ilias saxelmwifo universiteti

semiotikis kvleviTi centri

semiotika

samecniero Jurnali

XIII

SEMIOTICS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Tbilisi Tbilisi 2013

2

UDC 8122

mTavari redaqtori cira barbaqaZe redaqtorebi

Tamar berekaSvili Tamar lomiZe gia joxaZe

Editor-in-Chief Tsira Barbakadze

Editors Tamar Berekashvili Tamar Lomidze Gia Jokhadze

eZRvneba prof. zurab kiknaZis 80 wlis iubiles

ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, semiotikis kvleviTi centri 2013

ISSN 1512-2409

dagvikavSirdiT: E-mail: semiotics@iliauni.edu.ge

3

Sinaarsi

Mmilocva Ggigi TevzaZe (ilias saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori) sinqronuli zurab kiknaZe

Tema: sivrcis semiotikuri perspeqtivebi (sivrcis semiotika)

naira bepievi (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) sivrcis semiotika narTebis eposSi 19 Tamar berekaSvili (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti) sivrce(adgili) fentezis Janris literaturaSi 24 daviT bostanaSvili (Tbilisi, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti) sivrce _ mTxrobeli 34 konstantine bregaZe (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) sivrcis ageba da daSla romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi 51 nino gogiaSvili (Telavi, iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) gamrudebuli dro da sivrce mirza gelovanis omis lirikaSi 62 lali daTaSvili (Tbilisi, saqarTvelos pedagogTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebis centraluri instituti) mxatvrul-olamuri sivrce Zvel qarTul literaturaSi 71

4

elizbar elizbaraSvili (Telavi, iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) drois `wakiTxva~ samyaros meoTxe ganzomilebis sivrciTi koordinatis mixedviT 86 eTer inwkirveli (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti) semiotikuri centris dinamika `nacarqeqias~ zRaparSi 94 irine maniJaSvili (Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis universiteti (sdasu) realur-istoriuli sivrce emigrantul mwerlobaSi 104 ada nemsaZe (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti) imperiis sivrculi modelebi 118 salome omiaZe (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) piradi sivrcis proeqcia qarTul lingvokulturaSi 126 nino popiaSvili (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) literaturuli sivrce da qalTa literatura132 Tamar ziger-popiaSvili (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) Kkulturuli sivrcis ganzomilebebi 138 zeinab saria (zugdidi, SoTa mesxias saswavlo universiteti) urbanistuli sivrce qarTul literaturul modernizmSi 142

5

nino qavTaraZe (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) Julien grakis sivrcis poetika 152 Eeka CikvaiZe (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti) dro (realuri, literaturuli, siuJeturi da gramatikuli) nikoloz gulaberisZis ,,sveticxovlis sakiTxavSi~ 161 maia jaliaSvili (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti) sivrculi gzajvaredinebi 171

semiotika da sxva Tamar lomiZe (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti) sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis kona~ (semantikuri struqtura) 182 cira barbaqaZe (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti) `vefxistyaosani~ da fentezi 191 rozeta gujejiani (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) qarTuli xalxuri dResaswaulebi TurqeTis respublikis eTnikur qarTvelTa Soris 198 mariam marjaniSvili (quTaisi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti) emigrantul-epistolaruli memkvidreobis semiotika 210

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nana mrevliSvili (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti) drois kategoriis gageba ioane damaskelis `gardamocemaSi~ 220 ekaterine gaCeCilaZe (quTaisi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti) enobrivi niSnis asimetria, rogorc enis funqcionirebis fundamenturi kategoria 229 Ggiorgi patariZe (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtoranti) jvris semiotika 237 Sorena barbaqaZe (quTaisi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtoranti) Eesoposis igavebi_ Cafiqreba sindisierebaze 243 qristine adeiSvili (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtoranti) Aavtoritetis argumenti politikur diskursSi 252 tariel daTiaSvili (quTaisi, damoukidebeli mkvlevari) arsebuli da ararsebuli sivrceebi 260

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naira bepievi

sivrcis semiotika narTebis eposSi

narTi kaci gamudmebiT mogzaurobs.

misi mogzauroba mravalgvari mizniTaa ganpirobebuli: is xan sabrZolvelad-

salaSqrod midis, xan sanadirod _

nadiris mosaklavad da amiT saxelis mosaxveWad, xan Tavis gamosacdelad, _

vaJkacobis dasamtkiceblad; igi xan

Temis sxva wevrTa Sorisaa _ saerTo saqmisaTvis garjili, xan samogzaurod

miemarTeba, sxvadasxva adgilebisa da sxvadasxva adamianebis gacnoba-Seswavlis

mizniT da vin moTvlis, ramdeni saxis

mogzurobaa maT cxovrebaSi niSandoblivi. narTis yvela mogzaurobis

mizandasaxulebaa, yvelgan Rirseulad

wardges, narTis saxeli arsad Searcxvinos da umTavres kredod

yovelTvis daisaxos borotebis

winaaRmdeg brZola da sikeTis Tesva. narTis cxovrebis Sinaarsi TiToeuli

aseTi saxis mogzaurobaSi devs.

narTebis eposSi narTebis samoqmedo

sivrce usazRvroa. isini Tavisuflad dadian miuval mwvervalebze, gaSlil

velze, ugzo-ukvlo adgilebSi.

narTebisaTvis sruliad bunebrivia wyalSi yofnac. mTis viwro xeobebSi

gansaxlebulTa am eposs ukidegano

naira bepievi

20

teritoriuli masStabebi aqvs. sivrcis (wylis qveS Tu cis kabadonze) da drois uzarmazari masivebi, romelTac Zleven

narTebis gmirebi, xalxis Soreuli samSoblos sivrceebia, _

aRniSnavs prof. zurab kiknaZe (1. gv.17). am sivrceSi isini laRad da bunebrivad grZnoben Tavs, radgan maTi gmirebi RvTiuri

warmomavlobisani arian, ufro metic, zogjer cis, miwisa da wylis

substanciac gadanawilebuli ki ar aris sxvadasxva personaJSi, aramed erT gmirSia warmosaxuli es sami sawyisi. narTebis sasaxelo

gmiri baTraZi miwieri arsebaa, magram zeciuri warmomavlobisaa,

romelic, amave dros, wylis binadrebTan (donbedTirebTan) erTad izrdeba. baTraZi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi wyalSi cxovrobs

(2. gv. 36). magram kosmiuri samyaros warmomadgenlebi mas Tavisianad miiCneven. mze eubneba baTraZs: narTebs TavisTan mihyavxar da wadi,

gahyevi. Sen zecaSi yovelTvis geqneba gza (migesvleba) da Seni

adgili zeciuri Zalebis sufraze yovelTvis iqneba.

_ mzis sityvebs mec veTanxmebi da damilocnixaro, _ ase mimarTavs RmerTi baTraZs. (2. gv. 40).

narTebs marTlac miaCniaT, rom maT yvelgan miesvlebaT, zeciur

saufloSic, xmeleTzec da wyalSic bunebrivad grZnoben Tavs. iyo

dro, roca erTmaneTTan mimosvla zeciuri da miwieri arsebebisa Cveulebrivi iyo.:

Soreul cidan angelozT gundi

dedamiwaze mofrindeboda.

aseve kacic, Zexorcieli,

miwidan cisken eSureboda.

(3. gv. 1)

narTi bunebiT, cxovrebis wesiT, mogzauria, es bevri ramiTaa

ganpirobebuli. isini bevrs mogzauroben. mogzauroben sxvadasxva

mizandasaxulebiT. samyaros mTlian sivrceSi triali mogzauroba es narTi kacis arsebobis ZiriTadi atributia, misi cxovrebis

Sinaarsia da es qmedeba narTis leqsikaSic aisaxa.

sivrcis semiotika narTebis eposSi

21

specifikuri Sesityveba , Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba narTebis eposSi. am SesityvebaSi konkretuli

mizandasaxuleba ara Cans da zogadad farTo sivrceSi gasvlas

niSnavs. erTdroulad niSnavs samogzaurod, salaSqrod, saalafod, saTareSod, saxetialod (saTavgadasavlo

mogzauroba) wasvlas. aRniSnul SesityvebaSi sanadirod wasvlac

igulisxmeba, Tumca TiToeul am cnebas (nadirobas, laSqroba-brZolas, mogzaurobas) osur enaSi Tavisi zusti Sesatyvisi

leqsemebic aqvs. es mogzauroba zogjer TveobiT grZeldeboda da

yvelaze warmatebuli svla saqonlis jogis an cxvris faris SemomatebiTac ki sruldeboda (rac mTel Tems unawildeboda).

ufro metic, narTebis eposSi gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, roca samogzaurod

wasul narTs iqidan coli mouyvania.

narTisTvis zogjer (samogzaurod wasvla) erTgvari gamocdac iyo. TavgadasavlebiTa da siZneleebiT savse

gzaze rogor gamoiCenda Tavs da rogor gaumklavdeboda am

mogzaurobis sirTules _ amaze iyo damokidebuli narTi vaJkacis avtoriteti da misi adgili narTebs Soris. mas unda am dros Tavi

gamoeCina, es erTgvari naTlobac iyo vaJkacobisa. amitom iyo, rom

zogjer martodmartoc midioda narTi am gamosacdel gzaze, zogjer ki mTeli Temis rCeulebi ikribebodnen da ise midodnen.

narTma soslanma sanadirod wasvla gadawyvita. didxans

emzadeboda da bolos, rogorc iqna, gaemgzavra. soslani ise wavida

sanadirod, rom narTebisaTvis ar gaugebinebia. (soslani da vacilas vaJi) (2.. gv. 391).

gmiris marto wasvlas aqvs garkveuli mizani, is amjerad

mxolod Tavisi Tavis imedad midis da Tavis TavSi (da ara marto

Tavis TavSi) imis dasarwmuneblad, rom mas SeuZlia siZneleebTan martos Sebma da gamklaveba. Tumca zogierTi gmiri aseTi amocanis

winaSe mdgari WoWmanobs da es arcaa gasakviri, mas SeiZleba

uTanasworo brZolaSic mouxdes CarTva da am gamocdam SesaZlebelia misTvis savalalo Sedegi moitanos. ase ki araerTxel

momxdara narTis cxovrebaSi, romelic Zalian bevri moulodnelobiT

iyo aRsavse.

aseTi saxis gamgzavrebas Tavisi wina rituali axlda Tan. narTebi wanaswar, karga xniT adre emzadebodnen. amisaTvis; isini

naira bepievi

22

wmendnen da amzadebdnen iaraRs, sagangebod imaragebdnen (sagzali, romelsac ojaxi sagangebod umzadebda), winaswar

garkveuli rituali sruldeboda _ nixasi (uxucesTa sabWo)

dalocavda da Semdeg karga manZilze gaacilebdnen. dabrunebis dros ki win gamogzavnidnen xolme macnes, romelic Tems atyobinebda maTi

warmatebisa Tu warumateblobis ambavs. warmatebuli laSqrobis

dros mas aucileblad asaCuqrebdnen, rogorc kargi ambis macnes da amitom yvelas exaliseboda maxaroblad TemSi gamgzavreba. Tumca

amas pirovneba ar wyvetda, mxolod ufrosebis gadasawyveti iyo, vin

SeirCeoda. SerCevis mTavari kriteriumi ki yovelTvis iyo simarde, siyoCaRe da gambedaoba, rac macnesaTvis unda yofiliyo aucileblad

damaxasiaTebeli.

balcidan mobrunebulebs aucileblad xvdebodaT ukve

momzadebuli ludi, nanadirevi TviTon mohqondaT da imarTeboda

narTebis yofis aucilebeli (didi lxini). rac xSir SemTxvevaSi kviriT-kviramde grZeldeboda.

aq isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am dros mopovebuli nadavli

nawildeboda absoluturad yvelaze, ara mxolod mogzaurobis monawile vaJkacebze, aramed mTel Temze, maT Soris, upirvelesad,

umweo da sapyar adamianebzec, romelTac ar SeeZloT samogzaurod

wasvla. gansakuTrebulad did mosakiTxs axvedrebdnen qvriv-obolT da umweo moxucebs. zogjer balcidan dabrunebul adamians TviTon

araferi Sexvedria, magram uZlur adamianebs ki aucileblad

xvdebodaT wili (sa xai).

osur folklorSi sxvadasxva miTosuri xalxis Sesaxeb

arsebobs Tqmulebebi. niSandoblivia, rom wasvla mxolod narTebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. Mmxolod narTebi awyobdnen aseT

mogzaurobebs. narTebis Tqmulebebis sxva personaJebi salaSqrod, sabrZolvelad midian, magram maT mimarT brZolis aRmniSvneli sxva

konkretuli sityva gamoiyeneba da ara , romelsac garkveuli sakraluri daniSnuleba aqvs, radgan aq aris asparezi narTi gmirisTvis saxelis mosaxveWad. aq gamoCndeba misi vaJkacoba,

gambedaoba, SemarTeba da zogadad narTi kacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

saukeTeso Tvisebebi (aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu uvargis adamians narTi aseTi saxis mogzaurobaSi ar waiyvanda).

sivrcis semiotika narTebis eposSi

23

narTebs aseve aqvT TiTqmis paraleluri mniSvnelobis

aRmniSvneli Sesityveba (salaSqrod wasvla), rac niSnavs salaSqrod, sanadirod, saTareSod, sabrZolvelad

wasvlas. or Sesityvebas Soris gansxvaveba ufro konteqstSia.

narTebis am svlas ufro sabrZolo daniSnuleba aqvs, xolo ufro samogzauro, saTavgadasavlo, umetesad mSvidobiani mizniT wasvlas gulisxmobs,

maSin roca aucileblad Sebmis, brZolis elementebs gulisxmobs. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Tavgadasavlebis

maZiebeli saTavgadasavlo mogzauroba aseve Sebma, brZolaSi CaerTos brZola mouxdes, magram Tavidan aseTi ganwyoba

ar aris TviTmizani, rac ganasxvavebs mas isagan.

osur enas aqvs aseve sityvaTSexameba , rac pirdapir saomrad wasvlas niSnavs. narTis pirdapiri mizani,

daniSnuleba am SemTxvevaSi salaSqrod, konkretulad sabrZolvelad

wasvlaa.

miuxedavad imisa, rom osuri ena samogzaurod wasvlas sxvadasxva sityvaTSexamebiT gadmoscems da maTSi yvelgan

igulisxmeba samogzaurod wasvla, mainc SesamCnevia, maT Soris

niuansobrivi gansxvaveba. am sami specifikuri leqsemidan ; da ori ukanaskneli sxva TemebisTvisac aris damaxasiaTebeli da ufro sabrZolvelad

wasvla da mizandasaxuleba aqvs, miuxedavad imisa, rom ufro mSvidobiani misia aqvs, brZola-laSqroba arc aq aris gamoricxuli, magram mainc ufro mSvidobian mogzaurobas aRniSnavs,

es mxolod narTebi midian aseTi daniSnulebiT, rasac metad

sagulisxmo Sinaarsi aqvs.

_ es aris yvela vaJkacisaTvis, yvela narTisaTvis aucilebeli rituali, es aris narTi kacis triali im

ganusazRvrel sivrceSi, romelic mas moaxveWinebs bevr rames (maT

Soris materialursac) da maT Soris yvelaze umTavress _ saxels, risTvisac narTebi maradiulad iRvwodnen.

is faqti, rom narTi gamudmebiT mogzaurobs, aris imisi

maniSnebeli, rom Zieba, mogzauroba, aTasgvari saTavgadasavlo

istoriebi misTvis cxovrebis erT-erTi umTavresi daniSnulebaa. amitomaa, rom narTebis eposi savsea aseTi saxis mogzaurobiTa da

naira bepievi

24

masSi ikiTxeba narTebis suliskveTeba, yoveldRiuri yofisaTvis, sasicocxlo pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis brZola-zrunvaSi

gamoxatos mzadyofna vaJkacuri idealebisaken swrafvisa. am

qmedebasTan dakavSirebuli leqsikaSi arsebuli SesityvebaTa nairgvaroba maniSnebelia, rom narTi kacisaTvis sivrce ar aris

SemosazRvruli. narTi kaci modis zecidan da zeciuri binadaria, is

cxovrobs xmeleTze da misTvis esec mSobliuri adgilia, is wylis binadaria da misTvis es sivrcec nacnobi da axlobelia. am

ukidegano sivrceSi, sadac mas yovelTvis vxedavT is Tavis raobas,

Tavis meobas imkvidrebs brZoliT xan zeciur ZalebTan, xan xmeleTze macxovreblebTan, xan wylis binadrebTan. es dapirispireba,

Sejaxeba, brZola misTvis imdenad romantiulia, miuxedavad Zalian didi dramatizmisa, mas periodulad izidavs, ixmobs raRaca didi

JiniTa da survilebiT aRavsebs, romelsac am mogzauroba-laSqrobiT,

nadiroba-garTobiTa da zogjer samkvdro-sasicocxlo SerkinebiT iklavs. amitom axlavs sivrceSi aseT mogzaurobas bataluri

scenebi, rac mainc ver klavs narTi kacis arsebaSi dasabamidan

damaxasiaTebel sxvadasxva saxis mogzaurobis Jinsa da survils,

maradiulad mogzaurobisa, iqneba es , Tu . umTavresi ki aris is, rom narTma kacma unda gamudmebiT itrialos sivrceSi, radgan igi Tavis

mizandasaxulobas, cxovrebis Sinaarss, amqveynad movlinebis umTavres daniSnulebas aseTi saxis mogzaurobaSi xedavs.

literatura

1. osuri zepirsityviereba, Tb., 2005.

2. , , , 1989.

3. narTebi, staliniri, 1947.

Tamar berekaSvili

sivrce (adgili)

fentezis Janris literaturaSi

rogori banaluric ar unda iyos es fraza, misi dafiqsireba aucilebelia:

sivrce uaRresad mniSvnelovania ara

marto calke aRebuli individisTvis, aramed mTeli sazogadoebisTvis da

kulturisTvis, xelovnebis yvela

dargisTvis.

warmodgenebi mxatvrul sivrceze da misi warmisaxvis formebi icvleba imisda

mixedviT, rogor icvleba sazogadoeba da am sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi.

samyaros suraTi, romelic yalibdeba

sazogadoebaSi, didwilad moicavs Sexedulebebs sivrceze.

p. florenski amtkicebda, rom mTeli

kultura SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc

sivrcis organizebisken mimarTuli qmedeba. {1} mirCi eliadec xazgasmiT

aRniSnavs, rom sivrce upirvelesi,

Zireuli cnebaa ukve arqauli cnobierebisTvis. teritoriis aTviseba es

sakraluri centris gansazRvris aqciaa;

sakraluri centri ki adamianis samyaros centria, saidanac is ukavSirdeba sxva

samyaroebs, romlebic ganlagebulia

vertikalur RerZze - zeciurze da miwisqveSa. {2}

Tamar berekaSvili

26

didi xnis manZilze iTvleboda, rom dro da sivrce adamianisTvis sinamdvilis aRqmis Tandayolili formebia. Cveni

SegrZnebebis sivrciseul xasiaTze saubari daiwyo XIX

saukuneSi, rodesac am sakiTxma SeiZina mniSvneloba filosofosebisTvis. am droidan sivrcis cneba xelovnebaSi

gaxda sxvadasxva filosofiuri mimarTulebis Seswavlis obieqti.

SexedulebaTa siWrelis miuxedavad, yvela aRiarebs, rom mxatvruli sivrce specifiuria da misi ganxilva sruliad

avtonomiurad unda xdebodes, ramdenadac is ar emTxveva arc

maTematikur da arc fizikur sivrces. i. lotmanis gansazRvrebis mixedviT, sivrce warmoadgens kontiniums, romelSic Tavsdebian

personaJebi da xdeba moqmedeba. {3} mxatvrul nawarmoebSi fizikur realobebs ar warmoadgenen arc personaJebi, arc

moqmedeba da arc sivrce, isini mxatvruli fenomenebia.

xSirad saubroben mxatvruli sivrcisa da drois

ganuyofelobaze, rac baxtinma gamoxata qronotopis cnebiT. qronotopi droiTi da sivrciTi mimarTebebis arsebiTi

urTierTkavSiria, romelic mxatvrulad aTvisebulia

literaturaSi.{4} dro sivrcis meoTxe ganzomilebaa. qronotopi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs Janris Camoyalibebisas,

is axasiaTebs gmirs da qmnis erTianobas mxatvrul nawarmoebsa

da realur sinamdviles Soris. baxtinma daaxasiaTa sxvadasxva epoqebis mxatvruli literatura qronotipis specifikis

mixedviT. swored baxtinis midgomis gamoyenebiT, sainteresoa

fentezis Janris literaturis ganxilva, rasac gTavazobT miudgeT, rogorc erTgvar gonebriv savarjiSos, saxaliso

gaTamaSebas.

rogorc araerTgzis aRiniSna, fentezis met-naklebad sruli da

amomwuravi gansazRvreba ar arsebobs. mis Taviseburebebze, safuZvlebze, arsze msjeloben ara marto kritikosebi,

literaturis Tu xelovnebis specialistebi, filosofosebi,

aramed Tavad fentezis avtorebi (tolkieni, sapkovski).

Tu Tvals gadavavlebT fentezis yvela SesaZlo daxasiaTebas, davinaxavT, rom yvela saubrobs fentezis msgavsebaze da

gansxvavebaze jadosnur zRaparTan, mis myar kavSirTan miTebTan

da fantastikur JanrTan. Cven davamatebdiT mis msgavsebas Sua saukuneebis raindul romanTan. ikveTeba pralelebi bevr sxva

sivrce (adgili) fentezis Janris literaturaSi

27

JanrTanac, magram amas myari xasiaTi ara aqvs da icvleba nawarmoebis erovnuli niSnebis mixedviT.

rogorc aRiniSna, fentezis Janris literaturaSi uaRresad

mniSvnelovania misi miTologiuri Sinaarsi. xelovneba,

sazogadod, amodis miTidan da masTan mudam inarCunebs kavSirs. sivrciseuli xatebis ena asrulebs did rols. sivrcis

miTologiuri warmodgenebi advilad aRmosaCenia iseT

Tanamedrove literaturaSi da koncefciaSi, romelic fentezis ar miekuTvneba.

rodesac vsaubrobT fentezis miTologiur safuZvlebze,

aucileblad aRsaniSnia, rom miTebi, romelTa Seqmnasac cdiloben yvelaze popularuli avtorebi, kelturia, metic

xSirad mefe arturis mrgvali magidis miTebiT ikvebeba. magram

arturis mrgvali magidis istoriebi amave dros raindul romansac warmoadgens.

rainduli romanis ganxilvisas baxtini (4) yuradRebas

amaxvilebs Semdeg momentebze: rainduli romani muSaobs

avantiurul droSi. dro iSleba mTel rig monakveTebad - avantiurebad, romelTa SigniT is abstraqtul-teqnikuradaa

organizebuli. misi kavSiri sivrcesTan agreTve teqnikuria. am

romanis qronotopi antikuri berZnuli literaturis qronotopis msgavsad mravalferovnad ucxo da erTgvarad

abstraqtuli samyaroa. mTavar Semkrav funqcias asrulebs

gmirebis Sesabamisoba iseTi Rirebulebebisadmi, rogoricaa siyvaruli, erTguleba, megobroba, rainduli movaleobis -

kodeqsis dacva.

berZnuli romanis gmiri cdilobs aRadginos kanonzomiereba,

SeaerTos normaluri cxovrebis mimdinareobis jaWvidan amovardnili rgolebi da aRiqvams avantiuras, Tavgadasavals,

rogorc RmerTebis mxridan mis dasjas. rainduli romanis gmiri

cxovrobs TavgadasavlebSi, es misTvis bunebrivi atmosferoa da samyaros normaluri mdgomareoba. saswaulebi, romlebic aq xdeba

da xdeba moulodnelad, amave dros iqcevian mosalodnelad. am

saswaulebs mudmivad elian da isinic mudam xdeba. (baxtini).

Tamar berekaSvili

28

fentezis Janris romanebs Tu SevadarebT, erTi mxriv, aRmoCndeba, rom rainduli romanis msgavsad, saswaulebi, magiuri

movlenebi aq mudmivad xdeba, magram isini ar iqcevian gmirisTvis

arsebobis atmosferod. gmiri ara marto cxovrobs amaSi, aramed cdilobs, axsnas es saswaulebi da berZnuli romanebis gmirebis

msgavsad, daubrunos samyaros simSvide, kanonzomiereba,

siyvaruli da a.S. fentezis gmiri mudmiv ZiebeSia, rac ganasxvavebs mas sxva Janrisa da epoqebis gmirebisagan. es Zieba

ara marto fizikuria, - is moZraobs, icvlis adgilsamyofels,

mogzaurobs, transgresirebs da sxva - aramed sulieric. am Ziebisas is ara marto moipovebs sasurvel (saZiebel)

artefaqts, aramed pirovnuladac icvleba, Rrmavdeba misi identuroba, meoba.

rainduli romanis gmirebi maTTvis Cveul saswaul samyaroSi

Cadian sagmiro saqmeebs da ixveWen saxels. miTologiuri

gmirebic saxelovanni xdebian TavianTi gmirobebis wyalobiT. fentezi, rogorc axali miTis, axali epoqis Janric, aseTi saxis

gmirebs warmogvidgens, magram es gmirebi xdebian uneblied,

sruliad sayovelTao da bunebrivi, daviwyebuli Rirebulebebis Ziebis procesSi. maTi gmiruli Tavgamodeba mimarTulia

simyudrovis, harmoniis dabrunebisken da ragind didi jgufebiT,

TanamoazreebiT, armiebiT iyos maTi swrafva gamyarebuli, isini mainc marginalurni arian, ucxoni erTgvarad TviT am

TanamoazreebisTvisac, imitom rom ZiriTadad swored maTi

transformireba da Camoyalibeba xdeba unikalur individualur, TviTkmar pirovnebebad.

sagmiro romanSi, rogorc aRniSnavs baxtini, Cndeba droiT

subieqturi TamaSi, misi emociur-liriuli gaWimva da SekumSva,

mTeli movlenebis gaqroba, rogorc ararsebulis. fenteziSic gvaqvs msgavsi suraTi da es exeba ara marto dros, aramed

sivrces. gavixsenoT, rogori vrceli da farTo xdeba

Cveulebrivi karavi Signidan meoTxe wignSi hari poterze ((hari poteri da cecxlis Tasi). rogor gadaTamaSdeba arasasurveli

movlenebi mesame tomSi.

aRsaniSnavia mxatvruli sivrcis gamosaxviTi mniSvneloba. is

avtoriseul Canafiqrs damatebiT xatovanebas sZens da sarwmunos xdis mas. baxtinis sityvebiT, qronotopi, rogorc sivrcisa da

sivrce (adgili) fentezis Janris literaturaSi

29

drois materializacia, warmoadgens gamoxatviTi konkretizaciis centrs (4, 101). qronotopis wyalobiT avtoris yvela

filosofiuri, socialuri ganzogadoebebi, ideebi, ganazrebebi da

sxva, saxierdeba da iZens mxatvrul gamomsaxvelobas. qronotopebi agreTve atareben Janrul-tipobriv xasiaTs.

ramdenadac qronotopi gansazRvravs literaturuli nawarmoebis

da arsebul sinamdvilesTan misi mimarTebas mxatvrul

erTianobas, amitom is yovelTvis Seicavs Tavis TavSi Rirebulebriv moments. literatura, iseve rogorc mTlianad

xelovneba, gamsWvalulia qronotopuli RirebulebebiT. baxtini gamoyofs ZiriTad qronotopebs da maT Soris, upirveles

yovlisa, Sexvedris qronotops, romelic misi azriT, gamoirCeva

maRali emociur-Rirebulebrivi intensivobiT. masTan dakavSirebuli gza ufro farTo moculobisaa, magram naklebi

emociur-Rirebulebrivi intensivobiT xasiaTdeba. Tumca

baxtinisTvis gza warmoadgens drois mimdinareobis burjs, Cemi SexedulebiT, piriqiT, sivrce warmogvidgeba gzis xiluli

xatiT sivrcea ganmsazRvreli ara marto Rirebulebebisa,

aramed droisac. gzaze Sexvedra xSirad sabediswero qveteqts moicavs. gza Tavadaa Tavgadasavali, gamocda. is sicocxlis

adekvaturadac warmogvidgeba xolme. gamarjoba, batono kurbe!,

gamarjoba, batono gogen - am ferweruli tiloebiT maTi avtorebi Tavisi pirovnulobis, unikalurobis mniSvnelobas

afiqsirebdnen. arafers eubneba msoflios, sazogadoebas, fraza

an Tundac naxati: gamarjoba, qalbatono Tamar. (Tumca erTgvarad orazrovnad da idumalad JRers), magram gamarjoba,

batono gogen _ misi cnobadobis, mniSvnelobis dadasturebaa.

fenteziSi Tumca ki simboloebs, magiur artefaqtebs, sityvebs

didi mniSvneloba aqvT, magram gza da Tundac Sexvedra ar atarebs egzom did, gadamwyvet filosofiur datvirTvas.

Sexvedra mniSvnelovania da saintereso yovelTvis da yvelgan,

gansakuTrebiT pirveli Sexvedra, fenteziSic Sexvedrebi da gzebi TamaSoben rols gmiris istoriaSi; fentezis gmirebi xom

mudmiv gadaadgilebaSi arian, gzad arian gadebulni, magram

amasTan gza aq ar gvevlineba im adgilad, sadac mTavari da gadamwyveti moqmedebebi xdeba. ufro did mniSvnelobas iZenen

iseTi adgilebi, rogorc sasaflao, cixe-simagre, tye, zRva.

Tamar berekaSvili

30

sicocxlesac, Tuki mivusadagebT raime metaforas, ufro tye gamogvadgeba, vidre gza. (aki dantec Tavis sicocxles ufro

tyes amsgavsebs, vidre gzas). Zalian mniSvnelovani movlenebi

xdeba tyesa da WalebSi tolkinis beWdebis mbrZanebelSi, uaRresad datvirTulia TavgadasavlebiT tye hari poterTan.

tyea Cveuli garemoa sapkovskis, martinis gmirebisTvis.

cixe-simagre, sasaxle ukve Sua saukuneebidan gvevlineba im

umniSvnelovanes adgilad, sadac xdeba sakvanZo movlenebis ganviTareba. gasakviri ar aris, rom fentezis Janris

nawarmoebebSi es Zalian arsebiTi adgilia. cixe-simagre atarebs saukuneebis da Tavgadasavlebebis daRs. is tradiciis, siZvelis,

mexsierebis kargi simboloa. mexsierebis, romelSic bevri ram

dakargulia, bevri Camalulia mtverSi Znelad misaRwev sardafebsa Tu sxvenebSi. sasaxle inaxavs misi Zveli

macxovreblebis sulebis aCrdilebs. is erTgvari skivria

gamocdilebisac da gamocdisac. is SeiZleba gaxdes mxsneli, SesaZloa _ xafangi. fenteziSi naklebadaa gamosaxuli

Tanamedrove, axali drois nagebobebi da adgilebi, magram

yovelTvis, rodesac aseTi adgilebi figurireben, isini ganasaxiereben gulgrilobas, uadamianobas, zedapirulobas,

warmavlobas, sixarbes, mokled sxvadasxva saxis cdomilebebs,

codvebs, naklulobebs.

didi roli eniWeba fenteziSi iseT qronotopebs, rogoricaa: Wa, sardafi, qveskneli. isini yovelTvis miuTiTeben raRac krizisul

viTarebaze, sabediswero movlenaze. maTgan amosvla, Tavis

daRweva yovelTvis didi gamarjvebaa da gmiris kidev erTi Zireuli cvlileba pirovnuli identobis Semecnebis gzaze.

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qronotopia transfiguracia, rac

xSirad gvxvdeba fentezis Janris literaturaSi. uaryofiTi

gmirebi xSirad kargaven Tavis adamianur iers da gadaiqcevian gaugebar arsebebad. winsarTi trans bevr moqmedebas axasiaTebs,

romelic fentezis Janris literaturaSi xdeba. gmirebi

gadaadgildebian transcendirebis gziT, icvlian ier-saxes, aqvT Tavisi transcendenturi gamosaxulebebi - iremi, mgeli, ciyvi, . .

. anu erTgvarad gansuldebian cxovelebsa Tu nivTebSi.

sivrce (adgili) fentezis Janris literaturaSi

31

xSiria jadosnuri, miTiuri arsebebis gamosaxva: gnomebi, elfebi, goblinebi, feniqsi, drakoni, kentavri da sxva. TiToeuli

maTgani, pirvel rigSi, emsaxureba imis xazgasmas, rom samyaro,

romelSic xdeba moqmedeba, sxvaa, gansxvavdeba Cveni samyarosgan, romelSic amaoa harmoniis da azriani cxovrebis Zieba.

nivTebze da cxovelebze Cven vsaubrobT imdenad, ramdenadac

SeuZlebelia sivrceze, adgilze msjeloba im sagnebisa da

arsebebis gareSe, romlebic mas avseben. swored isini axdenen sivrcis mowyobas, hkraven mas da amkvidreben, rogorc sivrcul

centrs. sivrce ar aris erTgvarovani, is ar warmoadgens evklideseul erTgvarovan sivrces, romelic yvelgan erTnairia.

is Taviseburi da yovelTvis gansxvavebuli realobaa, yovelTvis

mowesrigebulia da arasodes ar aris neitraluri. is gadaadamianurebulia.

miTis Seqmnis upirvelesi funqciac xom samyaros mowesrigebaa,

qaosidan kosmosis Seqmna, rac gulisxmobs mis danawevrebas,

gansakuTrebuli adgilebis gamoyofas. danawevrebuli seqtorebi araTanabaria ara marto zomiT, aramed

daniSnulebiT, funqciurad, emociurad. adamiani Tavisi miznebis,

Sexedulebebis, moTxovnilebebis, gadawyvetilebebis gamosaxvas, pirvel rigSi, sivrceSi axdens, adgilis konstruirebisa da

organizebisas. literaturul nawarmoebSi adgilebi gvevlinebian

am tradiciuli mniSvnelobis matareblebic da erTgvari maniSneblebic im sazrisisa, romelic avtors aqvs gamosaxatavi.

amdenad, yvela is qronotopi, romelic Cven CamovTvaleT, ara

marto garemos qmnis, romelSic gmiri cxovrobs da moqmedebs,

aramed qmnisn kidec gmirs. rac Seexeba sagnebs, sagnad, nivTad yofnis Tviseba sivrcis funqciaa, sagani pirveladia, radganac

sivrce adgilia sakraluri obieqtebisTvis da maTSi is

warmoaCens Tavis arss. verafriT ver warmovidgenT saxls, Tu mas raime obieqtebiT ar davaxasiaTebT, romliTac is TiTqosda

sulierebas iZens. arafers gveubneba winadadeba: vnaxe saxli,

Tundac davumate: vnaxe saxli, romelic asi aTasi dolari Rirs (egziuperis magaliTia, magram sxva konteqstSi), magram

Tu gvesmis: vnaxe saxli, romlis rafaze vardebi yvaoda da

cisferi fardebi ekida fanjrebze, maSinve saxli warmogvidgeba

Tamar berekaSvili

32

da miuxedavad imisa, rom ar viciT es saxli didia Tu patara, mis mimarT cocxali simpaTia gviCndeba.

da bolos, fentezis Janris nawarmoebebSi, rogorc wesi,

gamosaxulia samyaro, romelic ararsebulia Cvens sinamdvileSi.

miTologiuri siuJetis gamo, is uZvelesi drois qveyanas mogvagonebs, magram maSinac ki, rodesac TiTqosda Cveni

Tanamedrovea, rogorc hari poterSi, is mainc paraleluria,

uxilavia Cveulebrivi adamianisTvis.*

adgili, sadac adamianma SeiZleba icxovros harmoniulad, myarad, icodes vin aris mteri da vin megobari, yvela grZnoba hqondes

cocxali da axarebdes xvalindeli dRe, Cvens samyaroSi, Cvens sivrceSi, ar moiZebna.

_________________

*am Tanamedroveobis gamo zogierTi avtori eWvs gamoTqvams imis Taobaze, rom hari poteri miekuTvneba fentezis Janrs da miakuTvneben literaturul zRapars.

im pirobebSi, rodesac yvela Tanxmdeba imaze, rom fentezis zusti gansazRvreba ar arsebobs, ucnauria aseTi mtkice daskvna, rom is fentezi ar aris.

erT-erT sabuTad moyvanilia is faqti, rom fentezi efuZneba miTs, romelsac ar gaaCnia fiqsirebuli dro da adgili. hari poterze ki viciT, rom es londonia da moqmedeba 90-an wlebSi viTardeba.

unda avRniSno, rom me versad davinaxe, rom 90-ani wlebia da ara 80-ani an ufro adrindeli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom londoni aq saxeldeba, gaugebaria sad mdebareobs jadoqrebis qveyana da sad aris platforma 9 da .

miTebiT da miTiuri artefaqtebiT, cnebebiT, miniSnebebiT savsea wigni. saxierdebian miTiuri personaJebi da SeTxzulia mravali axali miTi. amitom SeuZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom hari poteri aris miTs moklebuli.

sivrce (adgili) fentezis Janris literaturaSi

33

is, rom aqamde arsebuli am Janris yvelaze saxelovani nawarmoebebi marTlac kelturi miTebis erTgvar gadamRerebas warmoadgens, ar niSnavs, rom marto asea SesaZlebeli fentezis miTTan kavSiri.\

dabolos, Tavad tolkini Tavis wigns miakuTvnebda jadosnur zRapars, magram dRes uklebliv yvela, vinc fentezize wers, Tavis msjelobas beWdebis mbrZanebeliT iwyebs da amTavrebs.

literatura

1. , .. - ; : , .. . .: , 2000, . 112

2. , . , .: - -, 1994. . 27

3. , .. : ./ // .. . .: . ., 1975.

4. .. // .. . .: -, 1997

5. , . / . // : 2 . . 1. .: - . , 1998

6. J.R.R.Tolkien, The Monsters and The Critics and Other Essays, Harper Collins Publishers, 1997

daviT bostanaSvili

sivrce mTxrobeli

werilis saTauri, sasveni niSnebis

gareSe mocemuli, im vrcel polisemias

mianiSnebs, romelsac "sivrcis" da

"Txrobis" sintagmaturi dakavSireba

gulisxmobs. am polisemiidan SevecdebiT

movixelToT sami SemTxveva; imis

mixedviT Tu romeli maTgani

dawinaurdeba, romeli gadaiqceva

ganmsazRvrelad, viRebT Semdeg

mimarTebebs: Txrobis sivrce sadac sxvisi sityvebi Caenacvlebian samyaros

(Txroba rogorc sivrce) da meores

mxriv sivrcis Txroba sivrciTi diskursi (sivrce rogorc Txroba).

mesame SemTxvevaSi - mTxrobeli sivrce

orivea, sivrcec da Txrobac.

Txrobis sivrce sxvadasxva niSnur

sintagmebad gadaiSleba: enobrivi

niSnebis sintagmebad (literaturuli

teqsti), gamosaxulebebad (fotografia,

komiksebi), sagnebad (Teatri, muzeumebi);

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Sereul

mediaSi ganxorcielebuli Txrobis

sivrce mTxrobeli

35

sivrce (filmebi, kompiuteruli TamaSebi, qalaqi rogorc

teqsti).

erTis mxriv, Txrobis sivrce martivad SeiZleba gavigoT

rogorc sivrce, sadac xorcieldeba Txroba. meores mxriv, es

SeTanxmeba gulisxmobs mxatvruli teqstis sivrciT

struqturas, romlis analizs didi yuradReba eTmoba

semiotikur kvlevebSi. am saxis kvlevis gamorCeuli magaliTia

iuri lotmanis werili "SeniSvnebi mxatvruli sivrcis Sesaxeb"

(1986). lotmanisTvis RvTaebrivi komedia uzarmazari

arqiteqturuli nagebobaa, universumis konstruqciaa. igi

ganixilavs mogzaurobas, rogorc ormag raobas TxrobaSi mogzauroba aseve mogzaurobaa am uzarmazar "arqiteqturul

nagebobaSi" (lotmani 1986: 25).

swored aq vlindeba am ori terminis mTavari Tviseba:

"Txroba" da "sivrce" ver pouloben stabilur mdgomareobas.

Txrobis sivrce umal sivrcis Txrobad gadaiqceva da piriqiT.

lotmanis dakvirveba zogadad yovel literaturul teqsts

SegviZlia mivusadagoT.

sivrcis Txroba, erTis mxriv aseve martiv gagebas

gvTavazobs TxrobiT aRwerili an/da reprezentirebuli sivrce. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom arqiteqtori amgvar mTxrobelad

moviazroT? rTuli saTqmelia. erTis mxriv nebismier

"dagegmarebas", "daproeqtebas" win uZRvis dasaxeleba imis moyola Tu sad (romel sivrceSi) ra (funqcia) unda iyos.

magram, Senobis funqcionirebis moyola ar unda gavaigivoT

sivrcis TxrobasTan.

bucasTvis (arqiteqtori viqtor jorbenaZe, ritualebis sasaxlis avtori d.b.) Senobis ageba - gagebaa (g/ageba), am sityvis farTe mniSvnelobiT (samyaros gageba, samyaros modeli). bucam unda gaigos da gaigonos sagani: gaigonos - gaiazros da gaigonos - moisminos; da rom moisminos unda Tqvas, qvas vidre daawyobs, aagebs Senobas - aawyobs.

daviT bostanaSvili

36

buca yveboda.., diax, Senobas yveboda da ase moyol-moyoliT mihyveboda bolomde: Casaxvidan eskizamde, romelic isev Txroba iyo, an Txroba ufro iyo, vidre grafika (isic drodadro), radgan Txrobis dro qmnida Txrobis sivrces, romelsac Txzavda, anu xazavda, romelSic azavebda (uTanxmebda) da ganazavebda (Seurwyamda) sxvas da mes - sityvas da sagans - Casaxvidan agebamde; agebis Semdeg, da ufro adrec - dakveTis miRebamde; dakveTis misaRebad da ise - umiznod da umizezod.., Tumca mizezsac ar elodeboda - Tavadve qmnida; sul mizezobda, sul mZimed iyo sulmZimed (bostanaSvili 2012: 138).

mTxrobeli gansakuTrebuli sityvaa. am gansakuTrebulobaze

gvindoda migveniSnebina zemoT moyvanili pasaJiT.

sivrcis Txrobis (aq: moTxrobili sivrcis) meore magaliTad

SegviZlia gavixsenoT umberto ekos romani "vardis saxeli" da

avtoriseuli komentari: nebismieri Txrobis win aucilebelia

Seqmna sivrce TxrobisTvis Seqmna samyaros detaluri saxe (romelmac SeiZleba pirdapiri asaxva arc hpovos nawerSi). am

sivrceSi SeZlebs Txroba sakuTari naratologiuri kanonebiT

ganviTarebas:

igi [proza] aseve Tavad aris samSeneblo ofisi. ramdeni

dro daikava arqiteqturulma Ziebebma [...] me SevimuSave saabatos

gegma, gadavzome yvela SesaZlo manZili, gadavTvale xveuli

kibis TiToeuli safexuri (eko 1998: 611).

"vardis saxelSi" mTavar Temad iqceva labirinTi bibilioTekis Senobis labirinTi (moTxrobili sivrce) da Tavad

deteqtiuri Txroba (gansivrcebuli Txroba) rogorc labirinTi.

aRsaniSnia, rom ekoseuli labirinTi erTdroulad aris sivrcec

da erTgvari krosvordic. igi moiTxovs, rogorc labirinTis

sivrciTi Tavsatexis amoxsnis teqnikis codnas, aseve

krosvordis amoxsnis da wakiTxvis xerxebis flobas. es

erTdrouloba ar aris moulodneli: sityvis da sivrcis

(sagnis) arqetipuli sinTezi babilonis saxeli da godolia:

Tqves: aba, aviSenoT qalaqi da godoli, da cas mivuwvdinoT

sivrce mTxrobeli

37

misi Txemi. aRvmarToT niSansveti, rom ar gavifantoT dedamiwis

zurgze (dab. 11:4).

sivrcis Txrobis mesame magaliTad SegviZlia movixmoT

popularuli samagido TamaSi dungeons and dragons. am TamaSs hyavs warmmarTveli (dungeon master), romlis funqciebSi Sedis ambis moyola moTamaSeebisaTvis, im garemoebebis aRwera, Tu ra

mdgomareobaSi arian maTi gmirebi, wesebis dadgena da im sivrcis

gamogoneba (Tavisi TavsatexebiT da urCxulebiT), sadac

mogzauroben moTamaSeebi. amgvarad, saxezea warmosaxviTi sivrce

romelsac acocxlebs xma (mTxrobelis).

ra Tavisebureba SeiZleba hqondes "sivrcis" da "Txrobis"

amgvar mdgomareobas "sivrce mTxrobeli". dasawyisisTvis mivmarToT erTgvar gamartivebas da CavTvaloT, rom terminebi

"sivrce" da "garemo" erTmaneTTan mkafio sazRvrebs ar adgenen.

sivrcis Canacvleba garemoTi erTgvarad gviiolebs amocanas;

is, rom garemom SeiZleba moyves ambavi iolad mosaxelTebeli

azria. garemo gulisxmobs ara mxolod sivrces, aramed sagnebs,

movlenebs, bgerebs da yvela saxis SesaZlo niSans, rac sivrceSi

aris.

alan parsonss Semoaqvs TxrobiTi garemos (narrative environments) cneba. igi aRniSnavs, rom es SeTanxmeba ara mxolod polisemiuri, aramed paradoqsulicaa (parsonsi 2009).

Txrobis garemo is fizikuri an/da virtualuri sivrcea, sadac

ambavi iSleba.

mTxrobeli garemo amgvarad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT:

cxovrebiseul yoveldRiurobaSi mudmivad garemoculebi varT

ambebiT: Tavad Cveni egzistenciuri gamocdileba; sxva adamianTa

ambebi; is dagrovili istoriebi, romlebic Canergilebi arian

konkretul adgilebSi; grafikuli da arqiteqturuli niSnebis

kolaJi, romlebic ganawilebulni arian konkretul

topografiaze (maT, rogorc Setyobinebebs, aqvT damatebiTi

daviT bostanaSvili

38

funqcia isini migvaniSneben gzis gakvlevis, sivrceSi gadaadgilebis SesaZleblobebze). amgvarad, Txroba aris is, rac

gviyveba, garemo aris is rac gars gvartyia. tradiciuli

gagebiT, Txroba droSi migvmarTavs, xolo garemo - sivrceSi.

narativi amasTan orivea: Tavad Txroba (Txrobis aqti) da

monaTxrobi. aseve garemo aris (1) is, rac Tavis TavSi gvaqcevs,

gvketavs, pirobebs gvidgens da (2) Tavad is struqturebi,

kategoriebi da arsobebi, rac Cven irgviliv aris.

amgvarad, mTxrobeli sivrce (garemo) alan parsonsis

mixedviT Semdeg samuSaos asrulebs: samyaros Cveneuli

SemecnebisTvis igi aris Suamavali; igi Tavs gvaxvevs gagebas; is

Cven gagebaSi aRwevs. am saxiT gagebuli samyaros SigniT

vmoZraobT da varkvevT orientirebs droSi (narativis meSveobiT)

da sivrceSi (garemos meSveobiT).

alan parsonsis mixedviT, mTxrobeli garemo ar

Semoifargleba raRacis reprezentaciiT an aRweriT; igi amasTan

raRacas akeTebs igi performatiulia. igi ara mxolod adgilia, aramed Tavad uCens adgils (sagnebs, movlenebs).

Txrobis sivrce ara mxolod reprezetaciaa (niSani), aramed

performatiuli qmedebebis krebuli niSani-qmedebaa.

meore sakiTxad, sivrce da Txroba SegviZlia moviazroT

erTi speqtris or ukiduresobad. narativis SemTxvevaSi samyaro

moqceulia kulturis mier dadgenil wesrigSi. sivrcis

SemTxvevaSi samyaro kulturuli wesrigis miRma dgas Tavisi

bunebrivi an/da veluri mdgomareobiT. narativi da sivrce

kulturis da bunebis opoziciad warmodgebian. mTxrobeli

sivrce mxolod kulturulia. aqve SevniSnoT, rom bunebrivi

garemo SeiZleba iyos mTxrobeli, Tu is aris kulturad qceuli

(mag. baRebi, parkebi, lend arti).

am azriT kulturuli sivrce Txrobis sivrce - adgilobis Semqmneli situaciaa. mTxrobeli sivrce adgilia.

sivrce mTxrobeli

39

adgilis Tema ki ukve sxva kvlevebisken gvibiZgebs. mocemul

werilSi "adgils" ar davuTmobT adgils.

***

arqiteqturas mivmarToT, im fizikur garemos (sagamofeno

darbazi muzeumSi, savaWro sivrcis foie, Senobis garSemo

arsebuli sajaro sivrce), sadac ambis Txrobaa SesaZlebeli

sivrceSi.

muzeumi karg magaliTad gvesaxeba. igi ufro ambavTa

krebuls warmoadgens, vidre erT mTlian romans TiTo sivrce erT Temas eZRvneba. Temebs Soris gadabmulobas ZiriTadad

qronologiuri Tanamimdevroba emsaxureba. am mxriv muzeumi

enciklopediis Txrobis sivrcis gasagnebuli mTxrobeli sivrcea,

sadac anbanuri Tanamimdevroba SesaZlebels xdis iseTi sagnebis

mezoblobas, romelTac araferi aqvT saerTo. maT saerTo adgils

Tavad sivrce qmnis, igive "saoperacio magida-cxrili".

aqedanve SeiZleba daisvas sakiTxi, rogori SeiZleba iyos

borxesiseuli enciklopedia heterotopia enis sivrcis gareT, realur sivrceSi. heterotopiaSi arsebiTia, rom "Tavad

Sexvedris sivrce aris warxocili" (fuko 2004: 23). borxesis

enciklopediaSi dalagebul sagnebs ar gaaCniaT saerTo adgili

da mxolod xmas SeuZlia erTmaneTis gverdiT ganalagos

ukiduresad daSorebuli sagnebi.

rogor gamoiyureba Txroba heterotopiaSi? fukos

gansazRvrebis mixedviT1 heterotopiebs aqvT Zala, rom erT

arsebul adgilSi moaxdinon erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli

1 Michel Foucault, "Des espaces autres" in Architecture Mouvement Continuite #5 (october, 1984).

daviT bostanaSvili

40

gansxvavebuli sivrceebis erTdrouli zeddeba. heterotopiis

winaaRmdegobriv da bundovan sivrceSi nebismieri Txroba

SeuZlebeli Cans. heterotopiuli Txrobis sivrce borxesis

"Cinuri enciklopediaa", xolo mTxrobeli sivrce SeiZleba

sxvadasxva SeuTavsebeli Txrobebis erTdrouli sivrciTi

zeddeba aRmoCndes.

fukos mixedviT, muzeums heterotopiulobis maRali xarisxi

gaaCnia: aq xdeba yvela epoqis, yvela gemovnebis, yvela formis,

yvela drois dagroveba da amasTan muzeumi-sivrce udroo

mdgomareobaSi arsebobs. magram muzeumi ar aris "mTxrobeli

sivrce". igi erTis mxriv aris namdvili Txrobis sivrce (iq

sadac xorcieldeba Txroba) an/da "mTxrobeli garemo". muzeumi

Tu rames gviyveba, es mxolod eqsponatebis meSveobiT

xorcieldeba da ara sivrcis meSveobiT. aq sivrce mxolod

neitraluri mediaa da igi niSnebisTvis (eqsponatebisTvis)

qmnis konteqts. semiotikurma kvlevebma dagvanaxes "neitraluri"

da "gamWvirvale" mediis SeuZlebloba. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

(muzeumis) medialuri sivrce ukve datvirTulia kulturuli

mniSvnelobebiT.

zogadi dakvirvebebis Semdeg yuradReba mivaqcioT im sivrciT

praqtikebs, sadac Txroba da sivrce erTmaneTis gareSe ver

Sedgebian.

praqtika

mTxrobeli sivrceebis Ziebisas arCevani im mediaze gavakeTeT,

sadac sivrce (misi simulacia) gadamwyvet rols asrulebs. es

aris kompiuteruli TamaSebi. aq ar aris sakmarisi

organzomilebian sibrtyeze samganzomilebiani sivrcis

proecireba (gansxvavebiT kinosgan); aq saWiroa sivrcis

simulaciis Seqmna, sadac mayurebels (moTamaSes) aqvs moZraobis

da gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba.

sivrce mTxrobeli

41

monitoris organzomilebiani da uZravi ekrani im sivrcis

simulacias gvTavazobs, sadac xdeba TamaSi. amgvarad sivrce

mudam saxezea. Cveni Temidan gamomdinare interesis sagans

warmoadgens TamaSi, sadac moTxrobilia ambavi. kompiuteruli

TamaSebi mraval Janrad warmodgebian. winamdebare werilSi

SeuZlebelia am vrceli mediis mimoxilva. aqedan gamomdinare

unda davakonkretoT, romeli Janri da romeli tipia CvenTvis

saintereso.

ramdenime Janrobrivi gamonaklisis garda, ar arsebobs

TamaSi, romelsac Tan ar axlavs ambavi. ambavi SeiZleba winaswar

iyos mocemuli igi win uswrebs TamaSis dro-sivrces da ambavi TamaSis Sinaarss gansazRvravs (mag.: angry birds). ambavi SeiZleba gamoCndes mxolod TamaSis dasrulebis Semdeg da bolos

gairkves Tu ra moxda (rogorc TamaSSi super mario). yvela SemTxvevaSi TamaSis mTavar mizans Tavad TamaSi warmoadgens.

ambis Sinaarsobriv sisavses an mis absurdulobas aranairi

xarisxobrivi cvlilebebi ar moaqvs Tavad TamaSisTvis.

meore Janris TamaSebi ori mediis Sexvedris adgilia kinosi da TamaSebis. erT SemTxvevaSi ambis mosayolad TamaSebi

kinematografiul scenebs (cut scene) da mizanscenebs iyeneben. meore SemTxvevaSi Janrobrivi sazRvrebis gauqmebasTan gvaqvs

saqme, rodesac TamaSi gadaiqceva filmis yurebad, sadac moTamaSe

upirveles yovlisa uyurebs ambavs; igi dro da dro ereva

TxrobaSi (sxvadasxva arCevans akeTebs). amgvari Txroba

moTamaSis gakeTebuli arCevaniT viTardeba.

Cveni interesis sagania TamaSi, romelic Tavad gviyveba

ambavs da ra roli aqvs am TxrobaSi sivrces. Cven gvainteresebs

daviT bostanaSvili

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ambavi, romelic TamaSis sivrceSi moZraobiT iSleba2. SegviZlia

erTgvari paraleli gavakeToT teqstTan, rogorc fizikur

mocemulobasTan - masSi (mkiTvelis mzeris da xSirad TiTis)

gadaadgilebiT viTardeba Txroba. kompiuterul TamaSebSic

sivrceSi gadaadgileba aris TxrobaSi gadaadgileba. dro meore

planze gadaiweva.

sivrcis xasiaTis TvalsazrisiT TamaSebi mimdinareoben

organzomilebian Caketil sivrceebSi, xazovan organzomilebian

sivrceebSi (sivrceSi gadaadgileba mxolod marcxnidan

marjvniv), organzomilebian sferul sivrceebSi (Sesabamisad

marjvnidan gasvlis SemTxvevaSi moTamaSe marcxnidan Semodis),

samganzomilebian sivrceebSi. sivrceebi SeiZleba iyos kerZo

(erTi moTamaSe) an sajaro (mravali moTamaSis Sexvedras onlain

sivrceebi maspinZloben).

TamaSebSi ufro da ufro metad gvxvdeba sivrceze

konvenciuri warmodgenebis gauqmeba igulisxmeba sivrceSi gadaadgilebis gansxvavebuli modelebi (mag.: parkuri,

teleportacia); gadaadgilebis gansxvavebuli modelis magaliTia

SeRweva akrZalul, paralelur sivrceebSi kerZod saventilacio gayvanilobis labirinTuli sivrce; igi erTgvari

arqetipic ki aris TamaSebis samyaroSi. sxva arqetipebs Soris

aris qtonuri sivrceebi (dilegebi, sakanalizacio qseli) da

nagebobaTa saxuravebis sivrceebi. gvxvdeba aseve fardobiTi

sivrceebi (sadac ar aris gansazRvruli orientaciebi zeda-

qveda), gamrudebuli sivrceebi, 2d da 3d sivrceebis zeddeba da urTierTqmedeba.

2 pirvel aRiarebul nimuSad iTvleba TamaSi half-life (1997 w.) sadac ar aris gamoyenebuli damatebiTi kinematografiuli mizanscenebi da

moTamaSe uSualod TamaSis sivrceSi mogzaurobisas igebs ambavs.

sivrce mTxrobeli

43

mesame gansxvaveba aris is, Tu rogor aris warmodgenili

sivrce: saerTo zedxediT (ruqis msgavsad); pirveli piris

TvalTaxedviT sadac moTamaSe mTlianad gaigivebulia personaJTan; mesame piris TvalTaxedviT, sadac moTamaSe xedavs

avatars, romelic mis magivrad myofobs.

Cveni arCevani gavakeTeT samganzomilebian, pirveli piris

TvalTaxedviT gadmocemul TamaSebze, sadac sivrce SeiZleba

iyos kerZo an sajaro. xSirad, aseT TamaSebSi moTamaSem unda

gadalaxos winaaRmdegobebi gamarjvebis mosapoveblad. es

winaaRmdegobebi aramxolod brZolas gulisxmoben. TamaSebSi

yovelTvis gvxvdeba sivrciTi Tavsatexebi erTgvari labirinTebi. miuxedavad amisa, sivrcis struqtura am TamaSebSi

mainc xazovani xasiaTisaa da mxolod tovebs labirinTis

STabeWdilebas. Tu TamaSis siuJeti xazovania, TamaSis sivrcec

xazovan gadaadgilebas gvTavazobs. xazovan moZraobas qve-

sivrceebi anawevreben. Tavad isini labirinTis saxiT arian

mocemulni TiToeuli maTgani muzeumis calke aRebuli darbazis tolfasia Tavisi sivrciTi TavsatexebiT da ganviTarebuli dramatuli movlenebiT. erTi darbazis

amowurvis Semdeg momdevno "darbazSi" gadavinacvlebT xazovnad.

ra Tqma unda TamaSebSi es "darbazebi" erTmaneTSi SeumCnevlad

gadaedinebian da sivrce vizualurad uwyveti saxiT aris

mocemuli.

araxazovani narativis mqone TamaSebi ZiriTadad gaxsnil

sivrceebSi viTardeba. aq moTamaSe Tavad akeTebs arCevanTa serias

rogorc TxrobaSi, aseve sivrceSi gadaadgilebisas. Tumca imisTvis, rom narativi mTlianad ar gaqres, TamaSis sivrceSi

aris fiqsirebul adgilTa (wertilTa) mTeli bade, romlebic

amavdroulad Txrobis sakvanZo momentebia. moTamaSis arCevanis

Tavisufleba am wertilebis monaxulebis rigiTobaSi da

marSrutis arCevaSi mdgomareobs.

daviT bostanaSvili

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sruliad Ria sivrce aranair narativs ar gvTavazobs. am

tipis TamaSs qviSis saTamaSo moedans adareben (sandbox game), sadac nebismieri moTamaSe Tavad qmnis im struqturebs da

sivrceebs, romlebic mas moesurveba. aseTi TamaSi principSi

amouwuravia. erTi am saxis TamaSi aris minecraft (2011 w.). aq samyaros srul Riaobas da TamaSis uTavboloobas uzrunvelyofs

is faqti, rom TamaSSi mocemulia ara siuJetis mixedviT

damzadebuli sivrce aramed mTeli "samyaro" Tavisi masalebiT, mineralebiT, arsebebiT, kanonebiT, receptebiT. am

TamaSis samganzomilebiani sivrce maTematikuri algoriTmiT

dinamiurad iqmneba da Sesabamisad mTliani samyaro Teoriulad

usasruloa. kidev erTi garemoeba aris is, rom TamaSis sivrce

moduluria mTeli samyaro mcire kubebisgan aris agebuli da maTi mocileba-damatebiT moTamaSe gansakuTrebuli teqnikuri

unarebis (3d modelireba) flobis gareSe qmnis misTvis saocnebo struqturebs arqiteqturas. es yvelaferi TamaSis kerZo sivrceSi xdeba. aq moTamaSe(ebi) miznis da dasasrulis gareSe

ikvleven axal miwebs, aSeneben axal sivrceebs da dausruleblad

ebrZvian qtonur arsebebs da sxva urCxulebs.

arqiteqturul interess iwvevs is sivrciTi praqtika

(formebi), rasac ariteqturis araakademiuri gamocdilebis mqone

moTamaSeebi qmnian iseve rogor bavSvebis mier Seqmnili qviSis sasaxleebi. Cveni interesi iwyeba iq, sadac kerZo "qviSis

cifruli sasaxleebi" sajaro da saziaro qmnilebebad

gadaiqcevian. swored es moxda sruliad spontanurad minecraft-is saTemoSi. ar iqneboda gasakviri, rom moTamaSeebs gasCenodaT

survili sakuTari qmnilebebi sxvebisTvis gaeziarebinaT.

saintereso aris is, rom rig SemTxvevebSi, sakuTari qmnilebis

Cvenebis survils Tan axlavs raRacis moyolis survili. ase

spontanurad Seqmnes am TamaSis moyvarulebma axali Janri

sivrce mTxrobeli

45

saTavgadasavlo ruqa (adveture map)3. Tavad es saxeli ukve exmianeba Cven Temas. es aris sivrce (map), romelic giyveba ambavs (Tagadasavali).

rTuli gasarCevia, Tu ra amoZravebT minecraft-is saTavgadasavlo ruqebis Semqmnelebs4: ambis moyola, risTvisac

maT sWirdebaT sivrciTi formis Seqmna, Tu sivrciTi formebis

Cveneba da amisTvis sWirdebaT ambavi. aq vercerTi ver moipovebs

upiratesobas da es aris saintereso SemTxveva arqiteqturisTvis

ver aCveneb arqiteqturas (virtualur sivrceSi), Tu ar gaqvs ambavi (an Tu virtualuri arqiteqturuli sivrce Tavad ar

iZleva TamaSis SesaZleblobas).

kidev erTi mizezi, Tu ratom aris es konkretuli Janri

interesis sagani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saTavgadasavlo ruqis

Semqmneli erTdroulad unda flobdes ambis mTxrobelis da

sivrcis amgebis unarebs5.

teqnika

rogor gviyveba minecraft-is saTavgadasavlo ruqa ambavs? aq ver ganvixilavT CanacvlebaTa da pirobiT niSanTa mTel im

3 igulisxmeba ruqa, romlis masStabi aris 1:1. Sesabamisad ruqa Tavad

aris TamaSis sivrce.

4 aRsaniSnia, rom sazRvari moSlilia niSanTa avtorsa da

momxmarebels Soris. am saTavgadasavlo sivrceebis Semqmnelebi Tavad

moTamaSeebi arian.

5 msxvil Tu saSualo studiebSi muSaoben profesionali dizainerebi, romlebic TamaSis sivrciT da vizualur xarisxze zrunaven da

mwerlebi, romlebic qmnian moqmed gmirebs, weren siuJets, adgenen

dialogebs d.a.S.

daviT bostanaSvili

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ansambls, romelic moTamaSeTa saTemosTvis saerTo ritorikuli

kodebis repertuars Seadgens da mxolod zogad mimoxilvas

SemogTavazebT.

dasawyisSi moTamaSe aRmoCndeba specialur, sivrceSi sadac

trfaretebze mocemulia is wesebi romelTa dacva aucilebelia.

es teqsturi niSnebi, rig SemTxvevaSi, mokled uyvebian moTamaSes

winare istorias da viTarebas (zog SemTxvevaSi amgvari Sesavali

ar gvxvdeba da moTamaSe uSualod aRmoCndeba Txrobis

sivrceSi).

ori saxis niSani (trafaretebi da wignebi) gamoiyeneba

siuJetis uSualod, teqstis saxiT gadacemisTvis. es

Setyobinebebi mimarTaven moTamaSes da sivrceSi moZraoba im

momdevno Setyobinebebis Ziebad iqceva, romlebic ambis Txrobas

ganagrZoben. Txrobis momdevno adgilas misvlamde moTamaSe gadis

sivrceebs, sadac mas elodeba brZola an sxvadasxva saxis

Tavsatexebis amoxsna. es SemaerTebeli sivrceebi erTgvari

saspensis rols asruleben TxrobisTvis, xolo meore mxriv

swored isini qmnian TamaSis TviTmiznur motivacias.

rTulia daasaxelo saTavgadasavlo ruqis mTxrobelis

vinaoba. kinosgan gansxvavebiT aq Tavad mkiTxveli aris uSualo

monawile da personaJi. Sesabamisad kompiuteris ekranis ukan

mjdomi subieqtisTvis Txroba pirveli piris xedviT viTardeba.

amasTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis is, rom mTxrobeli aseve

aRmoCndeba am saTavgadasavlo sivrcis Semqmneli. da bolos,

rogorc zemoT vTqviT, siuJeti ZiriTadad gadmocemulia

trafaretebis da wignebis saxiT, da aq Txroba homodiegeturia

es Canawerebi TamaSSi arsebul personaJTa datovebuli niSnebia.

amgvarad, Txroba mocemulia sami poziciidan: (1) ambis da

sivrcis SemTxzveli (yovlismcodne mTxrobeli), (2) Tavad

moTamaSis ekranis CarCo, rogorc kinokamera, romelic emTxveva

sivrce mTxrobeli

47

mkiTxvelis pozicias da (3) personaJebi (kinosgan gansxvavebiT,

isini uSualod mimarTaven moTamaSes). saboloo jamSi SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom Tavad TamaSis sivrce gviyveba ambavs am sami

poziciis erTobliobiT.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mimarTvis forma: xSirad

gamoiyeneba meore piris mimarTva Sen, rac TiTqmis arasdros

ar gvxvdeba sxva Janris narativebSi, garda interaqtiuli

mxatvruli literaturisa (masSi Sedis wignis formatSi

gamocemuli TamaSebi da teqstze dafuZnebuli kompiuteruli

TamaSebi). magaliTisTvis: moTamaSe aRwevs sivrcis da Txrobis

garkveul adgils da am dros wignis an/da trafaretis

saSualebiT mas mimarTaven: Sen gesmis xma Soridan..., Sen

xvdebi rom xar..., Sen fiqrob rom..., Sen askvni, rom..., Sen

gadawyvite rom.... ra xdeba am dros Cems (moTamaSis)

cnobierebaSi, rodesac teqsti pirdapir mommarTavs da

matyobinebs Cems sakuTar azrebs (Sdr. cnobierebis nakadi). aq ar

xdeba aranairi mosalodneli konfliqti cnobierebaSi,

ramdenadac Janris kanonebis mcodneTaTvis, sxvis mier

miwodebuli misive azrebi instruqciebad transformirdebian da

igi agrZelebs svlas am miTiTebebis mixedviT.

siuJetis kuTxiT yvela saTavgadasavlo sivrce

interteqstualuria. yovel maTgans gaaCnia (Jerar Jenes

terminologiiT) hipoteqsti yvelaze xSirad es gaxlavT fentezis, fantastikis, deteqtivis JanrebSi dagrovebuli winare

teqstebi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT sivrcis roli SemdegSia: sivrceSi

gadaadgileba aucilebelia, radgan mis sxvadasxva wertilSi

siuJetis momdevno sakvanZo momenti inaxeba.

sivrce kidev erT gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs: xSir

SemTxvevaSi yoveli personaJi zustad erTnairad gamoiyureba.

teqnikuri mizezebis gamo sul xuTi-eqvsi 3d modeli SeiZleba

daviT bostanaSvili

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iyos gamoyenebuli yvela personaJisTvis, romlebsac moTamaSe

sxvadasxva adgilas xvdeba. amgvarad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseT

SemTxvevaSi identoba da saxe dacilebulia; dacilebulia aseve

identoba da xma (ramdenadac, magaliTad yvela darajs erTi

adamiani axmovanebs erTi da igive xmiT). magram moTamaSisTvis

TiToeuli maTgani calke pirovnebaa. maT identobas adgens

adgili: imisda mixedviT Tu sivrcis romel wertilSi xdeba

Sexvedra, moTamaSe adgens Tu vin aris mis win.

SeiZleba Tu ara vTqvaT, rom am saTavgadasavlo ruqebSi

sivrce gviyveba ambavs. sivrcis cnebis polisemiidan gamomdinare

rTulia amgvari ganacxadis gakeTeba. am SemTxvevaSic, ara sivrce

gviyveba ambavs, aramed sivrceSi damaluli teqstebi (mag.: wigni,

trafaretebi); am mxriv sivrceSi moZraobis mizani am teqstebis

povna da wakiTxvaa.

rogor unda mogviyves sivrcem ambavi (gansxvavebiT

garemosgan)? erTis mxriv SegviZlia visaubroT im sivrcis

Sesaxeb sadac xorcieldeba Txroba, meores mxriv sivrceSi

gadaadgileba SeiZleba Tavad gaxdes ambavi (TviTrefleqsuri

mTxrobeli sivrce). da bolos, marTebuli iqneboda gvesaubra

ara sivrceze, aramed sivrciTobaze. maSin sakiTxi dadgeba

Semdegnairad - Txroba sivrciTia Tu droiTi.

gaCereba, moZraoba, marSruti (xazovani, rizomuli) es rCeba

sivrcisgan, Tu gvinda rom gavTavisufldeT terminisgan "garemo".

moZraobebi da SeCerebebi droiT kategorias ufro emorCilebian

vidre sivrcis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sivrce uqmdeba igi droiT ganisazRvreba. Txrobis sivrce aRmoCndeba Txrobis drod.

es dakvirvebebi kvlav baxtiniseul qronotopis konceptTan

gvabruneben. qronotopSi xdeba droiTi da sivrciTi Tvisebebis

gacvla: dro Sededdeba, mkvrivdeba; sivrce intensificirdeba,

drois, siuJetis, istoriis moZraobaSi CaiTreva (lotmani 1986a:

3,4).

sivrce mTxrobeli

49

rTulia iTqvas, rom qronotopis cneba aucilebeli

instrumentia iseTi SedarebiT martivi Janris analizisTvis,

rogoric kompiuteruli TamaSebia. Tumca Cveni Temis mizani arc

yofila kompiuteruli TamaSebis semiotika.

semiotika, rogorc interdisciplinatuli sivrce Tavad

qmnis adgils axali xedvebisTvis. aq xvdebian erTmaneTs

refleqsiebi sivrcis Sesaxeb (arqiteqtura), naratologia da

TamaSebis subkultura. dakvirvebebi "sivrceze", "Txrobaze" da

"TamaSze" qmnian akademiur potencials arqiteqturuli ganaTlebisTvis mzard mniSvnelobas iZens multi-medialuri

sivrceebi; kompiuteruli TamaSebis virtualuri sivrce erT-

erTi amgvari potencialia. aq "proeqtireba" gadaiqceva ambis

Txrobad da sivrcis Txzvad. aq sazRvrebi gauqmebulia sivrcis

mTxzvelsa (arqiteqtori) da mTxrobels (literatori) Soris.

daviT bostanaSvili

50

literatura

bostanaSvili 2012: bostanaSvili S., bostanaSvili d. buca

- xuroTmoZRvari viqtor jorbenaZe. Tb.: universali, 2012.

lotmani 1986: .

. , 19, , 1986.

lotmani 1986a: . . , 19, , 1986,

eko 1998: , . . ..: , 1998.

parsonsi 2009: Parsons, Allan. Narrative environments: how do they matter? http://www.narrative-environments.com/research/research-paper/narrative-environments-how-do-they-matter. ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 16.10.2013

fuko 2004: fuko m. sityvebi da sagnebi. Tb.: diogene, 2004.

Kkoka bregaZe

sivrcis ageba da daSla

romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi (k.d. fridrihisa da e. H operis mxatvrobis

mixedviT)

germaneli romantikosi mxatvris,

kaspar david fridrihis (1774-1840)

ferweraSi sivrcis proecireba imTaviTve ukavSirdeba romantikul

msoflmxedvelobriv poziciebs: kerZod,

miuxedavad e. w. tragikuli cnobierebisa (das tragische Bewusstsein), romelic damaxasiaTebelia rogorc,

zogadad, romantizmisaTvis (mwerlobaSi _ l. tiki, e. T. a. hofmani, i. fon

aihendorfi, ql. brentano da sxv.;

musikaSi _ l. van beThoveni, r. vagneri da sxv.), ise fridrihis ferweruli

tiloebis personaJebis, an misi

landSafturi ferwerisTvisac (ix. misi beri zRvasTan [1808-1810], an dilis

nisli mTaSi [1808], saabatos

nangrevebi muxnarSi [1808-1810]), am romantikosi mxatvris ferweraSi (iseve

rogorc zemoT CamoTvlil romantikos

avtorebTan) mainc mocemulia e. w. romantikuli swrafva (Sehnsucht) saRvTo transcendenturobisaken, anu im

koka bregaZe

52

dakarguli WeSmariti egzistensisaken, romlisken swrafvas zRudavs, erTi mxriv, protagonistis warmavali da sasruli

arsi, meore mxriv, Tavad yofierebis SezRuduli da sasruli

arsi, gamomdinare iqidan, rom es ori mocemuloba droiT da sivrciT SemosazRvruli empiriuli ganzomilebania.

Aam aprioruli swrafvis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, fridrihis ferweruli tiloebis personaJebisaTvis mudmivad damaxasiaTebelia egzistenciis e. w. zRvriseul situaciaSi (Grenzsituation) (k. iaspersi) yofna, anu romantizebis/garomantiulebis (Romantisieren) (novalisi) situaciaSi yofna, rodesac egzistencialur zRvarze myofi

protagonisti cnobierebiseuli nebelobis safuZvelze sakuTar sulSi aviTarebs sasrulobaSi usasrulobis, warmavlobaSi

waruvalis, empiriulSi transcendenturobis dafuZnebis

process:

samyaro unda garomantiuldes. ase movipovebT kvlav pirvel-

sazriss. garomantiuleba sxva araferia, Tu ara xarisxobrivi

potencireba. am operaciis dros xorcieldeba mdabali

TviTobis maRal TviTobasTan identificireba. iseve rogorc

Cven warmovadgenT amgvar xarisxobriv potencirebaTa rigs. es

operacia jer kidev Seucnobia. rodesac me ubralos diad

azrs vaniWeb, Cveulebrivs idumalebiT vmosav, nacnobs

Seucnoblad gadavaqcev, sasruls usasrulobas vaniWeb, me

samyaros varomantiuleb. da piruku, igive operacia Seesabameba

umaRless, Seucnobs, mistikursa da usasrulos. romantikuli

filosofia. am SeerTebiT xdeba logariTmizeba da miiReba

kargad nacnobi gamoxatuleba. Lingua romana. cvalebadi amaRleba da damdableba (novalisi 1977-1988: 545).

swored es aris cnobili romantikuli ironia (die romantische Ironie) (fr. Slegeli), rodesac subieqti sakuTar Semecnebasa da egzistenciaSi avlens paradoqsis niWs, anu sakuTar Sezudul anTropologiur arssa da egzistenciaSi

gamoimuSavebs potencirebul, anu axal xarisxSi ayvanil, amaRlebul warmodgenas sakuTar anTropologiur arsze,

sakuTar egzistenciasa da yofireebaze, rac, Tavis mxriv,

gulisxmobs Tavisebur romantikul eTikur aqts sakuTari da samyaros empiriuli SezRudulobis apriorul gadalaxvas, anu

transcendirebis procesis dafuZnebas. A

sivrcis ageba da daSla romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi

53

amasTan, romantikuli ironia gulisxmobs SeuTavsebeli mocemulobebis (mag. xiluli da uxilavi sinamdvile, grZnobadi

da zegrZnobadi samyaroebi da a. S.) apriorul Tanaarsebobasa da

urTierTgamomdinareobas. F fridrihis ferweruli tiloebis poetika swored

romantikuli ironiisa da garomantiulebis konceptebs efuZneba,

rodesac sasrulobaSi xdeba usasrulobis porecireba da integrireba, da piriqiT. amis brwyinvale nimuSia fridirhis

cnobili tilo qali fanjarasTan [1822], sadac gamosaxulia

transcendirebis procesSi myofi protagonisti, romelic Tavis cnobierebaSi afuZnebs romantikul ironias, garomantiulebis process, xolo Tavad ferweruli tilos sivrcobrivi ganfena aseve emyareba romantikul ironias, anu garomantiulebis process: oTaxis sasrulobaSi integrirebulia da Tanaarsebobs usasruloba, rasac, erTi mxriv, aviTarebs protagonistis qceva _ zecisken miqceuli da mzera da Wvretis procesi, meore

mxriv, zecisa da oTaxis dispozicia _ aq mocemulia siaxlove da siSore, viwro interieri da diadi SoreTi, aqaurobasa da axlaSi Caketiloba da natvriTmosili mzera, momentebi, romlebic novalisis cnobil definicias mogvagoneben (ix. zemoT k. b.) (volfi 2003: 15). A

koka bregaZe

54

aqedan gamomdinare, vsaubrobT k. d. fridrihis

personaJebze, rogorc transcendirebad presonaJebze, rogorc romantikuli ironiis ganmaviTarebel personaJebze, paradoqsis niWiT aRWurvil personaJebze, romlebic zRvrul situaciaSi

myofni aviTareben samyaros garomantiulebis/romantizebis process da israfvian transcendenturobisaken, rasac fr. Slaiermaxeri uwodebs gaunelebeli swrafvis gancdas (Das Gefhl einer unbefriedigten Sehnsucht), usasrulobasTan kavSirs (Zusammenhang mit dem Unendlichen) da universumis Wvretas (Das Anschauen des Universums). Sesabamisad, fridrihis ferweraSi am RvTaebriv da,

amavdroulad, dakargul da miuwvdomel transcendenturobas, romelsac romantikosebi aseve uwodeben usasrulobas (das Unendliche) (fr. Slaiermaxeri, fr. Slegeli, novalisi) an universums (das Universum) (fr. Slaiermaxeri, fr. Slegeli),

sivrcis ageba da daSla romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi

55

simbolurad ganasaxierebs mis tiloebze proecirebuli (ZiriTadad) lurji/laJvardovani ferTametyvelebiT

proecirebuli Semdegi sivrculi ganzomilebani zeca (saRamo [1824]) an qalaquri landSafti (qalaqi, rogorc zeciuri ierusalimi _ Sdr. qalaqi mTvaris amosvlisas [1817], ialqnian gemze [1819]), an Tavad buneba (Sdr. nisli [1807],

bohemiis landSafti [1810-1811], dila rizengebirgeSi [1810-1811], dila [1821] da sxv.).* aqedan gamomdinare, fridrihTan sivrce isea

konstruirebuli, rom protagonistis, an mayureblis mzera imTaviTve mimarTulia sivrceSi, anu usasrulobaSi gaWrisaken;

sivrce TanTadaTanobiT ixsneba da mTliand moicavs rogorc protagonistis, ise mayureblis cnobierebasa da nebelobas: anu,

rogorc protagonisti, ise mayurebeli apriorulad CarTulia

transcendirebis procesSi, sivrceSi gaRwevis procesSi, anu RvTaebriobisaken swrafvisa da masTan Serwymis procesSi (Sdr.

fridrihis Semdegi ferweruli tiloebi: baRis terasa [1811-

1812], qalaqi mTvaris amosvlisas [1817], kirqvis kldeebi kunZul riugenze [1818], mogzauri nislis zRvis winaSe [1818],

qali Camavali mzis winaSe [1818-1820], qali fanjarasTan

[1822], ori mamakaci mTvaris Wvretisas [1819-1820], qali da mamakaci mTvaris Wvretisas [1824] da sxv.).

Aaq ki ikveTeba fridrihis ferweris poetikis is

Tavisebureba, rasac germanuli romantizmisa da germanulenovani modernizmis cnobili mkvlevari silvio vieta

geometriulobasa da konstruqtiulobas

(Konstruktivismus) uwodebs (vieta 2001: 133, 143), romelsac ufuZneba, erTi mxriv, fridrihis ferweruli tiloebis

dinamikuri sivrculi ganfena da, meore mxriv, Tavad mayureblis

mier sivrcis aRqmisa da Wvretis intensivoba:

mWvreteli protagonisti suraTebSi isea Semoyvanili, rom suraTSi ara mxolod landSaftis sivrce ixsneba, aramed Tavad landSaftis Wvreta zurgSeqceuli mWvreteli protagonistis perspeqtividan aigeba. daxatulia ara mxolod landSafti, aramed danaxulis xedva. xolo suraTis mWvreteli Tavad suraTis mWvretel protagonistTan erTad gamodis winaplanze, romelic suraTis mWvretels xedvis areals uCvenebs. Sedegad suraTSi mocemulia refleqsia xedvis aqtze: xedvis xedva (Das Sehen des Sehens) da masSi suraTis mWvretelis

koka bregaZe

56

monawileoba. [...] fridrihis protagonistebi suraTis mWvreteli subieqtis xedvaSi arian integrirebulni. F[...] fridrihi Tavis motivebs sivrcisa da kompoziciis geometruil agebas uqvemdebarebs: kaspar david fridrihis suraTebi geometrizebuli mzeris proecirebaa (vieta 2001: 137-138; 140, 142-143).

* Sdr.: bunebis esTetizebis procesSi amavdroulad vlindeba romantikosi avtoris mier bunebis arsis miTo-sakraluri gaazreba: anu, bunebisadmi romantikosi avtorisa, Tu misi lirikuli gmiris swrafva ukve aris ara zedapiruli sentimentaluri grZnobebis gamowvevisa da aRZvris saSualeba, ara erTjeradi emociebis aRZvris saSualeba, aramed samyaros sulisa (Weltseele) da usasrulo transcendenturobis mudmivi cxovelmyofeli siRrmiseuli gancdis gamowvevis saSualeba, rasac safuZvlad udevs bunebis Sesaqmeseul cocxal arsad, RvTis qmnilebad, RvTaebrivi sawyisis Semcvel fenomenad gaazreba. amgvarad Semecnebuli da SemoqmedebiT procesSi moqceuli empiriuli buneba ukve iZens saxismetyvelebiT esTetikur Rirebulebas, mas ukve simboluri datvirTva eniWeba da romantikosebis mxatvrul teqstebsa Tu ferwerul tiloebze umeteswilad fuZndeba, rogorc dakargul para-dizul yofaze aluzia da saRvTo transcendenturi sivrcis mxatvruli simbolo (bregaZe 2012: 126-127).

amgvarad, sivrcis ageba fridrihis tiloebze imTaviTve

mimarTulia mayureblis mzeris erT wertilSi, am SemTxvevaSi, landSafturi an zeciuri sivrcis siRrmeSi koncentrirebaze

(mageometrizebeli mzera//geometrisierender Blick), rodesac suraTis protagonistis Wvretis aqtis intensivobis safuZvelze xorcieldeba Tavad mayureblis mzeraze zemoqmedeba. Sedegad

mayureblis mzera erT wertilze koncentrirdeba da gaWrilia

ferweruli tilos landSaftur an zeciur sivrceSi. garda amisa, mayureblis mzeraze iZuleba da misi sivrceSi

aprioruli gaWrisa da Tavad sivrcis dinamikuri ganfenis

funqcia amavdroulad akisria ferweruli tilos napirebs, romlebic an oTaxis geometrizebuli sivrciTaa mocemuli (Sdr.

qali fanjarasTan [1822]), anda suraTis kideze gamosaxuli

kldeebis samkuTxa formebiT (Sdr. kirqvis kldeebi kunZul riugenze [1818]) (lankhaiti 1978: 691-692).

sivrcis ageba da daSla romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi

57

koka bregaZe

58

mogzauri nislis zRvis winaSe [1818] qali Camavali

mzis winaSe [1818-1820]

eduard hoperis (1882-1967) modernistul ferweraSi ki

ukve mudmivad mocemulia modernizmis epoqis adamianis disocirebuli, darRveuli/ganrRveuli egzistencialuri

viTareba, J. bodriaris analogiiT Tu vityviT, mocemulia

Taviseburi modernistuli mgrZnobeloba gaucxoebis procesi, paradizuli yofierebisa da egzistenciis saboloo

dakargva, egzistencialuri SiSiT Sepyrobiloba, TviTidentobis

vermopoveba, komunikaciis SeuZlebloba da saganTsamyaros ganzomilebebiT saboloo TviTSemosazRvra. yovelive amis

metaforebad hoperis tiloebze mocemulia sicivis, siCumisa da sicarielis toposebi (Sdr. saxli rkinigzasTan [1925], an eqskursia filosofiaSi [1959]) (reneri 2009: 85):

hoperTan asaxulia martooba, aseve martoobisgan mogvrili

saSinelebis gancda. hoperi afiqsirebs adamianebs Soris

arsebul mdumare, amouvseb distancias, gaqvavebul

mdgomareobaSi myof adamians, romelic gamoketilia Tavis

sasrulobaSi, rac maradisobad evlineba mas. [...] misi

subieqturoba am cariel sivrceSi/oTaxSi sakuTar TavTanaa

darCenili da igi am sicarieleSi qreba (Smidi 1999: 19, 25).

eqskursia filosofiaSi [1959]

sivrcis ageba da daSla romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi

59

amitomac, romantikosebTan da, maT Soris, fridrihis

ferwerul tiloebze dominirebuli dinamikuri da

cxovelmyofeli sivrce, rogorc transcendirebis toposi da transcendenturobis simbolo, hoperis tiloebze ukve

darRveuli da gauqmebulia: hoperis tiloebze sivrce ki ar

ixsneba, aramed igi xSirad CamoWrilia, izRudeba da viwrovdeba, rac simbolurad ganasaxierebs romantizmiseuli

usasrulobis rRvevasa da adamianis empiriul sasrulobaSi apriorul moqcevas. Sesabamisad, es daviwroebuli sivrce arc protagonistSi da arc mayureblSi aRar iwvevs

transcendirebas, aramed aintensivebs modernizmis epoqis adamianis sasrulobaSi saboloo determinebulobas (Sdr.

oTaxi/Senoba, rogorc subieqtis sasrulobisa da

egzistencialuri gamouvalobis toposi fr. kafkas prozaSi, an f. felinis filmSi 8 1/2). SemTxveviTi araa, rom sivrcisaken

miqceuli hoperis protagonistebis mzera mudmivad exleba

gareT myof funqcionalur Senobebs, anu modernizmis epoqis mier motanil konstruqciebs, romlebic abrkoleben

protagonistis mzeras transcendenturobisaken. amitomacaa, rom

hoperTan fridrihiseuli zeca (heaven) ukve gadaqceulia cad (sky) (Sdr. hoperis Semdegi ferweruli tiloebi: saxli rkinigzasTan [1925], kvira dila [1930], oTaxi bruklinSi

[1932], oTaxi zRvis piras [1951], dilis mze [1952], sastumro rkinigzasTan [1952], ofisi patara qalaqSi [1953],

mzis Suqi kafeteriaSi [1958], eqskursia filosfiaSi

[1959]).

koka bregaZe

60

oTaxi bruklinSi [1932]

sastumro rkinigzasTan [1952]

D literatura

bregaZe 2012: k. bregaZe, zRvis saxismetyveleba kaspar david fridrihis ferweraSi

(gv. 124-143); wignSi: k. bregaZe, germanuli romantizmi, hermenevtikuli cdani, gam-oba meridiani, Tbilisi, 2012.

sivrcis ageba da daSla romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi

61

vieta 2001: S. Vietta, sthetik der Moderne. Literatur und Bild, Fink, Mnchen, 2001. volfi 2003: N. Wolf, Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840). Der Maler der Stille, Taschen, Kln, 2003. lankhaiti 1978: K. Lankheit, Caspar David Friedrich (S. 683-707); in: Romantik in Deutschland,

hrsg. von R. Brinkmann, Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 1978.KK

novalisi 1977-1988: Novalis: Schriften. Die Werke Friedrich von Hardenbergs, Bd II; hrsg. von

Paul Klukhohn und Richard Samuel. 3., nach den Handschriften ergnzte, erweiterte und verbesserte Auflage in 4 Bdn und 1 Begleitband, Stuttgart, 1977-1988.

reneri 2009: R. Renner, Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Transformation der Wirklickeit, Taschen, Kln,

2009. Smidi 1999: W. Schmid, Philosophie der Lebenskunst. Eine Grundlegung, 4. Aufl., Shurkamp,

Frankfurt/M., 1999.

Nnino gogiaSvili

gamrudebuli dro da sivrce mirza gelovanis

omis lirikaSi

meore msoflio omis

totalurad damangreveli rezultati TiTqmis mTelma dedamiwam ganicada,

Tumca yofili sabWoTa kavSirisa da

masSi Semavali saqarTvelos respublikis xalxTaTvis igi did samamulo omad

( ) moinaTla. es termini, sabWoTa kavSiris garda, TiTqmis arc erT qveyanaSi ar

gamoiyeneboda, miuxedavad imisa, rom am

omSi CarTuli iyo bevri maTgani. samSoblosaTvis, stalinisaTvis! -

sabrZolo paTosiTa da safronto

deviziT, uamravi qarTveli Seewira am oms, da maT azrovnebaSi stalini

samSoblosTan asocirda, erovnuli

identobis ganmsazRvreli ki didi da mZle sabWoTa kavSiri gaxda. mirza

gelovani erT-erTi maTgani iyo, visi

fizikuri arsebobac imsxverpla omma, Tumca, sabrZolo sivrceSi moxvedris

Sedegad, poetma dagvitova ara erTi

SesaniSnavi Tematuri leqsi, romlebzedac am naSromSi visaubrebT.

jer kidev Zalian axalgazrda poeti,

arsebuli, mSobliuri - qarTuli

sivrcidan, ruseTis ucxo da vrcel

gamrudebuli dro da sivrce mirza gelovanis omis lirikaSi

63

miwaze xvdeba: iwva ruseTi usasrulo, farTo, keTili, xvdeboda brZoliT dRis ganaTebas, - wers mirza gelovani da

Cven vfiqrobT, - ratomaa poetisTvis ruseTi keTili? imitom

xom ara, rom samamulo omad saxeldebul omSi, mis gverdiT, masaviT axalgazrda ymawvilebi ixocebian da es erTgvari

Tanaziaroba, usaSvelo tragizmi, wamiT gamkrTali aRmafrena,

gmirobis apologia da gundurad brZolis Jini diadi ideisaTvis TavisSewirvis kaSkaSa iluzias badebs? an da, iqneb,

ver acnobierebda poeti, ra politikuri boroteba imaleboda

ruseTis usasrulo imperiaSi? an, iqneb, marTla sjeroda diadi sabWoTa kavSiris ideis da komunizmis beladebis?

Tumca, is omSi moxvda, sadac ase awuxebs cas gaTeneba da uneburi SiSi mkvlelobis da iq daRupuli yvela mebrZoli

gmiri iyo: am sisxls xsovnisTvis gulze waicxebs, gmirobas

misas ar daiviwyebs ruseTis miwa... swored ruseTis miwaa misi da misi TanamebrZolebis gmirobis mTavari mowme, Semnaxavi da

ukvdavmyofeli, da, albaT, amitomacaa keTili. mirza gelovanis

cxovrebis sivrce gamrudebulia, dro ki - dakonservebuli. swored amitomaa mis leqsebSi ruseTi usasrulo omis dros sasruli ar gaaCnia da poetis WeSmariti, privatuli

droidan sruliad amovardnilia. omis sivrce da dro gardauvalobis simZlavriT izidavs arsebul sivrcesa da dros,

da gravitaciis erTgvar efeqts axdens. arsebuli mocemuloba

gravitaciuli Zalebis niutoniseuli mizidulobis kanoniTa da ainStainis fardobiTobis zogadi TeoriiT aixsneba da mis

principul models imeorebs - msoflio mizidulobis kanoniT

yvela materialuri sxeuli erTmaneTze zemoqmedebs. kerZod, omis stiqia unikaluri gravitaciiT gamoirCeva da izidavs da

amrudebs adamianTa dro-sivrcul veqtors. amis paralelurad,

adamianebi izidaven omebs da masSi eZieben samyaros ganwmendas (omi aris mSvidoba - fridrix nicSe). omis apologia da

gmirobis kulti mirzas Tanatol lado asaTianis poeziaSi,

romelic tuberkulozis gamo ar waiyvanes omSi, ufro mZlavri impulsebiT vlindeba: Tavs ar moiklavs qarTveli, ara! is

SeiZleba brZolaSi mokvdes.... an da - hei, Tqven, aragvelebo,

gaumaZRarno omiTa... da a.S. mirza ki, frontis xazidan, momxibvlel qarTvel qalebze wers da unazesi grZnobiT

aRvsili, aseT dauviwyar saxes qmnis:

nino gogiaSvili

64

bedma ucnobi gziT gamaqana,

Tqven darCiT Sori... cazedac Sori...

da, rogorc kartSi aguris qalebs,

gqondaT qera Tma da yeli brolis.

brtyeli evkliduri sivrcis (omisgareSe, mSvidobiani yofa) sapirispirod axalgazrda poeti xvdeba yovlismomcveli omis

totaluri gravitaciiT gamrudebul sivrceSi - brZolis

qarcecxlSi. poeti ucnob gzaze saubrobs, da ara - ucnob sivrceze. omi, Tavisi gardauvali mizidulobiT, bedi da

sakraluri xdomilebaa, romelic ucxo da uxilav gzebs sTavazobs subieqts. am SemTxvevaSi, dReebi, rogorc qurdebi,

gamrudebul drosa da sivrceSi iparaven lirikuli gmiris

realur dros da anadgureben mis pirobas - dabrunebis. anTebul guls, mxolod tyvia Tu gaaciebs saSineli ganadgurebiT,

sxvanairad am vnebebisa da grZnobebis mospoba ar SeiZleba.

samxreTSi mxrebze dadgmuli da CrdiloeTSi guliT waRebuli Ramec aqaa, omis dro-sivrceSi da yvela sxva dResa

da RamesTan erTad Tavmoyrili, erT mTlianobad qceula,

mTlianobad, romelic omamde iyo, mTlianobad, romelic omSi unda daiSalos namsxvrevebad. aelvebuli Tbilisi mxolod

sadRac, ukanaa darCenili da saSineli brZolebis nislSi

ikargeba. qalaqSi ayvavebuli nuSi ki ganaxlebuli tkivilia, tyviis Wrilobaze saSiSi da mtkivneuli, acdenili drois

utyuari indikatori. swored amitom wers mirza gelovani:

nu mwer, rom baRSi ayvavda nuSi,

rom mTawmindaze ca dawva TiTqos,

rom saqarTvelo am gazafxulSi,

rogorc yovelTvis, waagavs xviTos.

mirza gelovanis diqotomiuri dro usasrulod ganagrZobs

dayofasa da danawevrebas da daRmaval dro-sivrcul qronotopSi avismomaswavlebeli dinamikis ganmsazRvrelad

gvevlineba. dedav, grigalSi gadakarguls wuxiliT micdiT, -

gamrudebuli dro da sivrce mirza gelovanis omis lirikaSi

65

mimarTavs dedas da drois danawevrebisa da sivrcis garRvevis faqtze esaubreba igi - mTawmindisaTvis esoden axlobeli

poeti:

hkiTxeT qars, egeb, man giamboT

Cemi sikvdili

da ucnauri dabadeba Cemi giamboT.

sikvdili, rogorc Savi xvreli, isrutavs da STanTqavs

axalgazrda mirzas fizikur arsebobas da, amasTanave, mis gmirad dabadebas uzrunvelyofs. rogorc fizikosi stiven houkingi

ambobs: Savi xvrelebi arian Cveni meTvalyureobis miRma da es sruliad ar niSnavs, rom radgan Cven maT ver vakontrolebT da

maTSi Cakarguli sagnebi Cveni TvalTaxedvidan uCinardebian,

gamovitanoT daskvna, - Sav xvrelebSi sagnebi ikargebian. sikvdili - Savi xvreli, omis gravitaciiT gamrudebuli sivrcis

ukiduresi gamovlinebaa, - sikvdilis saocar, idumal, intimur

mizidulobas veravin gaurbis da swored sikvdilia is erTgvari gadanacvleba da cvaleba (garda-cvaleba), romelsac mivyavarT

sicocxlis aRiarebamde (Seni Wirime, sikvdilo, sicocxle

Svenobs SeniTa, - vaJa - fSavela). poeti grigalSi gadakargulia (grigali, rogorc mZlavri impulsi da biZgi

omis gravitaciisken) da yvelaferi im erTi saRamodan iwyeba,

rodesac dedas daemSvidoba da frontis xazze aRmoCnda. aRmoCnda da ara wavida, radgan Tavis sivrced da adgilad

poeti Tbilissa da mTawmindas moiazrebs, da wuxiliT, cremliT,

dakarguli bavSvuri RimiliT izniqeba sivrceSi, sadac ar unda moxvedriliyo. mxolod gamarjvebaa is magiuri xdomileba,

romelic mas naZaladevi, Tavsmoxveuli sivrcidan Tavis

sivrceSi daabrunebs. mis leqsebSi mudmivi, gabmuli patiebis Txovnaa qveynisadmi, ojaxisadmi, megobrebisadmi,

Seyvarebulisadmi. danaSauli ardabrunebis miutevebel codvad

awevs da dabruneba mainc mxolod da mxolod misi valia.

ra sastikia, ra satirali, sxvis qveyanaSi pirveli Tovli, - wers svel farajaSi gayinuli poeti da mSobliuri saxli

axsendeba:

nino gogiaSvili

66

magram omia, dReni wavlian,

me ki ver vigrZnob mSobliur siTbos,

iq, Cvens ezoSi, ZaRli javria

javrobs, ymuis da es me var TiTqos.

ZaRlic rom javriaa, es SemTxveviTi sulac ar aris, radgan sxva leqsSi mirza gelovani wers: me ar mqonia qveynad

bavSvoba, me maqvs ubavSvo biografia, raa bavSvoba, Tu ar

gvanaTebs, raa trfoba, Tu ar gvalamazebs... mocemuli frazebiT dasturdeba, rom poetis mgrZnobiare Sinagani samyaros rRveva

jer kidev bavSvobaSi iwyeba, mxolod - rRveva da ara - gamrudeba, radgan roca morig sikvdils amarcxebs martod

marto, isev yrmoba da am dros gancdili wuTebi ezmaneba. misi

bavSvobis sociokulturuli sivrce SedarebiT myaria, saimedo da naTeli, omis moulodneli agresia ki yvela SesaZlo

momavals axSobs. moval, moviTxov idumal Svelas, Tu gza meyo

da bedi meRirsa, - wers poeti da gzis (sicocxlis) simcireze da bed-iRbalze pedalirebs. bedi, am SemTxvevaSi, Cveul,

mSvidobian, mSobliur garemoSi dabrunebaa, omi ki, Sesabamisad,

ubedoba. swored amitom vfiqrobT, rom omis apologia da brZolis Jini ar aris poetis sulieri rxevebisa da

msoflmxedvelobis ganmsazRvreli faqtori, erTgan wers kidec -

me ar var gmirio... is qartexilebs Sewiruli umanko sulia, romelic dReniadag siyvarulsa da sikeTeze ocnebobs, da, amave

dros, gmiricaa, keTilSobili, mamaci sulierebiT aRvsili

vaJkaci: me, erTi ubralo jariskaci, ar vfiqrob Cemze. me maTze vfiqrob, mWadiT dazrdil Savtuxa biWebze da menaneba maTi

uvaJkacod datovebuli ojaxebi da minda mTeli ZaliT viyviro,

rom daubrunon isini saqarTvelos miwas, daubrunon isini da dae, pirvelma tyviam mimsxverplos me, -wers frontidan

moweril werilSi.

Sen midiodi... gza iyo sisxlis...

da bavSvis Tvalebs ucvlida iers...

sikvdilisagan Sen verra gixsnis,

gamrudebuli dro da sivrce mirza gelovanis omis lirikaSi

67

TviTon sikvdili Tu ara sZlie.

igi 1939 wels gaiwvies meore msoflio omSi. hoda, ai, gamaweses anu nomeri damakres da wamarTves sakuTari gvari da

saxeli, rom Tu vinicobaa... nomriT gamomicnon, - gagzavnes

ucxo miwaze, sadac, roca jariskacebiT savse eSelonebi Camodgebodnen, qarTvelebiT savse vagonebi gugunebdnen: vaime

Cemo, vaime Cemo venaxo... leqsSi es iyo weli... wers, rom

TvaliT sinjavdnen erebs erebi da omis RmerTebs Sexsnes avSara da es iyo weli ocdacxrameti, gadayolili cecxlsa da

demons, roca davkargeT Cven erTmaneTi da damnaSave Cvenve viyaviT. teqstSi aSkarad ikiTxeba, rom is araa satrfosadmi

miZRvnili, aramed avtori saubrobs saxelmwifoebis, erebis,

adamianebis erTmaneTis mimarT mtrobasa da gaucxoebaze, eSmakeul, borotebiT aRsavse zogad atmosferoze, sadac

adamianebi kargaven erTmaneTs da es movlena samaradiso wamebad

qcevia poets. omis dro, SeCerebuli, an ufro zustad - udroo droa, roca gamrudebuli sivrcis ucilobeli atributebia:

sangrebi, Tofebi, tyviebi, tankebi, sisxli, gvamebi... rogorc

kanti ambobs, dro sxva araferia, Tu ara Sinagani grZnobis forma, e.i. Cveni Tavis da Sinagani mdgomareobebis Wvreta,

aqedan gamomdinare, dro CvenSia da misi warmarTvac mxolod Cven

xelgvewifeba. erTi SexedviT, sapirispiros gvimtkicebs qarTuli sityvaTSeTanxmebebi - dro midis da drois

mdinare, romlebic drois TviTnebur, daukiTxav, fatalur

dinamikaze migviTiTeben. an, iqneb, drois mdinareba aqac azrTa mdinarebas Seesatyviseba da misi definiciisas isev SigniT, CvenSi

gvabrunebinebs mzeras? asea Tu ise, omis dro, mirza gelovanTan,

sivrcis gazneqvis ekvivalenturia da rogorc sivrcis meoTxe - srulfasovani ganzomileba, zustad imeorebs mir rxevebsa da

vibracias: guliswamRebad scridnen Rrublebi, grigalic hqroda

guliswamRebad... aseT droSi poeti ukvdavebaze saubrobs: vinc ukvdavebas, rogorc xviTos, qveynad afasebs, dalieT Rvino Cemi

Tasidan da dasZens - dalieT sisxli Cemi Tasidan... graali,

rogorc wminda barZimi, romelic ieso qristem gamoiyena saidumlo serobisas da misi wminda sisxlis wveTebis

saWurWlea, ukvdavebasa da maradiulobasTan asocirdeba. amrigad,

leqsis konotaciuri plani bibliis teqstebSi ikiTxeba da TviTon fraza ki bibliur aluzias warmoadgens. sivrce,

nino gogiaSvili

68

bibliuri droidan omis dromde, TiTqos ikumSeba da yvela meorexarisxovan movlenasa da nivTs avtomaturad

ugulebelyofs; rCeba ieso, wminda graali da avtori. am

universaluri samkuTxedidan ikiTxeba mxolod erTgvari azri: leqsis interteqsi bibliaa da masSi mocemuli ukvdavebis idea

poetTan Semdegi lozungiT transformirdeba: u