402

7

(proximate analysis)

6 (moisture) (ash) (crude protein) (ether extract) (crude fiber) (nitrogen free extract)

(organic matter) , NFE (inorganic matter)

102 104 % = 100 - % AOAC (1998) 135

550 3 .

% = % - %

kjeldahl method 1. H2SO4 2. NaOH boric acid N3. () N (%) N x 6.25 (true protein) NPN

1. Dichloromethane Petrolium ether 2. 3. Carotenoid

2 1. ( )2.

: H2SO4 (10%) : NaOH (10%) : crucible 550 : crucible

NFE NFE N

NFE % = % - % - % - % - %

Detergent method : cellulase hemicellulase ()

Detergent method- neutral detergent solution - (non structural carbohydrate) - (cell wall content )

Detergent method()- (acid detergent solution) -

acid detergent fiber (ADF)

Detergent method ()- (potassium permanganate) - - 72% (72% H2SO4) - (acid detergent lignin, ADL)

(feces)

% = ( ) x 100 % = ( ) x 100

2

1. (in vivo digestibility) 2. (in vitro digestibility)

(apparent digestibility)

1. (Total collection method) 2. (Indicator method)

1 2 1

(Metabolic cage) 4 Latin square , Completely randomized design

2 1. (Preliminary period) 2. (Experimental period) 7 10 14

isomerization Basal diets ( Unbalance composition of nutrient) Basal diets Test feed By-difference

Calculation of dry matter digestibility by differenceDigestibility% digested DM,gBasal diet 60DMExperimental diet 100g 55 100x55/100=55Consisting of 40% test feed (40g) x 40 x X/100=0.4x60% basal diet(60g) 60 60x60/100=36

0.4x +36=55 x =(55-36)/0.4digestibility by difference of the target feed (x) = 47.5

Total collection

= 100 - 100 x = 100 100 x

Total collection

1. (Internal indicator) 2. (External indicator) Cr2O3 , TiO

(%) =100 -100 x % - % % (%) = 100 100 x % x % % %

: :

3 Two stages in vitro method, Pepsin cellulase method Gas production method

: Two stages in vitro method 0.25 0.5 rumen fluid buffer pH 39 48 48 . crucible 105 1 550 Tilley and Terry

Pepsin cellulase method 40 24 . (cellulase acetate buffer) 40 24 .

pepsin cellulase

Gas production method : ( ) : rumen fluid buffer: 8 24

Gas production method: : (organic method digestibility) , (metaboligable energy, ME Mg/kg DM) gas test

: : rumen fluid : - 39 - - CO2

2 1.(batch trials) 24- 48

()2.(continuous fermenter) -

fistulated animal: 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 96 () 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 ,36 48

() 60 Neway

7 7 2% 40 . 0.6 .

/ 0.27 - 0.019 0.16 0.10

% DDM = I-F/I x100 = 0.8-0.53/0.8 x 100 = 33.75 %

% DCF = 0.4- 0.24 / 0.4 x 100 = 40.00 %

(energy) ()

,

Calorie = cal joules = volt x amperes x second 1 cal = 4.184 joule (j) = 1 1 ( 14.5 15.5)Kcal = 1 kilocalories = 1,000 cal., 1cal = 4.184 J 1J = 0.239 calMcal = 1,000 kcal.= 4.184 MJ (Mega joules) BTU = 252 cal (BTU= British Thermal Unit)

bomb calorimeter 1. (GE)2. (FE)3.(DE)

4. (ME)5. (NE) (NEm) (NEg) , (NEl) Total digestible nutrient (TDN)

Gross energy = GE = bomb calorimeter

GE = 4.42 Mcal /

Fecal energy = FE = bomb calorimeter DE = Digestible energy = GE FE GE ME = Metabolizable energy = GE FE UE- gas energyUE= NE = ME HI (heat increment)Basal metabolism , basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Undigested feed, microbial cell, cell of GITGas productionUrinary energy ,UEHeat increment (heat of nutrient metabilism heat of fermentation (rumen, caecum, intestineGEFEMEDENENEmNEp

Total digestible nutrient (TDN) 100 % % TDN= DCP+DCF+DNFE+(DEEx2.25)x100% TDN=%DCP+%DCF+%DNFE+ (%DEEx2.25)% %

TDN % . TDN 100 2.25 heat increment

TDN