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Initial Lichen Inventory of the Trinity Alps Wilderness

Tom CarlbergUSDA Forest Service, Six Rivers National Forest

[email protected]

Lichen inventories on Forest Service lands are

few. The Trinity Alps Wilderness is a unique and

complex area ofmultiple vegetations, geologies,

and moisture regimes, providing numerous

habitats for lichen diversity. Six different

locations were inventoried in 2013, resulting in

89 species recorded. An additional 13 species

were added from incidental records. Collection

locations and significant species are discussed.

Additional areas are identified for future

inventories.

INTRODUCTION

Lichen inventory data for federally-administered lands is scant to nonexistent.While there is a policy document (NPS 2001 )and a monitoring program (NPS 2014) in placefor the national parks in the United States, it iscurrently estimated to be only 46% complete. InCalifornia there are only three publishedinventories for national parks (Knudsen &Kokourkova 2012; Hutten et al. 201 3; Knudsenet al. 201 3). Additional inventories are recom-mended (McCune et al. 2007). For the muchlarger land area managed by the US ForestService, no formal lichen inventories have beenmade, aside from species-specific surveysconducted within the range of the northernspotted owl, as part of the Survey and Managecomponent of the Northwest Forest Plan.Informal inventory data exist in the form ofspatial queries of online lichen herbaria(CNALH, UC Riverside, NY Botanic Garden),but data for these are incidental rather thanfocused.

The objective of this work was to initiate afocused inventory and collection of macro-

lichens on National Forests in northwestCalifornia. Large portions of National Forestlands have been fragmented by logging andrelated road construction. Wilderness areas,while not exempt from the disturbance of wild-fire, are relatively undisturbed by land manage-ment activities and also capture relatively wideelevational gradients and thus diverse vegetativecommunities, providing an advantageous settingfor lichen inventory.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING

The Trinity Alps is a 525,627-acre Wilder-ness located primarily in northern TrinityCounty in northern California, and except forapproximately 4623 acres under the jurisdictionof the Bureau of Land Management, is admin-istered by the Shasta-Trinity, Klamath and SixRivers National Forests. The Wilderness alsocrosses the boundaries of Trinity, Siskiyou andHumboldt Counties; the county boundariescoincide with the National Forest boundaries.The wilderness is located in the Salmon andScott Mountains, subranges of the KlamathMountains. Elevations range from 2400 feet inthe Stuart Fork Canyon to just over 9000 feet atThomson Peak (Ferlatte 1974). Rainfall variesbetween 29 and 107 inches of precipitationannually (Gibson et al. 2002); higher elevationstypically receive greater precipitation than low.

The following information on the geologyof the Trinity Alps Wilderness is excerpted fromDavis et. al, 1 965:

"The oldest rocks are Pre-Upper Jurassicmetamorphics. Igneous rocks are younger,mostly Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous inage. Plutons at Caribou Mountain and in

BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 20(2), 2013 Carlberg - Trinity Alps Inventory

72

Canyon Creek are quartz diorite; there arealso large ultramafic outcrops, most of whichhave altered to serpentine. The youngestrocks are Quaternary glacial deposits,al luvium and talus".

Portions of the vascular flora arepredominantly Sierran, a unique occurrence formountains that lie only sixty miles from thePacific Ocean. The following ecological zonesoccur (Ferlatte 1974): mixed conifer forest, redfir forest, subalpine forest, alpine fell-field, andmontane chaparral.

COLLECTION LOCATIONS

Inventory locations were chosen to captureas much of the habitat diversity of the Wilder-ness as was practical (Figure 1 ), given the timeand funding available. Visits to west sidelocations around Limestone Ridge, Tish TangCreek and Mill Creek Lakes had to be cancelled

due to the Corral and Baker fires of 2013. Thiswas unfortunate because the west side (approx-imately west of the New River) receives moremoisture than the rest of the Wilderness, both inprecipitation and also in relative humidity(PRISM 2010). The resulting loss of inventorydiversity was significant.

Locations 7, 8 and 9 were not a formal partof this Inventory. They represent earliercollections from my personal herbarium, andwere made during casual recreational trips intothe Alps and surrounding areas, or were col-lected during field work for Six Rivers NationalForest. All collections (Table 1 ) have beenaccessioned into the herbarium at the CaliforniaAcademy of Sciences (CAS).

1. East Fork New River Trail. 33 species.Portions of this trail had burned during the

1999 Megram Fire, but as was typical of thepatchy nature of Megram, certain areas remain-

ed unburned, despite theirproximity to areas of high-intensity burn. East ForkNew River Trail followsthe north bank of the EastFork, beginning at about2000’ elevation. Except forthe river benches thehabitat is a relatively uni-form moist vegetation type,and consists primarily ofearly- to late-maturePseudotsuga menziesii/No-

tholithocarpus densiflora

forest mixed with Caloc-edrus decurrens and Pinusponderosa in slightly drierareas, and Acer macro-phyllum where more mois-ture is available. SmallQuercus garryana wood-lands less than 10 acres insize are scant along theportions of the trail sur-veyed. On old riverbenches the vegetationchanges to an Alnus


Figure 1 . Trinity Alps Wilderness, showing collection locations (white dots).

73

rhombifolia/Acer macrophyllum forest with anunderstory of Cornus canadensis and Taxusbrevifolia. Light levels can be very low andmoisture is available year-round.

Due to the valley bottom slope position(McCune et al.2002) and hardwood species,cyanolichens are well-represented on trees andsometimes on the ground along many parts ofthe trail. Collema nigrescens, Nephroma helvet-icum, N. resupinatum and Pseudocyphellariaanthraspis are common on maple and yewbranches and trunks. The lowest portions ofmossy clustered dogwood trunks host smallercyanolichens: Leptogium palmatum, L. polycar-pum, and Fuscopannaria pacifica. Some of thelarger cyanolichens are also present in the drierGarry oak stands, including Lobaria hallii.Terrestrial lichens are present in unburnedportions of the trail, but species diversity is low.

2. Green Mountain Trail. 1 7 species.Green Mountain Trail begins at 5,050’ in a

small Quercus garryana grassland, and climbssteeply up the southeast ridge of BrushyMountain, ascending through a mixed early-mature/old-growth forest of Pseudotsuga men-ziesii/Abies grandis/Abies magnifica, until ap-proximately 5,800’ , where Douglas-fir dropsout, and the forest is composed entirely of firtrees. Lichen species conformed to that of atypical mid-elevation mid- to upper-slope firforest, with Alectoria sarmentosa, Platismatiaglauca, P. stenophylla, Letharia columbiana, L.

vulpina, Esslingeriana idahoensis, Bryoria

pseudofuscescens, and Hypogymnia imshaugiidominating the boles and/or litterfall.Parmeliopsis ambigua grew abundantly on treebutts, and P. hyperopta was notably absent.Species diversity is low, and in keeping with itsslope position (Berryman & McCune 2006),cyanolichens were expectedly absent from thisrelatively high-elevation ridgetop trail.

Greater species diversity would have beenpresent, however one of teh fires of the BarComplex (2006) had burned through BrushyMountain, starting above the Garry oak grove atthe start of the trail. Burn evidence was apparentthroughout the length of the trail surveyed.

While the pattern of burning is a beautifulexample of an old-growth forest’s tendencytowards ground-hugging fire (it may in fact havebeen a controlled back-burn), it also demon-strates that ground-based fire is catastrophic toany plant community less than eight feet tall.There was no vascular plant understory andvirtually no graminoid presence in any surveyedpart of this trail. Lichens that are typically foundon soil, soil on rocks, directly on small and largerocks, or on tree bases or the cut banks of trailswere completely absent from all parts of theGreen Mountain Trail. No specimens werefound of the common terrestrial/saxicolousgenera Peltigera, Leptogium, Cladonia, Lepto-chidium, Polychidium, Fuscopannaria, andMassalongia.

3. Canyon Creek Trail. 58 species.This popular backpacking trail had the least

elevational gradient and the greatest substratediversity of any inventoried location. Lowerportions of the trail are Pseudotsuga men-ziesii/Abies concolor/Notholithocarpus densi-

flora forest with regular Quercus kelloggii andfrequent Quercus chrysolepus, Calocedrusdecurrens and Abies magnifica, as well as Acermacrophyllum where more moisture is available.Small granite boulders are common along thelower trail, increasing in size and frequencyapproaching the subalpine parts of the trail.Portions of the first 1 .5 miles of the trail showevidence of a controlled underburn. AboveCanyon Creek Falls, tree size and diversity in-creased – Picea breweriana, Tsuga mertensiana,some large (>40”dbh) Pinus lambertiana and P.ponderosa, Pinus monticola, and Populustrichocarpa are present in various locations inthe meadows paralleling the creek.

Canyon Creek Trail resembles East ForkNew River Trail in that both have a vegetationtype indicative of a mesic habitat, which incombination with the absence ofwidespread fireand the high substrate diversity, contributes to ahigh lichen species diversity. Both chlorolichensand cyanolichens were abundant and diverse.Additionally, the greater presence of rockysubstrates in this area resulted in detections of


74

terrestrial and saxicolous species not found atEast Fork, including Vestergrenopsis sono-mensis, Cladonia ochrochlora, C. verruculosa,

Leptochidium albociliatum, Leptogium tereti-

usculum, Melanelia disjuncta, seven species ofPeltigera, and Xanthoparmelia verruculifera.Especially notable is the presence of Peltigeragowardii, a Sensitive species in Region 5. Thisis only the second occurrence of this species onthe Shasta-Trinity National Forest.

4. East Boulder Lake – Pacific Crest

Trail. 1 3 species.This inventory location had low species

diversity for a number of reasons: 1 ) the north-east corner of the Trinity Alps has a mixedgeology of metamorphic and granitic parentmaterials. The rocks of East Boulder Lake andthe Pacific Crest Trail above the lake areperidotite, the chemistry of which is notconducive to macrolichen diversity; 2) based onthe absence of lichens from the lowest 5-10’ oftree trunks in the area, the area experiencessignificant persistent snow. In summer-dryclimates, lichens photosynthesize and increasebiomass significantly during periods of wintersun in the presence of snow (Kappan & Breuer1991 ; Schroeter et al. 1 997), but only to thedepth that sunlight can penetrate the upperlayers of snow. Below this depth, there ismoisture but insufficient light, resulting in thedecay and death of the lichen; 3) the habitat isrocky and alpine to subalpine, and 4) the trailcontours along the dry south face of a long east-west ridge. Each factor taken singly (exoticchemistry, persistent snow pack, dry southslope, sub/alpine habitat) will reduce speciesdiversity; taken together they result in overallvery low macrolichen species diversity.

5. Mavis Lake/Fox Lake/Fox Creek cross-

country loop. 1 9 species.This portion of the inventory had

similarities to the East Boulder Lake/PacificCrest leg of the trail, in that the habitat wassubalpine and rocky, with an apparent persistentsnowpack. In particular, the stretch of terrainbetween Fox Lake and Fox Creek showedsignificant snow damage in the form of heavy

branch litterfall, absence of understory, andnumerous dead and dying standing Abies spp.on the gentle slopes east of Fox Creek, all ofwhich contributed to diminished lichen diversitybecause of the short life of the substrate.However the granitic parent material and thenortherly aspect combined to provide substrate,temperature and moisture conditions suitable tolichen metabolism. Notable collections madehere were Leptogium rivale, found where thecool waters of Fox Creek flowed over slopes of5-1 5%, and Bryoria simplicior, a species withwhite soredia, which is an uncommon characterin California species ofBryoria.

The ridge between Fox Lake and Fox Creekis rocky enough that trees grow poorly here, andthe accumulation of litter and duff is minimal. Awell-established community of terrestriallichens grows here, including Placynthiellaicmalea, a widely distributed and frequentlyoverlooked minute soil crust.

The highest species diversity associatedwith this particular route was found on flatground at the confluence of Fox Creek and theunnamed outflow from Mavis Lake. At this site,there were five species that showed up here thathad been undetected all day: Alectoriasarmentosa, Bryoria simplicior, Melanohalea

exasperatula, Platismatia glauca and Tucker-mannopsis chlorophylla.

6. Fox Ridge Trail. 11 species.The habitat along Fox Ridge was the driest

encountered in the course of this inventory.Typical of ridgetop locations, it is moreexposed, receives more insolation, and becomesdrier as one descends. These changes arereflected in the presence of species indicative ofdrier environments such as Pinus ponderosa andArctostaphyllos spp.

Two species found on the ridge are unusual.Additional occurrences of Bryoria simpliciorwere found on Abies concolor and Abiesmagnifica. The only detection within the Alps ofHypocenomyce castaneocinerea came from FoxRidge. This common lichen grows almostexclusively on burned wood and charcoal; giventhe large acreage of burned forest surveyed, it is


75

unusual that only one detection was made.West Side Inventory. Day trips planned for

the west side trailheads at Limestone Ridge,Mill Creek Lakes and Tish Tang Creek werecancelled, as the Corral and Baker fires of 2013had increased in size and caused closures inthese Wilderness areas.

7. Grizzly Lake and North Fork TrinityTrail. 1 6 species.

Collections from Grizzly Lake and NorthFork Trinity Trail were made in 2002 incidentalto a recreational backpacking trip, and are not asrepresentative of the lichen flora of the area ascollections from other sites, the collections hav-ing been made sporadically. A detailed inventoryof this trail is recommended, especially theportion between China Spring Trail and GrizzlyMeadows, as this segment of the trail has denseand moist vegetation. Despite the unstructurednature of this trip, some significant collectionswere made of species representative of acommunity that inhabits drier, more easterlyhabitats (i.e. , California Cascade Mountains orInterior Coast Ranges): Nephroma parile,Dermatocarpon intestiniforme, Lobothallia

melanaspis, and Phaeophyscia decolor. Othernotable species from North Fork Trail includeD. meiophyllizum, Pseudephebe pubescens andUmbilicaria polyphylla.

8, 9. Stuart Fork Creek and incidental

westside locations. 10 species.Like the Grizzly Lake and North Fork

Trinity Trail collections, the specimens fromStuart Fork Creek were made in 2002 whilebackpacking, and were not intended to representthe lichen flora of these areas. They are includedhere to increase the value of this report, andbecause some of the species from Stuart ForkCreek were not found in other parts of the Alps.Melanelia panniformis is uncommon throughoutthe Pacific Northwest.

Incidental collections are from the LowerTrinity Ranger District on Six Rivers NationalForest, and were made during the course ofbotanical field work in 2001 related to theMegram Fire. Notable species are Leptogiumsubaridum, which was described in 1994 and is

seldom collected, and Psoroma hypnorum, fromthe headwaters ofMill Creek.

SIGNIFICANT SPECIES

The following collections are noteworthy,representing species encountered that areunusual, under-reported or uncommon to rare.

Bryoria simplicior (Vainio) Brodo & D.Hawksw. (Carlberg #03519A, 03522, 03534).

It is unusual to find in California any of thespecies of Bryoria that produce white soredia.Brioria furcellata, B. fuscescens, B. glabra, B.

implexa and B. pikei have all been foundsporadically and in small quantities inCalifornia, mostly in relatively pristine loca-tions. The USDA National Lichens & AirQuality Database (USDA 2013) shows only oneprevious detection of B. simplicior in California(Marble Mountains).

“Dendriscocaulon” intricatulum (Nyl.)Henssen.

The taxonomy of this occasional cyano-lichen is still unresolved, however the lowerelevations of both the Fox Ridge and CanyonCreek Trails, with their mixed hardwood/coniferforests that include Quercus kelloggii, seem likesuitable habitat. This lichen was not foundduring the current inventory.

Dermatocarpon intestiniforme (Körber)Hasse (Carlberg #00742).

Widespread, uncommon, and distinctive,this specimen is from the north side of theWilderness, along Grizzly Creek Trail. Inreference books that recognize this taxon (Brodoet al. 2002; McCune & Geiser 1997) it keyseasily because of the multiple holdfasts for eachthallus, however some recent texts (McCune &Geiser 2009) treat it as a synonym of D.miniatum var. complicatum, which however hasa single holdfast.

Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum Vainio(Carlberg #00744, 00745, 03499, 03512).

In western North America prior to 2009, thislichen was identified as D. luridum, a rare lichenprotected under the Survey & Manage com-ponent of the Northwest Forest Plan. Researchby Glavich & Geiser (2009) determined that


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most North American specimens were actuallythe European taxon D. meiophyllizum, distin-guished by the Melzer’s (+) reaction of themedulla. It was found at two widely separatedlocations in the Wilderness.

Hypocenomyce castaneocinerea (Räsänen)Timdal (Carlberg #03404, 03538).

Given the amount of burned forest visitedduring this inventory, it is surprising that thislichen was not found numerous times, given thespecificity of its substrate (charcoal and burnedwood).

Leptogium polycarpum P. M. Jørg. &Goward (Carlberg #03334).

Widely distributed and possibly uncommonin California, L. polycarpum is easily distin-guished from other fertile species of Leptogiumby the 4-spored asci.

Leptogium rivale Tuck. (Carlberg#03506B).

An aquatic cyanolichen that is more likelyoverlooked and undercollected than rare(Glavich 2009), L. rivale is found in clear coldperennial streams, especially on granitic sub-strates. The thin brown thallus resembles asmudge on the rock surface,

Leptogium subaridum Jørgensen & Goward(Carlberg #00518).

Seldom reported in California, and usuallyabsent from the Central and Outer CoastRanges. Possibly overlooked, and very widelydistributed, having been reported from Greece,Italy, Spain, and Morocco(Aragón et al. 2004).

Massalongia carnosa (Dickson) Körber(Carlberg #00725, 00729, 03427, 03468).

Published reports of this widespread andcommon species that grows on moss over rockare few (Tucker 2013), so it perhaps deservesmore frequent mention.

Melanelia panniformis (Nyl.) Essl.(Carlberg #00726).

Another specimen from the Grizzly CreekTrail, Melanelia panniformis is isidiate and sax-icolous, and like many lichens has the appar-ently contradictory distribution pattern of beingboth uncommon and widespread. Only tworecent reports from California (Tucker 2013).

Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach. (Carlberg#00747).

Uncommon in northern California, andabsent from the northern Outer Coast Ranges,this lichen is sporadic in mesic areas, andbecomes the dominant representative of thegenus in drier forests further east.

Peltigera britannica (Gyelnik) Holt.-Hartw.& Tønsberg (Carlberg #03327).

From the East Fork New River Trail. Morecommon further west, and may be restricted tothe Coast Ranges in northern California.

Peltigera gowardii Lendemer & H. O'Brien(Carlberg #03437A, 03437B).

This species has in recent times undergone asomewhat bewildering series of name changes(Miadlikowska & Lutzoni 2000; Lendemer &O’Brien 2011 ).

Like Leptogium rivale, Peltigera gowardiiprefers clear cold spring-fed creeks. P. gowardiihas very strict requirements regarding streamtemperature, scour and sedimentation (Davis etal. 2000, 2003). This lichen is a Sensitivespecies in Region 5, and occupies much of itspredicted habitat in the central Sierra Nevada(Peterson 2010), but is scarce in the CoastRanges, with only four occurrences on the SixRivers (1 ), Shasta-Trinity (2), and Mendocino(1 ) National Forests. A new unvouchereddetection was made recently on the KlamathNational Forest (Rentz 2013), but given the easewith which this lichen can be identified, it seemsvery likely that the identification is valid.

Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyelnik(Carlberg #03439, 03458, 03464).

The most common green Peltigera in theWilderness. Green species of Peltigera are asymbiosis of a fungus, a green primary photo-partner, and a secondary cyanobacterial photo-partner. In the outer Coast Ranges of northernCalifornia, P. britannica dominates, and appar-ently in the central Coast Range, the opposite istrue. P. leucophlebia has also been reportedfrom Plumas County (Bratt 7550; det. McCune).

Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm. (Carlberg#03408).

Uncommon throughout northern California,


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and absent from the southern part of the state.Placynthiella icmalea (Ach.) Coppins & P.

James (Carlberg #03501B).Another overlooked and underreported

lichen, P. icmalea is nearly indistinguishablefrom the dirt on which it grows.

Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray (Carlberg#00519).

Uncommon to rare in California, but morecommon in states to the north and east (Oregonand Colorado). This voucher is actually fromjust west of the Wilderness, in the Mill Creekdrainage on Six Rivers National Forest. Thelocation is near the Corral Fire (2013), and haspossibly burned since the 2001 collection.

ACKNOWLEDGEMEMTS

Grateful appreciation goes out to numerousForest Service personnel who provided fundingand/or logistical support during the weeks of theInventory. Trent Procter (Region 5 Air QualityProgram Manager) and Christina Boston(Region 5 Wilderness Program Leader) providedfunding, Lisa Hoover (Forest Botanist, SixRivers National Forest) made personnel resour-ces available, and Lusetta Nelson (WestsideBotanist, Shasta-Trinity National Forest) co-wrote the proposal that secured the funding.

LITERATURE CITED

Aragón, A., I. Martínez, M.A.G. Otálora. 2004. Thelichen Leptogium subaridum, a newMediterranean-NWAmerican disjunction.Lichenologist 36(2): 1 63-165.

Berryman, S., B. Mccune. 2006. Epiphytic lichensalong gradients in topography and standstructure in western Oregon, USA. - PacificNorthwest Fungi 1 (2): 1 -38.

Brodo, I. M., S.D. Sharnoff, & S. Sharnoff. 2001 .Lichens ofNorth America. Yale UniversityPress.

Davis, G.A., M.J. Holdaway, P.W. Lipman, W.D.Romey. 1965. Structure, metamorphism andplutonism in the south-central KlamathMountains, California. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.76(8):933-965.

Davis, W.C., C. Gries, and T.H. Nash. 2000. Theecophysiological response of the aquatic lichenHydrothyria venosa to nitrates in terms of

weight and photosynthesis over long periods oftime. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 75: 201 -208.

Davis, W.C., C. Gries, and T.H. Nash. 2003. Theinfluence of temperature on the weight and netphotosynthesis of the aquatic lichen Peltigerahydrothyria over long periods of time.Bibliotheca Lichenologica 86: 233-242.

Ferlatte, W.J. 1 974. A Flora of the Trinity Alps ofNorthern California. University ofCaliforniaPress, Los Angelels. 206pp.

Gibson, W.P., C. Daly, T. Kittel, D. Nychka, C.Johns, N. Rosenbloom, A. McNab, and G.Taylor. 2002. Development of a 103-year high-resolution climate data set for the conterminousUnited States. In: Proc., 1 3th AMS Conf. onApplied Climatology, Amer. MeteorologicalSoc., Portland, OR, May 13-16, 1 81 -1 83.

Glavich, D. A. 2009. Distribution, rarity and habitatsof three aquatic lichens on federal land in the USPacific Northwest. The Bryologist, 11 2:1 ,54-72.

Glavich, D. A., and L.H. Geiser. 2004.Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum Vainio in the USPacific Northwest. Evansia 21 : 1 37-140.

Hutten, M., U. Arup, O. Breuss, T.L. Esslinger, A.M.Fryday, K. Knudsen, J.C. Lendemer, C. Printzen,H.T. Root, M. Schultz, J. Sheard, T. Tonsberg, B.McCune. 2013. Lichens and lichenicolous fungiofYosemite National Park, California. NorthAmerican Fungi 8(11 ): 1 -47.

Kappen, L. & M. Breuer. 1 991 . Ecological andphysiological investigations in continentalAntarctic cryptogams. II. Moisture relations andphotosynthesis of lichens near Casey Station,Wilkes Land. Antarctic Science 3(3): 273-278.

Knudsen, K., K. Kokourkova. 2012. The annotatedchecklist of lichens, lichenicolous and alliedfungi ofChannel Islands National Park.Opuscula Philolichenum 11 : 1 45-302.

Knudsen, K., M. Harding, and J. Hoines. 2013. Thelichen flora of Joshua Tree National Park: Anannotated checklist. Natural Resource TechnicalReport NPS/JOTR/NRTR—2013/743. NationalPark Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Lendemer, J.C. & H. O’Brien. 2011 . How do youreconcile molecular and non-molecular datasets?A case study where new molecular data promptsa revision ofPeltigera hydrothyria s.l. in NorthAmerica and the recognition of two species.Opuscula Philolichenum, 9: 99-110.

McCune, B., J. Grenon, L.S. Mutch, E.P. Martin.2007. Lichens in relation to management issues


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in the Sierra Nevada national parks. PacificNorthwest Fungi 2(3): 1 -39.

Mccune, B., J. Hutchinson, S. Berryman. 2002. Con-centration of rare epiphytic lichens along largestreams in a mountainous watershed in Oregon,U.S.A. - The Bryologist 1 05(3): 439-450.

McCune, B., L. Geiser. 1 997. Macrolichens of thePacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon StateUniversity Press.

McCune, B., L. Geiser. 2009. Macrolichens of thePacific Northwest (2nd edition). Corvallis:Oregon State University Press.

Miadlikowska, J. & F. Lutzoni. 2000. Phylogeneticrevision of the genus Peltigera (lichen-formingAscomycota) based on morphological, chemical,and large-subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA data.Int. J. Plant Sci. 1 61 (6):925–958.

National Park Service. 2001 . National Park ServiceManagement Policies, Washington, D.C.http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/lawsandpolicies.htm. Accessed January 2014.

National Park Service. 2014. National Park ServiceBiological Inventories Program.http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/inventory/index.cfm. Accessed January 2014.

Peterson, E.B. 2010. Conservation Assessment withManagement Guidelines for Peltigerahydrothyria Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (a.k.a.Hydrothyria venosa J. L. Russell). InternalReport by the California Native Plant Society,prepared for the USDA Forest Service Region 5.

PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University,http://prism.oregonstate.edu. AccessedDecember 2010

Rentz, E. 2013. Personal communication.Schroeter, B., L. Kappen, T.G.A Green, R.D. Seppelt.

1 997. Lichens and the Antarctic environment:effects of temperature and water availability onphotosynthesis. In: Lyons, WB/Howard-Williams, C/Hawes, I (eds.): EcosystemProcesses in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 1 03-117.

Tucker, S.C. 2013. Personal communication.United States Forest Service National Lichens & Air

Quality Database and Clearinghouse. 2013.http://gis.nacse.org/lichenair/index.php?page=query&type=community. Accessed 27 September2013.


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Table

1.Speciesenco

unteredduringTrinity

AlpsInve

ntory

(2013),co

llectionnumbers,andloca

tions.

Site

1=East

Fork

NewRiverTrail;2=GreenMountainTrail;3

=Canyo

nCreekTrail;4=East

BoulderLake

–Pacific

CrestTrail;5=MavisLake

/FoxLake

/FoxCreek;

6=FoxRidgeTrail;7=GrizzlyLake

andNorthFork

Trinity

Trail;8-9

=StuartFork

Creekandincidentalw

estsideloca

tions;

“Y”=prese

nt;“N

C”meansobse

rvedbutnotco

llected.


80


81


0,' '!&, 1-!'#26 '82(+8- 8/4/:? 269 4

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