d b y

FR - - R ) / MF i n c ( 1 = ) e

w h e r e F ~ i s t h e i n c r e m e n t a l F r a t i o , R F i s t h em u l t i p l e R 2 a c h i e v e d w i t h t h e n e w p a r a m e t e r i n t h ee q u a t i o n , R F i s t h e m u l t i p l e R 2 w i t h o u t t h e n e wp a r a m e t e r i n t h e e q u a t i o n , M i s t h e n u m b e r o f n e w

p a r a m e t e r s , a n d d f r i s t h e r e s i d u a l d e g r e e s o ff r e e d o m i n t h e f i n a l a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e t a b l e [ B . G .T a b a c h n i c k a n d L S . F i d e l l , U s i n g M u l t i v a r i a t e S t a -t i s t i c s ( H a r p e r C o l l i n s , New Y o r k , e d . 2 , 1 9 8 9 ) , p .1 5 7 ] . T h e p e r c e n t a g e o f v a r i a n c e a c c o u n t e d f o r b ye a c h p a r a m e t e r w a s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g T y p e I I I ( o rp a r t i a l ) s u m s o f s q u a r e s , w h i c h a r e i n v a r i a n t t o t h eo r d e r o f p a r a m e t e r s i n t h e m o d e l [ G L M - V A R C O M P ,v o l . 2 o f S A S / S T A T U s e r ' s G u i d e ( S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i sS y s t e m I n s t i t u t e , C a r y , N C , 1 9 9 0 ) , p . 9 3 6 ] .

1 8 . A . K o w a l d a n d T . B . L . K i r k w o o d , S c i e n c e 2 6 0 ,1 6 6 4 ( 1 9 9 3 ) .

1 9 . T . J . F a b i a n a n d T . E . J o h n s o n , u n p u b l i s h e do b s e r v a t i o n s .

2 0 . M . W i t t e n , M e c h . A g e i n g D e v . 4 6 , 1 7 5 ( 1 9 8 8 ) .2 1 . We t h a n k T . R e e d , T . M . W h i t e , a n d D . L o p e z f o r

t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e a n d G . C a r e y f o r s t a t i s t i c a la d v i c e . S u p p o r t e d b y g r a n t s f r o m N I H ( R 0 1 -A G 0 8 3 3 2 , R 0 1 - A G 1 0 2 4 8 , a n d K 0 4 - A G 0 0 3 6 9 )a n d b y a g i f t f r o m t h e G l e n n F o u n d a t i o n f o rM e d i c a l R e s e a r c h . S o m e s t o c k s w e r e s u p p l i e d b ya n d a r e a v a i l a b l e t h r o u g h t h e C a e n o r h a b d i t i sG e n e t i c s S t o c k C e n t e r , w h i c h i s s u p p o r t e d b yN I H a n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M i n n e s o t a .

2 3 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 3 ; a c c e p t e d 8 D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 3

Z i n c F i n g e r P h a g e : A f f i n i t y S e l e c t i o n o f F i n g e r sw i t h New D N A - B i n d i n g S p e c i f i c i t i e s

E d w a r d J . R e b a r a n d C a r l O . P a b o

A p h a g e d i s p l a y s y s t e m w as d e v e l o p e d a n d u s e d t o s e l e c t z i n c f i n g e r p r o t e i n s w i t h a l t e r e dD N A - b i n d i n g s p e c i f i c i t i e s . T h e t h r e e z i n c f i n g e m r s o f t h e Z i f 2 6 8 p r o t e i n were e x p r e s s e d ont h e

s u r f a c eo f

f i l a m e n t o u s p h a g e ,a n d a

l i b r a r yo f v a r i a n t s w as

p r e p a r e d b y r a n d o m i z i n gc r i t i c a l a m i n o a c i d s i n t h e f i r s t z i n c f i n g e r . A f f i n i t y s e l e c t i o n s , u s i n g DN A s i t e s w i t h b a s e

c h a n g e s i n t h e r e g i o n r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e f i r s t f i n g e r , y i e l d e d Z i f 2 6 8 v a r i a n t s t h a t b o u n d

t i g h t l y a n d s p e c i f i c a l l y t o t h e ne w s i t e s . T h i s p h a g e s y s t e m p r o v i d e s a t o o l f o r t h e s t u d yo f p r o t e i n - D N A i n t e r a c t i o n s a n d m a y o f f e r a g e n e r a l m e t h o d f o r s e l e c t i n g z i n c f i n g e rp r o t e i n s t h a t r e c o g n i z e d e s i r e d t a r g e t s i t e s on d o u b l e - s t r a n d e d D N A .

D e s i g n i n g a n d s e l e c t i n g p r o t e i n s w i t h n e wD N A - b i n d i n g s p e c i f i c i t i e s c a n t e s t a n d e x -t e n d o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f p r o t e i n - D N Ai n t e r a c t i o n s . T h e z i n c f i n g e r m o t i f , o f t h et y p e f i r s t d i s c o v e r e d i n t r a n s c r i p t i o n f a c t o rI I I A ( 1 ) , o f f e r s a n a t t r a c t i v e f r a m e w o r k f o r

t h e s e s t u d i e s . T h i s z i n c f i n g e r i s o n e o f t h em o s t c o m m o n e u k a r y o t i c D N A - b i n d i n gm o t i f s ( 2 ) , a n d t h i s f a m i l y o f p r o t e i n s c a nr e c o g n i z e a d i v e r s e s e t o f DN A s e q u e n c e s( 3 ) . Z i n c f i n g e r p r o t e i n s a l s o e x h i b i t am o d u l a r o r g a n i z a t i o n w h i c h s u g g e s t s t h a t i tm a y b e p o s s i b l e t o " m i x a n d m a t c h " f i n g e r st o o b t a i n p r o t e i n s w i t h n o v e l D N A - b i n d i n gs p e c i f i c i t i e s ( 4 , 5 ) . C r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c s t u d i e so f t h e Z i f 2 6 8 - D N A c o m p l e x ( 4 ) a n d o t h e rz i n c f i n g e r - D N A c o m p l e x e s ( 3 , 6 ) s h o wt h a t r e s i d u e s a t f o u r p o s i t i o n s m a k e m o s t o ft h e b a s e c o n t a c t s , a n d t h e r e h a s b e e n s o m ed i s c u s s i o n a b o u t r u l e s o r c o d e s t h a t m a y

e x p l a i n z i n c f i n g e r - D N A r e c o g n i t i o n ( 7 ) .H o w e v e r , t h e r e c e n t l y r e p o r t e d s t r u c t u r e so f t h e G L I - D N A c o m p l e x ( 3 ) a n d o f t h eT r a m t r a c k - D N A c o m p l e x ( 6 ) s h o w t h a tz i n c f i n g e r s c a n d o c k a g a i n s t t h e D N A i n av a r i e t y o f s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t w a y s . T h i s c o m -

p l e x i t y m a k e s m o d e l b u i l d i n g a n d r a t i o n a ld e s i g n m o r e d i f f i c u l t , b u t i t a l s o r e e m p h a -s i z e s t h e v e r s a t i l i t y o f t h e z i n c f i n g e r m o t i f .

P h a g e d i s p l a y s y s t e m s h a v e p r o v i d e dp o w e r f u l s e l e c t i o n m e t h o d s f o r m a n y s t u d -i e s o f p e p t i d e s a n d p r o t e i n s ( 8 , 9 ) . T oe x p l o r e t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f p h a g e d i s p l a y f o rs t u d y i n g z i n c f i n g e r - D N A i n t e r a c t i o n s , w ef i r s t e x p r e s s e d t h e t h r e e Z i f 2 6 8 z i n c f i n g e r s( 1 0 ) o n t h e s u r f a c e o f f i l a m e n t o u s p h a g e( F i g . 1 , A a n d B ) . T h e r e s u l t i n g c o n -s t r u c t - f d - t e t . Z i f - p r o d u c e d u s e f u l t i t e r s o f" Z i f p h a g e " ( 1 1 ) , a n d t h e s e p h a g e b o u n d

s p e c i f i c a l l y t o t h e n i n e - b a s e p a i r s i t e r e c o g -n i z e d b y Z i f 2 6 8 ( 1 2 ) . We t h e n c r e a t e d al i b r a r y o f Z i f v a r i a n t s b y r a n d o m i z i n g t h ef o u r p o s i t i o n s o f t h e f i r s t f i n g e r t h a t a p p e a rm o s t i m p o r t a n t f o r m a k i n g b a s e c o n t a c t s( 3 , 4 , 6 ) . T h e s e r a n d o m i z e d p o s i t i o n s i n -c l u d e t h e r e s i d u e i m m e d i a t e l y p r e c e d i n g

D e p a r t m e n t o f B i o l o g y , M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o fT e c h n o l o g y , C a m b r i d g e , MA 0 2 1 3 9 .

S C I E N C E * V O L . 2 6 3 * 4 FEBRUARY 1 9 9 4

t h e a h e l i x a n d i n c l u d e t h e s e c o n d , t h i r d ,a n d s i x t h r e s i d u e s o f t h i s h e l i x ( 1 3 ) .

A f f i n i t y s e l e c t i o n m e t h o d s w e r e t h e nu s e d t o s e a r c h t h e l i b r a r y f o r p h a g e t h a tw o u l d r e c o g n i z e a l t e r e d b i n d i n g s i t e s . I ne a c h r o u n d o f a f f i n i t y s e l e c t i o n , p h a g e w e r e

e q u i l i b r a t e d w i t h b i o t i n y l a t e d t a r g e t DN Aa n d t h e n a p p l i e d t o s t r e p t a v i d i n - c o a t e d m i -c r o t i t e r w e l l s . A f t e r w a s h i n g , t h e r e t a i n ep h a g e w e r e e l u t e d i n h i g h s a l t b u f f e r , a m -p l i f i e d i n E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i , a n d p u r i f i e d t op r e p a r e f o r t h e n e x t c y c l e . T h e t a r g e t DN Ad u p l e x e s f o r t h e s e s e l e c t i o n s c o n t a i n e dm o d i f i e d Z i f 2 6 8 b i n d i n g s i t e s w i t h c h a n g e si n t h e r e g i o n r e c o g n i z e d b y f i n g e r o n e ( 4 ) ,a n d w e r e f e r t o e a c h d u p l e x b y t h e s e q u e n c eo f t h i s r e g i o n ( F i g . 1 C ) . I n i t i a l l y , w e p e r -f o r m e d f i v e r o u n d s o f s e l e c t i o n w i t h e a c h ot h e t a r g e t s i t e s ( F i g . 1 I D ) ( 1 4 ) . D u r i n g t h e s ei n i t i a l s e l e c t i o n s e r i e s , r e t e n t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e

i n t h e GACC- a n d G C A C - s e l e c t e d p h a g ep o o l s i n c r e a s e d a b o u t 1 0 0 t i m e s , w h e r e a sr e t e n t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s f o r t h e CCTG p o o lr e m a i n e d l o w ( 1 5 ) . We t h e n u s e d t h e se n r i c h e d G A C C a n d GCAC p o o l s a ss t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r a d d i t i o n a l , m o r e s t r i n g e ns e l e c t i o n c y c l e s ( F i g . 1 D ) ( 1 4 ) . T h e CCTGp o o l w a s n o t s t u d i e d f u r t h e r .

P h a g e p o o l s f r o m c r i t i c a l s t a g e s o f t hGA CC a n d G C AC s e l e c t i o n s w e r e c h a r a c -t e r i z e d b y s e q u e n c i n g ( F i g . 1 D ) , a n d a m i n oa c i d p r e f e r e n c e s w e r e a p p a r e n t i n e a c hp o o l . F o r t h e G A C C p o o l , s e q u e n c i n g a f t et h e i n i t i a l s e l e c t i o n s e r i e s s h o w e d t h a t a l l ot h e p h a g e ( 1 2 / 1 2 ) c o u l d b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b yt h e c o n s e n s u s s e q u e n c e ( S / D / T ) _ N R ( T ab l e 1 ) . T h r e e a d d i t i o n a l r o u n d s o f s e l e c t i ou s i n g h i g h s a l t w a s h e s d i d n o t s u b s t a n t i a l lc h a n g e t h i s c o n s e n s u s ( T a b l e 2 ) . F o r t hGCAC s e l e c t i o n s , s e q u e n c i n g r e v e a l e d n ot a b l e c h a n g e s i n t h e l a t e r p o o l s . A f t e r t hi n i t i a l s e l e c t i o n s e r i e s , m a n y o f t h e p h a gb e l o n g e d t o a g r o u p c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t hc o n s e n s u s s e q u e n c e RDR ( 1 8 / 2 2 ) , b ut h e r e a l s o w a s a g r o u p c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t hs e q u e n c e _ G ( S / T ) R ( 4 / 2 2 ) ( T a b l e 1 ) . A ft e r a d d i t i o n a l r o u n d s o f s e l e c t i o n w i t

h i g h s a l t w a s h e s , a s i n g l e s e q u e n c eR A D R - f r o m t h e f i r s t g r o u p p r e d o m i n a t

6 7 1

sllllss111$8811s$l[l.Bil.I I I B I I . I C I

Page 2: Zinc Finger Phage Affinity Selection of Fingers

8/4/2019 Zinc Finger Phage Affinity Selection of Fingers

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/zinc-finger-phage-affinity-selection-of-fingers 2/3

e d ( T a b l e 2 ) . H o w e v e r , w h e n t h e a d d i -t i o n a l r o u n d s o f s e l e c t i o n u s e d b o t h h i g hs a l t w a s h e s a n d c o m p e t i t o r Z i f 2 6 8 s i t e i n

t h e b i n d i n g r e a c t i o n s , we f o u n d t h a t a

s i n g l e s e q u e n c e - Q G S R - f r o m t h e s e c -

o n d g r o u p p r e d o m i n a t e d .W e s t u d i e d t h r e e Z i f 2 6 8 v a r i a n t s i n

more d e t a i l b y r e c l o n i n g a n d o v e r e x p r e s s i n gt h e m i n E . c o l i , t h e n p u r i f y i n g t h e r e s u l t a n t

p e p t i d e s ( 1 6 ) a n d m e a s u r i n g D N A - b i n d i n ga f f i n i t i e s . W e s t u d i e d t h e p r e d o m i n a n tZ i f 2 6 8 v a r i a n t s o b t a i n e d i n e a c h o f t h et h r e e l a t e r s e l e c t i o n s e r i e s - D S N R ,R A D R , a n d Q G S R ( T a b l e 2 ) - a n d a l s oi n c l u d e d t h e w i l d - t y p e p e p t i d e RDER a s a

c o n t r o l . P e p t i d e a f f i n i t i e s f o r e a c h o f t h r e eb i n d i n g s i t e s [ G A C C , G C A C , a n d G C G C( w i l d t y p e ) ] w ere d e t e r m i n e d b y q u a n t i t a -t i v e g e l - s h i f t a n a l y s i s ( T a b l e 3 ) ( 1 7 ) . E a c ho f t h e v a r i a n t p e p t i d e s b i n d s w i t h h i g ha f f i n i t y t o t h e s i t e u s e d f o r i t s s e l e c t i o n( T a b l e 3 , b o x e d e n t r i e s ) . M o r e o v e r , t h e

DSNR a n d Q G S R p e p t i d e s e x h i b i t new

s p e c i f i c i t i e s i n t h a t t h e y b i n d t o t h e s e new

s i t e s s u b s t a n t i a l l y b e t t e r t h a n t h e y b i n d t o

G C G C . T h e R ADR p e p t i d e ( u n l i k e t h eQ G S R p e p t i d e ) d o e s n o t d i s c r i m i n a t e w e l lb e t w e e n G C A C a n d GCGC. T h e o n l yd i f f e r e n c e i n t h e s e l e c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s f o rt h e s e two v a r i a n t s w as t h e use o f c o m p e t i t o rZ i f 2 6 8 s i t e i n t h e s e l e c t i o n s t h a t y i e l d e dQ G S R .

A l t h o u g h ou r m a i n g o a l w as t o t e s t t h ef e a s i b i l i t y o f t h i s s e l e c t i o n s y s t e m , t h e s ee x p e r i m e n t s h a v e s e v e r a l i m p l i c a t i o n s :

1 ) O u r r e s u l t s s h o w h o w t h i s p h a g es y s t e m can b e u s e d t o h e l p i d e n t i f y c r i t i c a lp r o t e i n - D N A c o n t a c t s . T h u s , t h e a r g i n i n es e l e c t e d a t p o s i t i o n 6 o f t h e a h e l i x w as

p r e s e n t i n e a c h o f t h e s e l e c t e d p h a g e ( 7 2 /7 2 ) , a n d t h e c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e Z i f 2 6 8c o m p l e x r e a d i l y e x p l a i n s t h i s p r e f e r e n c e( 4 ) . We p r e s u m e t h a t t h i s a r g i n i n e m a k e s a

p a i r o f h y d r o g e n b o n d s w i t h t h e g u a n i n e a t

A

D -̂----

B i o t i n y l a t e d I n i t i a l s e l e c t i o nt a r g e t s i t e : e e r i e s :

0 . 4 5 M N a C I w a s h (

GACC 5 rounds

GAC C 5r o u n d s

I z " I / G C A CCCTG 5 r o u n d s

P h a g e b o d yZ i f phage Z i f 2 6 8 - p l l l

f u s i o n p r o t e i n s

GACCGCA CCCTG

GAG C G T G G _ _ _ A G T G A T C G A T C - b i o t i nC T C G C A C C x x x l x TCAC

l a t e r s e l e c t i o ns e r i e s :

0 . 7 5 M N aC I w a s h e s

I~. ~ ~ I s q e c i n g le q u e n c i n g IIN u n i o

3rounds- -- | s e q u e n c i n g |

I4roundsVI-<-Z"t e ^I s e q u e n c i n g(+Zif s t e as c o m p e t i t o r )

L

F i g . 1 . ( A ) C o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Z i f p h a g e v e c t o r f d - t e t . Z i f . T h e p h a g e v e c t o r f U S E 3 ( 1 9 ) w as

c o n v e r t e d i n t o f d - t e t . Z i f i n t w o s t e p s : ( i ) A p o l y l i n k e r w as i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e X h o I s i t e o f f U S E 3 a n d ( i i )a

P C R - a m p l i f i e d f r a g m e n to f Z i f 2 6 8 c o m p l e m e n t a r y DN A e n c o m p a s s i n g b a s e s 1 2 8 7 t h r o u g h 1 5 8 5

( 1 0 ) w as c u t w i t h A p a I a n d X b a I a n d t h e n l i g a t e d i n t o t h e A p a I a n d S p e I s i t e s o f t h e p o l y l i n k e r .( B ) S k e t c h o f t h e Z i f p h a g e . T h e Z i f 2 6 8 z i n c f i n g e r p e p t i d e , w h i c h c o n t a i n s t h r e e f i n g e r s ( d e n o t e db y t h e n u m b e r e d c i r c l e s ) , i s f u s e d t o t h e N H 2 - t e r m i n a l e n d o f t h e p h a g e c o a t p r o t e i n p i l l . T h r e e t of i v e c o p i e s o f t h i s f u s i o n p r o t e i n s h o u l d b e p r e s e n t a t one e n d o f t h e v i r i o n ( 8 ) . ( C ) T h e t h r e eb i o t i n y l a t e d DN A s i t e s u s e d f o r a f f i n i t y s e l e c t i o n s . T h e s e q u e n c e s o f t h e u n d e r s c o r e d r e g i o n were

G A C C , G C A C , o r CCTG ( w h e r e xxxx i n d i c a t e s t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o m p l e m e n t a r y s e q u e n c e ) , a n dt h e s e d u p l e x e s a r e r e f e r r e d t o as G A C C , G C A C , a n d C C T G . Z i f n o r m a l l y r e c o g n i z e s t h e consensus

s e q u e n c e G C GT G G G C G ( w i t h t h e f i r s t f i n g e r c o n t a c t i n g t h e u n d e r l i n e d " G C G " s u b s i t e ) ( 4 ) , a n d t h eb o x m a r k s t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e g i o n o f t h e d u p l e x e s . ( D ) O v e r v i e w o f s e l e c t i o n s . S a m p l e s f r o m t h ep h a g e l i b r a r y w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o f i v e r o u n d s o f s e l e c t i o n w i t h t h e b i o t i n y l a t e d DN A d u p l e x e s G A C C ,G C A C , o r C C T G . T h e GACC a n d GCAC p o o l s were t h e n u s e d i n a d d i t i o n a l r o u n d s o f s e l e c t i o nu n d e r more s t r i n g e n t c o n d i t i o n s ( t h e w a s h e s c o n t a i n e d more s a l t a n d , f o r one o f t h e GCACs e l e c t i o n s , t h e b i n d i n g r e a c t i o n s c o n t a i n e d n o n b i o t i n y l a t e d Z i f 2 6 8 b i n d i n g s i t e as a s p e c i f i cc o m p e t i t o r ) ( 1 4 ) . P o o l s w e r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d a t t h e i n d i c a t e d s t a g e s b y s e q u e n c i n g o f r a n d o m l yc h o s e n p h a g e . T h e X i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e w e r e no f u r t h e r s e l e c t i o n s w i t h t h e CCTG p o o l .

t h e 5 ' e n d o f t h e G A C C a n d G C A Cs u b s i t e s . L i k e w i s e , e v e r y Z i f v a r i a n t s e l e c te d w i t h G AC C h a s an a s p a r a g i n e a t p o s it i o n 3 , a n d , a s seen i n t h e T r a m t r a c k - D Nc o m p l e x ( 6 ) , t h i s a s p a r a g i n e c o u l d m a kc r i t i c a l c o n t a c t s w i t h t h e a d e n i n e .

2 ) T h e a p p a r e n t f a i l u r e o f t h e C C T Gs e l e c t i o n s r a i s e s some i m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n sI s t h i s s e q u e n c e i n h e r e n t l y more d i f f i c u l t t

r e c o g n i z e w i t h a z i n c f i n g e r ? W o u l d f u r t h e

T a b l e 1 . A m i n o a c i d s e - C CACG A C C QCACq u e n c e s o f p h a g e f r o m . 1 2 3 6 , . 1 2 3 2

t h e GACC and G C A C S Q N R (.2) R S D R ( 3 ,e»AUU an a LaUAU AMR ( 2 , 1 ) RPDR o ~

p o o l s a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l s e - D R N R R G D RS N R HSDR ( 2 ,

l e c t i o n s e r i e s ( F i g . 1 D ) . S S N R R V D R ( 2 .STNR AADR

T h e f o u r r a n d o m i z e d p o - T A N R KSDR

s i t i o n s i n t h e a - h e l i c a l r e- T P N R A E R Rg i o n o f f i n g e r one a r e d e - LRDR

n o t e d as - 1 , 2 , 3 , a n d 6 . N G S R ( 2 ,SGSR

C o n s e n s u s s e q u e n c e s TGTR

a r e i n d i c a t e d i n b o l d . An « ' - N R - c s f R

u n d e r s c o r e ( _ ) i n d i c a t e s

t h a t t h e r ei s no

c l e a r p r e f e r e n c ea t

t h ec o r r e

s p o n d i n g p o s i t i o n . T h e n u m b e r s i n p a r e n t h ese s i n d i c a t e t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f t i m e s t ha m i n o a c i d s e q u e n c e w as r e c o v e r e d a n d t hn u m b e r o f d i s t i n c t DN A s e q u e n c e s t h a t e n c o de d t h i s a m i n o a c i d s e q u e n c e ( 2 0 ) .

G A C C G C A C G C A C( + c o m p e t i t o r )

- 1236 -1236 -1236

D S N R ( 8 , 4 ) RADR ( 7 , 4 ) QGSR ( 1 6 , 3 )SSNR ( 4 , 3 )DRNR ( 2 , 1 )NSNR

dsswR RADR QGSR

T a b l e 2 . A m i n o a c i d s e q u e n c e s i n t h e f i n a l p h a gp o o l s ( a f t e r t h e l a t e r s e l e c t i o n s e r i e s s h o w n i n F i1 D ) . T h e d e s i g n a t i o n " + c o m p e t i t o r " i n d i c a tt h a t s p e c i f i c c o m p e t i t o r D N A ( n o n b i o t i n y l a t ew i l d - t y p e Z i f 2 6 8 s i t e ) w a s a d d e d t o t h e b i n d i nm i x e s d u r i n g t h e l a t e r s e l e c t i o n s e r i e s ( 1 4 ) . S y mb o l s a r e a s d e s c r i b e d i n T a b l e 1 .

F i n g e r on e A p p a r e n t Kd ( n M )sequence

-1236 9__C_ GCAC G C G C ( w t )D S N R 0 . 0 1 9 2 . 5 1 . 8

R A D R 9 . 3 0 . 0 6 8 0 . 0 3 5

Q G S R 1 . 8 0 . 0 5 5 1 0 . 5 4

R D E R ( w t ) 3 3 . 0 5 . 6 2 . 7

T a b l e 3 . A p p a r e n t K , ' s f o r t h e b i n d i n g o f z if i n g e r p e p t i d e s t o DN A f r a g m e n t s c o n t a i n i nt h e G A C C , G C A C , a n d G C G C ( w i l d t y p e ) f o r mo f t h e Z i f 2 6 8 b i n d i n g s i t e . E a c h p e p t i d es p e c i f i e d b y t h e a m i n o a c i d r e s i du e s a t t h e f op o s i t i o n s o f f i n g e r one t h a t w e r e r a n d o m i z e dt h e l i b r a r y ( - 1 , 2 , 3 , a n d 6 ) . RDER i s w i l d t y pT h e t h r e e DN A d u p l e x e s s h a r e t h e s e q u e n cA G C A G C T G A [ G C G T G G _ _ _ ] _ A G T G A G Ca n d are s p e c i f i e d b y t h e b a s e s a t ' t h e f ou n d e r s c o r e d p o s i t i o n s . [ T h e b r a c k e t e d r e g im a r k s t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e Z i f 2 6 8 b i n d i n g s iG C G T G G G C G ( 4 ) . ] B o x e s m a r k t h e i n t e r at i o n o f e a c h v a r i a n t w i t h t h e s i t e u s e d f o rs e l e c t i o n .

SCIENCE*

V O L . 2 6 3 4E B R U A R Y 1 9 9 4

5 r o u n d s

.f.8.

i Dnli m i , - - -_-_

. . . .6 7 2

Page 3: Zinc Finger Phage Affinity Selection of Fingers

8/4/2019 Zinc Finger Phage Affinity Selection of Fingers

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/zinc-finger-phage-affinity-selection-of-fingers 3/3

v a r i a t i o n ( f o r e x a m p l e , r a n d o m i z i n g a d d i -t i o n a l r e s i d u e s t o c h a n g e b a s e c o n t a c t s a n d

p h o s p h a t e c o n t a c t s ) h a v e a l l o w e d r e c o g n i -t i o n o f t h i s s u b s i t e ?

3 ) R e s u l t s f r o m t h e GCAC s e l e c t i o n s s u g -g e s t t h a t a d d i n g s p e c i f i c c o m p e t i t o r DN A c a na i d i n t h e r e c o v e r y o f v a r i a n t s w i t h a l t e r e ds p e c i f i c i t i e s , a n d w e p r e s u m e t h a t t h e s p e c i f i cc o m p e t i t o r s c r e e n e d o u t v a r i a n t s t h a t s t i l l

r e c o g n i z e d t h e w i l d - t y p e s i t e .T h e e x p e r i m e n t s r e p o r t e d i n t h i s p a p e r

d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e p h a g e d i s p l a y s y s t e m c a nb e u s e d t o s e l e c t z i n c f i n g e r s w i t h n o v e lD N A - b i n d i n g s p e c i f i c i t i e s , a n d e x t e n s i o n s o ft h e s e s t r a t e g i e s w i l l a l l o w u s t o e x p l o r e t h el i m i t s o f z i n c f i n g e r d e s i g n : I s i t p o s s i b l e t os e l e c t a z i n c f i n g e r p e p t i d e t h a t r e c o g n i z e s a n yd e s i r e d s e q u e n c e o n d o u b l e - s t r a n d e d DNA?W h a t a r e t h e l i m i t s o f a f f i n i t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t yi n DN A b i n d i n g ? T h i s p h a g e d i s p l a y s y s t e mo f f e r s a t o o l f o r a d d r e s s i n g f u n d a m e n t a l q u e s -t i o n s a b o u t p r o t e i n - D N A r e c o g n i t i o n a n dm a y a l s o p r o v i d e a m e a n s f o r g e n e r a t i n g

D N A - b i n d i n g p r o t e i n s t h a t c a n b e u s e d f o rr e s e a r c h , d i a g n o s i s , a n d t h e r a p y .N o t e a d d e d i n p r o o f : J a m i e s o n e t a l .

( 1 8 ) a l s o h a v e d e v e l o p e d a z i n c f i n g e rp h a g e d i s p l a y s y s t e m a n d h a v e s e l e c t e dZ i f 2 6 8 v a r i a n t s w i t h a l t e r e d D N A - b i n d i n gs p e c i f i c i t y .

REFERENCES AN D NOTES

1 . J . M i l l e r , A . D . M c L a c h l a n , A . K l u g , EMBO J . 4 ,1 6 0 9 ( 1 9 8 5 ) .

2 . G . H . J a c o b s , i b i d . 1 1 , 4 5 0 7 ( 1 9 9 2 ) ; G . R . P e l l e -g r i n o a n d J . M . B e r g , P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . U . S . A .8 8 , 6 7 1 ( 1 9 9 1 ) .

3 . N . P . P a v l e t i c h a n d C . O . P a b o , S c i e n c e 2 6 1 ,1 7 0 1

( 1 9 9 3 ) .4 . ___i b i d . 2 5 2 , 8 0 9 ( 1 9 9 1 ) .5 . J . R . D e s j a r l a i s a n d J . M . B e r g , P r o c . N a t l . A c a d .

S c i . U . S . A . 9 0 , 2 2 5 6 ( 1 9 9 3 ) .6 . L . F a i r a l l , J . W . R . S c h w a b e , L . C h a p m a n , J . T .

F i n c h , D . R h o d e s , N a t u r e 3 6 6 , 4 8 3 ( 1 9 9 3 ) .7 . J . R . D e s j a r l a i s a n d J . M . B e r g , P r o c . N a t l . A c a d .

S c i . U . S . A . 8 9 , 7 3 4 5 ( 1 9 9 2 ) ; R . E . K l e v i t , S c i e n c e2 5 3 , 1 3 6 7 ( 1 9 9 1 ) .

8 . J . K . S c o t t a n d G . P . S m i t h , S c i e n c e 2 4 9 , 3 8 6( 1 9 9 0 ) ; R . H . H o e s s , C u r r . O p i n . S t r u c t . B i o l . 3 ,5 7 2 ( 1 9 9 3 ) .

9 . G . P . S m i t h a n d J . K . S c o t t , M e t h o d s E n z y m o l .2 1 7 , 2 2 8 ( 1 9 9 3 ) .

1 0 . B . A . C h r i s t y , L F . L a u , D . N a t h a n s , P r o c . N a t l .A c a d . S c i . U . S . A . 8 5 , 7 8 5 7 ( 1 9 8 8 ) .

1 1 . F o r p r o d u c t i o n o f Z i f p h a g e , M C 1 0 6 1 c e l l s ( 9 ) t h a tc o n t a i n e d f d - t e t . Z i f w e r e g r o w n t o s a t u r a t i o n ( r o o mt e m p e r a t u r e , - 4 0 h o u r s , n o a g i t a t i o n ) u n d e r a n a e r -

o b i c c o n d i t i o n s i n 0 . 0 5 l i t e r o f Z i f p h a g e b r o t h[ t r y p t o n e ( 3 2 g l i t e r - 1 ) , y e a s t e x t r a c t ( 2 0 g l i t e r - 1 ) ,g l u c o s e ( 8 g l i t e r - 1 ) , c a s a m i n o a c i d s ( 1 g l i t e r - 1 ) ,t e t r a c y c l i n e ( 0 . 0 2 g l i t e r - 1 ) , t h i a m i n e ( 0 . 5 m g l i t e r - 1 ) ,1 0 0 i ~ M Z n C I 2 , 5 0 i L M d i t h i o t h r e i t o l , 8 6 mM N a C I ,a n d 4 0 mM H e p e s ( p H 7 . 8 ) ] . T o i n c r e a s e t i t e r , weg r e w c u l t u r e s i n d i a l y s i s t u b e s ( 5 0 - k D c u t o f f ) s u s -p e n d e d i n 1 l i t e r o f b r o t h . P h a g e w e r e t i t e r e d a s

t e t r a c y c l i n e - t r a n s d u c i n g u n i t s ( T T U ) e s s e n t i a l l y a sd e s c r i b e d ( 9 ) e x c e p t t h a t s t a r v e d K 9 1 c e l l s h a db e e n s t o r e d a t - 8 0 ' C i n a b u f f e r c o n t a i n i n g 6 7 mMN a C I , 4 2 mM N H 4 H 2 P O 4 , a n d 1 4 % g l y c e r o l . T i t e r s o fZ i f p h a g e c u l t u r e s w e r e 0 . 5 x 1 0 9 t o 1 4 x 1 0 9T T U / m l .

1 2 . E . J . R e b a r a n d C . O . P a b o , u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a .1 3 . T o c o n s t r u c t t h e l i b r a r y , we s y n t h e s i z e d t w o o l i -

g o n u c l e o t i d e s : 5 ' - G G A A T C G A T T C C A T G G G G C -CCCATGAACGGCCGTACGCTTGCCCTGTCGA-

G T C C T G C G A T C G T C G A T T T T C G a n d 5 ' - C C A T C -TCGATCGCATGCATATTCGACACTGGAAGG-GCTTCTGGCCTGTGTGGATCCGGATATGSN-NGGTGAGSNNSNNAGASNNCGAAAATCGACG( N = A , T , G , a n d C ; S = G a n d C ) , w i t h c o m p l e -m e n t a r y 1 2 - b a s e 3 ' e n d s . T h e s e w e r e a n n e a l e da n d t h e n e x t e n d e d w i t h s e q u e n a s e 2 . 0 ( U n i t e dS t a t e s B i o c h e m i c a l ) . T h e r e s u l t i n g d u p l e x w a sd i g e s t e d w i t h A p a a n d S p h ( s i t e s a r e u n d e r -

l i n e d ) a n d l i g a t e d w i t h t h e l a r g e A p a I - S p h I

f r a g m e n t o f f d - t e t . Z i f . L i g a t i o n p r o d u c t s w e r e e l e c -

t r o p o r a t e d i n t o M C 1 0 6 1 c e l l s ( 9 ) , a n d t h i s y i e l d e d- 2 . 8 x 1 0 7 i n d e p e n d e n t t r a n s f o r m a n t s . T h i s l i -b r a r y w a s g r o w n e s s e n t i a l l y a s d e s c r i b e d ( 1 1 ) .P h a g e w e r e p u r i f i e d b y u l t r a c e n t r i f u g a t i o n( 1 7 1 , 0 0 0 g , 4 ° C , 6 h o u r s ) , a n d p h a g e p e l l e t s w e r er e s u s p e n d e d i n - 1 / 1 0 0 v o l u m e o f b i n d i n g b u f f e r[ 5 0 mM N a C I , 5 mM M g C I 2 , 1 0 t A M Z n C I , , 5%g l y c e r o l , b o v i n e s e r u m a l b u m i n ( B S A ; 0 . 1 m g / m l ) ,a n d 1 5 mM H e p e s ( p H 7 . 8 ) ] . T h i s f i n a l p h a g el i b r a r y p r e p a r a t i o n ( - 4 . 7 x 1 0 1 1 T T U ) w a s s t o r e da n a e r o b i c a l l y ( < 1 p p m 0 2 ) o n i c e . B e c a u s e o fc o n c e r n s a b o u t o x i d a t i o n , a l l p h a g e m a n i p u l a t i o n sw e r e d o n e s o a s t o m i n i m i z e e x p o s u r e t o 0 2 . T oe s t i m a t e l i b r a r y c o m p l e x i t y , we s e q u e n c e d 2 0 u n -s e l e c t e d c l o n e s . ( S i n g l e - s t r a n d e d t e m p l a t e s w e r e

s e q u e n c e d w i t h s e q u e n a s e 2 . 0 a n d p r o t o c o l s f r o mU n i t e d S t a t e s B i o c h e m i c a l . ) T h r e e c o r r e s p o n d e dt o t h e p a r e n t c o n s t r u c t ( f d - t e t . Z i f ) a n d a p p e a r t oh a v e r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e r e i n s e r t i o n o f t h e f r a g m e n te x c i s e d d u r i n g l i b r a r y c o n s t r u c t i o n . S e v e n t e e np h a g e c o n t a i n e d t h e c o r r e c t l i b r a r y i n s e r t , b u tt h e r e w a s a s i g n i f i c a n t c y t o s i n e b i a s a t t h e r a n -d o m i z e d c o d o n s . B a s e r a t i o s w e r e C : A : T : G =4 8 : 1 9 : 1 9 : 1 5 a t t h e f i r s t t w o c o d o n p o s i t i o n s a n dC : G = 7 4 : 2 6 a t p o s i t i o n 3 .

1 4 . O u r s e l e c t i o n p r o t o c o l i s b a s ed o n t h e " b i o p a n n i n g "p r o c e d u r e ( 9 ) . T h e f i r s t r o u n d i n e a c h i n i t i a l s e l e c -t i o n s e r i e s ( t h e l e f t m o s t a r r o w i n e a c h o f t h e t h r e ep a t h w a y s i n F i g . 1 D ) w a s d o n e a s f o l l o w s : B i n d i n gr e a c t i o n s ( 1 2 1 j I l ) w e r e m a d e t h a t c o n t a i n e d - 3 . 5 x1 0 1 0 T T U o f l i b r a r y p h a g e , 3 9 n M o f b i o t i n y l a t e dt a r g e t DN A [ G A C C , G C A C , o r CCTG ( F i g . 1 C ) ] , a n ds h e a r e d c a l f t h y m u s DN A ( 0 . 0 5 9 m g / m l ) i n 0 . 9 x

b i n d i n g b u f f e r ( 1 3 ) . E a c h s a m p l e w a s p r e i n c u b a t e df o r 5 0 m i n , d i l u t e d i n t o 3 . 6 v o l u m e s o f 0 . 0 5 M N a C Iw a s h b u f f e r [ 0 . 0 5 M N a C I w i t h 5 mM M g C I 2 , 1 0 i MZ n C I , , 5% g l y c e r o l , 0 . 5 % w / v T r i t o n X - 1 0 0 , a n d 1 5mM H e p e s ( p H 7 . 8 ) ] , a n d a p p l i e d t o s t r e p t a v i d i n -c o a t e d w e l l s ( s i x w e l l s , 3 0 j i J p e r w e l l ) o f a P r o - B i n dp l a t e ( B e c t o n D i c k i n s o n ) . A f t e r 5 0 m i n t h e s a m p l e sw er e r e mo v ed f r o m t h e w e l l s a n d t h e n ( i ) o v e r ap e r i o d o f 3 5 m i n , t h e w e l l s w e r e r i n s e d 1 0 t i m e s w i t h0 . 2 5 m l o f 0 . 4 5 M N a C I w a s h b u f f e r ( i d e n t i c a l t o 0 . 0 5M N a C I w a s h b u f f e r e x c e p t f o r t h e h i g h e r N a C Ic o n c e n t r a t i o n ) a n d ( i i ) 4 0 p J I o f e l u t i o n b u f f e r [ b i n d i n gb u f f e r ( 1 3 ) w i t h 4 M N a C I ] w a s a d d e d t o e a c h w e l l .A f t e r e l u t i n g f o r 2 h o u r s , e a c h s e t o f s i x e l u a t e s w a sp o o l e d , t i t e r e d , a n d u s e d t o i n f e c t K 9 1 c e l l s ( 1 1 ) .T r a n s d u c e d c e l l s w e r e i n c u b a t e d f o r 1 h o u r a t 3 7 ' Ci n 5 m l o f L B b r o t h c o n t a i n i n g t e t r a c y c l i n e ( 0 . 2p j g / m l ) , c e n t r i f u g e d ( 1 5 m i n , 1 6 0 0 g ) , a n d r e s u s -p e n d e d i n 5 0 m l o f d e g a s s e d Z i f p h a g e b r o t h . E a c hc u l t u r e w a s t h e n g r o w n a n a e r o b i c a l l y i n a 5 0 - m lc e n t r i f u g e t u b e a n d p u r i f i e d e s s e n t i a l l y a s d e -s c r i b e d ( 1 3 ) . O t h e r r o u n d s o f s e l e c t i o n i n t h e i n i t i a ls e r i e s w e r e s i m i l a r e x c e p t t h a t , s t a r t i n g a t r o u n d 3 ,s o n i c a t e d s a l m o n s p e r m DN A w a s s u b s t i t u t e d f o r

s h e a r e d c a l f t h y m u s DN A i n t h e b i n d i n g r e a c t i o n s .S e l e c t i o n s i n t h e l a t e r s e r i e s w e r e s i m i l a r e x c e p t t h a t0 . 7 5 M N a C I w a s h e s w e r e u s e d a n d t h e b i n d i n gr e a c t i o n s i n o n e o f t h e GCAC s e l e c t i o n s e r i e s i n -c l u d e d a n o n b i o t i n y l a t e d Z i f 2 6 8 b i n d i n g s i t e ( 0 . 3 6p M ) a s a s p e c i f i c c o m p e t i t o r . A l l p h a g e m a n i p u l a -t i o n s , e x c e p t f o r e l u t i o n a n d i n f e c t i o n o f K 9 1 c e l l s ,w e r e c a r r i e d o u t i n a n a n a e r o b i c c h a m b e r w i t h < 1

p p m o f 0 2 .1 5 . I n t h e f i r s t r o u n d o f s e l e c t i o n , < 0 . 0 0 9 % o f l i b r a r y

p h a g e a p p l i e d t o t h e s t r e p t a v i d i n - c o a t e d w e l l sw a s r e c o v e r e d i n t h e e l u a t e s . B y t h e f i f t h r o u n dt h i s r e t e n t i o n e f f i c i e n c y h a d r i s e n t o 0 . 6 t o 0 . 8 % f o rt h e GACC a n d GCAC p h a g e p o o l s , b u t w a s< 0 . 0 0 1 % f o r t h e CCTG p o o l . F o r c o m p a r i s o n ,c o n t r o l e x p e r i m e n t s u s i n g Z i f p h a g e a n d a b i o t i n -y l a t e d w i l d - t y p e Z i f s i t e t y p i c a l l y y i e l d e d r e t e n t i o ne f f i c i e n c i e s o f 0 . 5 t o 1 . 0 % .

1 6 . T h e z i n c f i n g e r r e g i o n s f r o m t h e p h a g e v a r i a n[ c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o r e s i d u e s 3 3 3 t o 4 2 1 o f Z i f 2 6( 1 0 ) ] w e r e s u b c l o n e d i n t o t h e T 7 e x p r e s s i o n v e c t op E T - 3 d o r p E T - 2 1 d ( N o v a g e n ) . T h e s e e x p r e s s i oc o n s t r u c t s w e r e t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o B L 2 1 c e l l s c o nt a i n i n g t h e p L y s S p l a s m i d a n d t h e n i n d u c e d ar e c o m m e n d e d ( N o v a g e n ) . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e c o r rs p o n d i n g w i l d - t y p e p e p t i d e ( R D E R ) w a s e x p r e s s ea s d e s c r i b e d ( 4 ) . Z i n c f i n g e r p e p t i d e s w e r e p u r i f ib y r e v e r s e d - p h a s e b a t c h e x t r a c t i o n a n d r e v e r s ep h a s e h i g h - p e r f o r m a n c e l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h

( 4 ) .T h e f i n a l

p e p t i d e p r e p a r a t i o n sw e r e r e c o n s t i t u

e d i n w a t e r i n a n a n a e r o b i c c h a m b e r a n d a d j u s t et o 2 . 7 5 mM Z n S O 4 a n d 5 0 mM b i s - t r i s p r o p a n e ( p6 . 8 ) . P e p t i d e s a m p l e s w e r e s t o r e d a t - 8 0 ' C . Te s t i m a t e p u r i t y , w e s u b j e c t e d p e p t i d e s t o S D Sp o l y a c r y l a m i d e g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s a n d s i l v e r s t a ii n g . N o i m p u r i t i e s s t a i n i n g a s i n t e n s e l y a s 2 % / o f t hp u r i f i e d p e p t i d e w e r e o b s e r v e d i n a n y p r e p a r a t i( 1 2 ) .

1 7 . T o d e r i v e a p p a r e n t d i s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t a n t s ( K d ' s ) w( i ) u s e d q u a n t i t a t i v e g e l - s h i f t a n a l y s i s t o d e t e r m i nt h e f r a c t i o n o f DNA f r a g m e n t b o u n d a t a s e r i e sp e p t i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , ( i i ) e s t i m a t e d t h e K d a t e a cp o i n t i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n r e g i o n o f t h e r e s u l t i n g " b i n d i nc u r v e , " a n d ( i i i ) a v e r a g e d t h e s e K d ' s . We u s e d t h o sp o i n t s f o r w h i c h 0 . 1 = f r a c t i o n DN A b o u n d ~ 0 . 9 ( so r s e v e n p o i n t s ) . S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s w e r e a l w a y< K d ( a v e r a g e ) / 4 . B i n d i n g r e a c t i o n s c o n t a i n e d rd i o a c t i v e DN A f r a g m e n t ( - 2 . 5 p M o r - 2 5 p M )

p e p t i d e ( f r o m a t w o f o l d d i l u t i o n s e r i e s ) , a n d p o( d l - d C ) - p o l y ( d l - d C ) ( 1 4 . 7 t & g / m l ; P h a r m a c i a )d e g a s s e d g e l - s h i f t b u f f e r [ 5 0 mM N a C I , 5 m

M g C I 2 , 1 0 p i M Z n S O 4 , 5% g l y c e r o l , BSA ( 0 . 1 m gm l ) , 0 . 1 % N P - 4 0 , a n d 1 5 mM H e p e s ( p H 7 . 8 )B i n d i n g r e a c t i o n s w e r e e q u i l i b r a t e d a t r o o m t e m p e ra t u r e f o r e i t h e r 3 0 m i n ( f o r R D E R ) o r 4 h o u r s ( f o r t hv a r i a n t p e p t i d e s ) a n d e l e c t r o p h o r e s e d o n 1 0 % p o la c r y l a m i d e g e l s i n 0 . 0 3 M t r i s - H e p e s ( p H 7 . 8[ C o n t r o l e x p e r i m e n t s s h o w e d t h a t t h e v a r i a n t p e pt i d e s r e q u i r e d l o n g e r e q u i l i b r a t i o n t i m e s ( 1 2 ) . ] D r i eg e l s w e r e q u a n t i t a t e d w i t h t h e u s e o f a P h o s p h o r l ma g e r s y s t e m ( M o l e c u l a r D y n a m i c s ) . A f r e s ht h a w e d s a m p l e o f p e p t i d e w a s u s e d f o r e a c h s e tg e l - s h i f t e x p e r i m e n t s , a n d w e d e t e r m i n e d t h e b i ni n g a c t i v i t y b y t i t r a t i n g a p o r t i o n o f e a c h s a m p la g a i n s t a d e f i n e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b i n d i n g s i t e ( 1 5p I M o r 3 0 0 A M ) . E a c h s a m p l e w a s t i t r a t e d t w i c e , w it w o d i f f e r e n t D N A f r a g m e n t s ( o f t h e t h r e e i n T a b l e 3

a n d t h e c a l c u l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s a l w a y s a g r e e d w i t h2 0 % .1 8 . A . C . J a m i e s o n , S - H . K i m , J . A . W e l l s , B i o c h e m

i s t r y , i n p r e s s .1 9 . T h e f U S E 3 v e c t o r i s i d e n t i c a l t o f U S E 2 [ S .

P a r m l e y a n d G . P . S m i t h , G e n e 7 3 , 3 0 5 ( 1 9 8 8 )e x c e p t t h a t t h e t w o v e c t o r s d i f f e r i n a s m a l l r e g i on e a r t h e 5 ' e n d o f t h e p i l l g e n e . T h e DNA s eq u e n c e s o f t h i s r e g i o n i n f U S E 2 a n d f U S E 3 a r er e s p e c t i v e l y , 5 ' - G C T G A A G A T C T T G A A A G T T Ga n d 5 ' - G C T G A A A C T C G A G T T G T ( d i f f e r e n c e s a ru n d e r l i n e d ; b o l d l e t t e r s s h o w t h e X h o s i t ef U S E 3 ) . T h e p o l y m e r a s e c h a i n r e a c t i o n ( P C Rp r i m e r s u s e d t o c l o n e t h e Z i f f i n g e r s w e r e 5GGATCGATTCCATGGGGCCCCATGAACGCCCATATGC a n d 5 ' - G G G T C G A C T G C A G A T C T AG A G G C C A C C A C A C T T T T G T C ( t h e A p a I a nX b a s i t e s a r e u n d e r l i n e d ) .

2 0 . S i n g l e - l e t t e r a b b r e v i a t i o n s f o r t h e a m i n o a c i d r e

i d u e s a r e a s f o l l o w s : A , A l a ; D , A s p ; E , G l u ; G , G l yH , H i s ; K , L y s ; N , A s n ; P , P r o ; Q , G i n ; R , A r g ;S e r ; T , T h r ; a n d V , V a l .

2 1 . We t h a n k G . P . S m i t h f o r p r o v i d i n g t h e f U S Ev e c t o r a n d d e t a i l e d p r o t o c o l s ; R . T . S a u e r f o r u so f h i s l a b o r a t o r y i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f t h i s w o r k ; HG r e i s m a n f o r i n i t i a l l y s u g g e s t i n g t h e a n a e r o bg r o w t h o f p h a g e a n d f o r h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n s ; NP a v l e t i c h f o r h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n s ; a n d H . G r e i sm a n , J . K l e m m , C . S t r o u p , a n d J . H o r i u c h i fu s e f u l c o m m e n t s o n t h e m a n u s c r i p t . E . J . R . was u p p o r t e d b y f e l l o w s h i p s f r o m t h e N S F a n d N DS E G . C . O . P . w a s s u p p o r t e d b y t h e H o w a rH u g h e s M e d i c a l I n s t i t u t e . F u r t h e r e x p e r i m e n td e t a i l s a r e a v a i l a b l e b y e l e c t r o n i c m a i l ( P A B OP A B O 1 . M I T . E D U ) .

1 0 A u g u s t 1 9 9 3 ; a c c e p t e d 1 6 D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 3

S C I E N C E * V O L . 2 6 3 * 4 FEBRUARY 1 9 9 4

88888888888888888888.JBBBB. B I B B C . Q J

6 7