အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၁)

1

11111 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7) trSwf(1)

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&6 / wydk@wGJv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf?

1

11111 tvif;tdrfr*⑦�✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✞✟✠✡ ☎☛☞✆✂✟✌✡

jrefrmou ❯✍✎✏✑ ✒✓✍✔ ✕ ✖✗✘✙✚✖✛✜✢

2006 ckESpf/ {✰✗✣✢ ✖✛✤✑✥✖✤✑✦✙✖✑✧★✩✪✑✫

2

22222 tvif;tdrfr*✬✭✮✯✱ ✲✳✴✵✶✷✸ ✲✹✺✳✯✶✻✸

rmwdumtvif;tdrfpum; 4

uAsmt✼✽✾✿❀❁❂❃ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 6olom&Sdv#if wifrdk; 7atmifqef; &J+idrf; 8AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; armif=unfom (awmifwGif;) 9AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; atmif=unfopf 10AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; armif,kpdef (Oya') 11AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; azwifn$ef@ (acsmuf) 12AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; armifomcsdK 13trSm;ESifhtrSef [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif 14vGwfvyfaompdwf q&mawmfOD;aZmwdu 15trSwfonm armifrd_if;vGif (tif;0) 16tarSmif ❄❄❄❄ wdkuf urmykvJ 17

umwGef;tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm; apmrif;a0/ atmifarmf 18

vl}uD;rif;

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ESpf 100 jynfh armfuGef; pmrsufESm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; b0jzpfpOfae@pGJrsm; 21

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. pmayvuf&mrsm;udk,fwdkifa&;tw❑❅❆❇❈❉ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 24u|efynmESifhocifynm udkatmifqef; 36ausmif;om;0wW&m; armifatmifqef; 41avmu0d[m armifatmifqef; 45trsdK;om;pdwf"gwfqdkif&m.... armifatmifqef; 48EdkifiHa&;trsdK;rsdK; ocifatmifqef; 52ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ta&;awmfyHk ocifatmifqef; 67

3

33333 tvif;tdrfr*❊❋●❍■ ❏▲▼◆❖P◗ ❏❘❙▲❍❖❚◗

urBmppf ESifh Arm ocifatmifqef; 75oHCmawmfwdk@. wm0ef0wW&m; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 82

olwdk hajymwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;atmifqef; (odk@) t&dkif; '*kefwm&m 84ArmhEdkifiHa&;okcrdef armifxif 91OD;EkajymwJhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; armifqef;=u,f (bmomjyef) 99Armhatmifqef; armifxif 103pHjyKpmeJ@ pHjyvl vlxkpdef0if; 126

ordkif;qdkif&m okw/ &oyifvHkae@pGJrsm; {rif;,OfESifhxufacgifvif; 131

EdkifiHa&; okw/ &o2008 zGJ@pnf;yHkjyifqifa&;wdkufyGJ.... 0if;xGÉfaZmf 137"g;wef;vef;ESifhoef;ig;q,fausmf.... a'gufwm&efrsdK;odrf; 142udkif;aeqJaygufyif}uD; bdkbdkvef;pif 146acwf.... &J+idrf; 149b,folul+yD; xlay;EdkifrSmvJ cif+idrf;opf 152tdrf=uufawGu rcGyfcsif=uawmhbl; armifomcsdK 158

acwfpum;ppfwyf[m EdkifiH&J@tapcHjzpf&r,f❱❱❱❱ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 161vufydkuf=unfhvdk@ b,f&rvJAsm rif;udkEdkif 166

0w❼❲❳❨❩

vla&;wJh acG;0w

❜❬❭❬❪❫❴❵❛❝❴❵❞❡❢❵

&kef;xGufcJh&aom jrefrmjynf oef;0if;vd_if 178

tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;rS xkwfa0+yD;aompmtkyfrsm; 185

4

44444 tvif;tdrfr*❣❤✐❥❦ ❧♠♥♦♣qr ❧s✉♠❥♣✈r

tvif;tdrfpum;tm;vHk; r*Fvmyg? 2015 [m t&Sdeft[kefaumif;aumif;jzifh a&$@vsm;aeyg+yD?

xdk@twl tvif;tdrfonfvnf; qufvufcsDwufaeqJyg? tvif;tdrf. &yfwnfcsufraysmuf wnfwHhcdkif+rJaeqJyg?

2015 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv (13) &ufae@[m u|Efkyfwdk@ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf}uD;. vGwfvyfa&;zcif/ EdkifiHa&;Adokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ESpf 100 jynfh arG;ae@vnf;jzpfonf? OD;atmifqef; (ac: ) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf jynfaxmifpkom; tm;vHk;utodtrSwfjyK ol&Jaumif; tmZmenf acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? wdkif;jynfESifh vlrsdK; tusdK;twGuf Om%ftajrSmftjrif}uD;pGm awG;awm }uHq rdef@=um;cJhr_rsm;onf trSefw&m;rsm;pGmjzifh aus;Zl;}uD;rm;vS.? arwWm/ apwem/ opPm/ &dk;om;r_/ udk,fusifhw&m; aumif;rGefr_wdk@. jy,k'fyif jzpfonf? xdkt&mwdk@. pHjyyk*~dKvfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (ac: )OD;atmifqef; yifjzpfonf?

u|Efkyfwdk@ EdkifiHonf vlrsdK;aygif;pHk/ bmomaygif;pHkESifh aexdkif/ &yfwnf ae=u&aomjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh ta&miftaoG;u pHkvS.? udk,fydkif ,Ofaus;r_jzifhvSy wifhw,f.? wef;wlnDr# vGwfvyfr_rsm;jzifh cspfp&m toGifaqmif.?

xdkt&mrsm; aysmuf&S ysufpD;aeonfum; ESpfaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm &SdcJh+yDjzpfonf?twW/ rme/ &ufpuf &dkif;pdkif;r_rsm;u xdkt&mrsm;udk zsufqD;cJh+yD;+yDjzpfonf?

5

55555 tvif;tdrfr*✇①②③④ ⑤⑥⑧⑨⑩❶❷ ⑤❸❹⑥③⑩❺❷

vlom;wdk@. vGwfvyfr_/ wef;wlr_wdk@onfum; arG;&myg tcGifhta&;yif jzpfonf?xdkt&mrsm; ysufpD;/ aysmuf&S/ uG,faysmufcJ@&jcif; ta=umif;onfum; tm%m&Sifpepfa=umifhyifjzpfonf? xdkpepfa=umifhyif zdESdyfr_/ rw&m;r_/ aumufuspfr_/ &ufpuf&dkif;pdkif;r_rsm;onf &Sifoef}uD;xGm; cdkif+rJvmcJh&onf? vludk vl[kyif rowfrSwfEdkif=uawmhay?

xdk@a=umifh wGef;vSef ykefuef tHwkr_rsm; ay:aygufvm&onf? qef@usif ay;qyfr_rsm; jzpfvm&onf? Tonfum; vuf&Sd jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. jzpfay:cHpm; ae&r_yifjzpfonf?

tz AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. pum;onfum; rSefuefvGef;vS.? "wef;wl/ nDwlrjzpfor# umvywfvHk; 'Dwdkif;jynf}uD;[m vGwfvyfw,fqdkayr,fh [dkvl@jrifwJhtcgrSmrsufESmcsdKaoG;&/ 'Dvl@jrifwJhtcg rsufESmcsdKaoG;&eJ@ zmonfvdk EdkifiHrsdK; jzpfaerSmyJqdkwmcifAsm;wdk@ twdtvif; em;vnfxm;apcsifw,f?" tm%m&SifrSefor# usqHk;ap&rnf? tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;

6

66666 tvif;tdrfr*❻❽❾❿➀ ➁➂➃➄➅➆➇ ➁➈➉➂❿➅➊➇

tEkdifrcH

ightm; zHk;v$rf;xm;aom vuG,foef;acgifTtarSmiftwGif;rSaeI tEkdifrcH t&SHK;ray;wwfaom

ig.pdwf"gwfudk zefwD;ay;onfh ewfod=um;wkd@tm; ig aus;Zl;wif.?

avmu"Hw&m;wdk@. &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom vufckyfwGif;odk@usa&mufae&jim;aomfvnf; igum; rwkefvSKyf ridka=uG;

uHw&m;. &kdufykwfjcif; 'g%fcsufwkd@a=umifhig. OD;acgif;onf aoG;oHwdk@jzifh &J&JeD. nGwfum; rnGwf

Tavmba'gowdk@ }uD;pkd;&mXme. tjcm;rJhYum;aojcif;w&m;onf iHhvifhvsuf&Sd.?

odk@aomf ightm;rwkefvSKyfonfudkawGŒ&tHh?aemifukdvnf; b,fawmhrS ra=umufonfudk awGŒ&tHh?

ok*wdodk@ oGm;&mwHcg;0onf rnfrSs usOf;ajrmif;onfjzpfap,rrif;. acG;a&yk&ydkufY ightjypfwkd@udk rnfrSsyif rsm;pGm

rSwfom;xm;onfjzpfap igum;*&krjyKigomvSsif ighuH. t&SifocifjzpfI

igomvSsif ighpdwf. t}uD;tuJjzpfownf;?

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;(1936 ckESpf tdk;a0r*~Zif; twGJ 6 trSwf 1)

(William Ernest Henley . Invictus uAsmudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; bmomjyefonf)

7

77777 tvif;tdrfr*➋➌➍➎➏ ➐➑➒➓➔→➣ ➐↔↕➑➎➔➙➣

olom&SdvSsif....ol.EdkifiH / =urRmuHudk

pDrHvdrfhrnf / zefwD;rnf[kjynfolwdkif;u / ,Hk=unf=u. ?

olom&SdvSsif....ol.jynfzGm; / qif;&Jom;wdkŒ0wfpm;aer_ / usef;rmr_ESifhodr_wufr_ / ,Ofaus;r_udk

*¶kpdkufrnf / apmifha¶Smufrnf[kjynfolwdkif;u / ,Hk=unf=u. ?

olom&SdvSsif....ol.Om%fpGrf; / udk,ftpGrf;onf

ol0rf;olŒcg; / olŒr,m;ESifholŒtwGufay / r[kwfavbJ

olaexdkifonf / olwdkif;jynfwGufolŒ jynfae&m / olŒurBmwGuf

arwWm"gwfcH / tyifoefvsuftm;rmefxkwfrnf / OD;aqmifrnf[k

jynfolwdkif;u / ,Hk=unf=u. ?

olom&SdvSsif....ol.jynftm; / usL;apmfum;u

tom;taoG; / oufpaw;vsufjynfa&;aqmifrnf / umuG,frnf[k

jynfolwdkif;u / ,Hk=unf=u. ?

olomvSsif....ol.jynfwGif; / waoG;csif;ppfcif;onfhyGJ / +yD;jywfpJzdkŒvufwGJvufcsdwf / nDaemifpdwfjzifhyGJwdwfaprnf / ajz¶Sif;rnf[kjynfolwdkif;u ,Hk=unf=u. ?

t¶k%fwufwGif / wdkufyGJ0ifcdkufolvSsifusqHk; / wpfjynfvHk;u,lusKH;r& jzpfcJh&vnf;

olu a¶SŒaqmif / rD;wefaqmifonfxGef;ajymifaebd / vif;wkef;&SdIol.udk,fpm; / olŒpdwfxm;unGef=um;vdrfhrnf / acgif;aqmifrnf[kjynfolwdkif;u / ,Hk=unf=u. ?

wifrdk;

olom&SdvSsif....

8

88888 tvif;tdrfr*➛➜➝➞➟ ➠➡➢➤➥➦➧ ➠➨➩➡➞➥➫➧

atmifqef;

xdefvif;.....

armif ....

ukd .....

ocif .....

AkdvfcsKyf .....

OD; .....

................/

+ynfaxmifpk+refrmEkdifiHawmf . tz /tJh'g

vl wpfa,muf &J h&Sifoef cJhwJh

32 ESpf wm b0 orkdif; ?

&J+idrf;

( atmifqef; ESpf 100 +ynfh txdrf;trSwf )

9

99999 tvif;tdrfr*➭➯➲➳➵ ➸➺➻➼➽➾➚ ➸➪➶➺➳➽➹➚

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;

aow,fraobl;&Sifw,f

xyf+yD;&Sifw,fxyfxyf+yD; &Sifw,f

xyfxyf+yD;awmh &Sifw,fb,fawmhrSraobl;?

armif=unfom ( awmifwGif; )(pma&;q&m udkatmifqef; pmtkyfrS)

10

1 01 01 01 01 0 tvif;tdrfr*➘➴➷➬➮ ➱✃❐❒❮❰Ï ➱ÐÑ✃➬❮ÒÏ

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;uol h&ifbwfeJ h vlxkukd uAsma&;zGJ hw,f ?

vlxkuol h&ifbwf eJ h AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd uAsma&;zGJ hw,f ?

aemifvm aemifom;utJh'D uAsm ukd

ykckH;xrf; oH+ydKif&Gwfqkdw,f ?

atmif=unfopf(pma&;q&m udkatmifqef; pmtkyfrS)

11

1 11 11 11 11 1 tvif;tdrfr*ÓÔÕÖ× ØÙÚÛÜÝÞ ØßàÙÖÜáÞ

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; [mtEkynmqefwJh

EkdifiHa&; okcrdef wpfa,mufyJ ?

armif,kpdef ( Oya' )(pma&;q&m udkatmifqef; pmtkyfrS)

12

1 21 21 21 21 2 tvif;tdrfr*âãäåæ çèéêëìí çîïèåëðí

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;

+refrm+ynfrSm( emrnfryg&if )AkdvfcsKyf uawmh

wpfa,mufyJ &Sdw,f ?

azwifnGef h ( acsmuf )

(pma&;q&m udkatmifqef; pmtkyfrS)

13

1 31 31 31 31 3 tvif;tdrfr*ñòóôõ ö÷øùúûü öýþ÷ôúÿü

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;

+ynfwefwJh ywW+rm; qkdwmewfarmufom; ukdatmifqef;yg?'gukd aysmuf&Satmif vkyfcJhwm

aomu Zmwf0ifcef;&J htpaygh?

armifomcsdK


14

1 41 41 41 41 4 tvif;tdrfr*⑦�✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✞✟✠✡ ☎☛☞✆✂✟✌✡

trSm; eJ h trSef ukdcGJ+cm; Ekdifygap?

trSefbufu&yfwnf Ekdifygap?

trSm;ukdwGef;vSef Ekdif=uygap?

[Hom0wD OD;0if;wif( 1930 - 2014 )

trSm;eJ@trSef

15

1 51 51 51 51 5 tvif;tdrfr*✍✎✏✑✒ ✓✔✕✖✗✘✙ ✓✚✛✔✑✗✜✙

vGwfvyfaompdwf

a=umufaewm&J h

[kdbufrSm

vGwfvyfrSK &Sdw,f? ?

q&mawmfOD;aZmwdu(vGwfvyfaompdwf pmtkyfrS)

16

1 61 61 61 61 6 tvif;tdrfr*✢ ✣ ✤ ✥ ✦ ✧ ★✩ ✪ ✫ ✬ ✭ ✧ ✮ ✯ ★✥ ✫ ✰ ✭

trSwfonm

qkyfwJ@vufoD;jznf+yD;+yDyJ xm;ygawmh....

urf;vmwJ@vufESKwfqufzdk@&mol@vufz0g;rSm

igh yg;&m}uD;rysufao;?

armifrd_if;vGif(tif;0)

(&eH@opf 2013 *sLvdkif)

17

1 71 71 71 71 7 tvif;tdrfr*✱✲✳✴✵ ✶✷✸✹✺✻✼ ✶✽✾✷✴✺✿✼

tarSmif....wdkuf

taz:qdkvdk@yuwd ydef;ydwf tarSmif....?

udk,fh&ifckefoHeJ@ udk,fh0ifav xGufavr#,Jh,Jh uav;....toH?

teH@toufawGuaojcif;w&m;udk o,faqmifvm

ydk;r$m;rsm;avmufrsm;

ppfacG; zdeyf ajcoHrsm;....?

udk,fhcHEdkif&nfeJ@ udk,feJ@udk,fh&yfwnfcsufeJ@udk,feJ@

r&_wfaxG;bl;....&dk;&Sif;w,f?

b0rSmudk,fh,Hk=unfcsufeJ@

udk,fwdkif vif;[email protected]'D tvif;eJ@vl@tjzpfudk....

jyefvnfarG;zGm;apcJhw,f?

urmykvJ23/ 6/ 2014

(0efcHcsuf? ? q&m *gr%d&J@ ",rrif; O,smOfodk@ tvnfa&mufjcif;" pmtkyfudk cHpm;a&;zGJ@w,f?)

18

1 81 81 81 81 8 tvif;tdrfr*❀❁❂❃❄ ❅❆❇❈❉❊❋ ❅●❍❆❃❉■❋

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

19

1 91 91 91 91 9 tvif;tdrfr*❏❑▲▼◆ ❖P◗❘❙❚❯ ❖❱❲P▼❙❳❯

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

20

2 02 02 02 02 0 tvif;tdrfr*❨❩❬❭❪ ❫❴❵❛❜❝❞ ❫❡❢❴❭❜❣❞

21

2 12 12 12 12 1 tvif;tdrfr*❤✐❥❦❧ ♠♥♦♣qrs ♠t✉♥❦q✈s

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; (1915 - 1947)1915 - azazmf0g&Dv 13 &uf (1276 ckESpf/ waygif;vqef; 1 &uf) paeae@wGif

zGm;jrifonf? olŒuGsefrcHvkdol OD;rif;a&mif . ajr;jzpfonf? ewfarmuf+rdKŒae a&SŒae}uD; tzOD;zm/ trd a':pkwkd@. om;axG; jzpfonf? i,f rnf "xdefvif;" [kac:I tpfukd"atmifoef;" trnfESihf vkduf&ef "atmifqef;" [k ac:wGif trnf wyfay;cJhonf?

1922 - touf 7 ESpfwGif ewfarmuf+rdKŒ q&mawmf OD;aombdwausmif;wGifaecJh onf?

1928 - touf 13 ESpfwGif a&eHacsmif;+rdKŒ/ trsKd;om; txufwef;ausmif;okd@ajymif;I aecJhonf?

1932 - a&eHacsmif;+rdKŒ / trsKd;om; txuf wef;ausmif;rS 10 wef; pmar;yJGatmif+yD; &efukef wuUokdvfokd@ a&mufonf?

1935 - 36 - &efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;om; or*~ tr_aqmif tzJGŒ0ifESihftkd;a0 r*~Zif; t,f'Dwm tjzpf aqmif&Guf onf? xkdokd@ aqmif&GufaepOf tkd;a0 r*~Zif;wGifyg&Sdaom The Hell - Hound at Large "acG;o&rf;}uD; vGwfaeonf" aqmif;yg;a&;olukd xkwfazmf rajymI wuUokdvf ausmif;rS xkwfy,fjcif; cH&onf?

1937 - 0dZ…mwef; atmifjrifonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. b0jzpfpOfae@pGJrsm;

22

2 22 22 22 22 2 tvif;tdrfr*✇①②③④ ⑤⑥⑧⑨⑩❶❷ ⑤❸❹⑥③⑩❺❷

1937 - &efukef wuUokdvf yJcl;aqmif o[m,ESihfpmzwftoif; OuUÏtjzpfaqmif &Gufonf?

1937 - 38 - wuUokdvf or*~ 'kwd, OuUÏ tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf? ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*~OuUÏ tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf?

1938 - ukdatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom ausmif;om; ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒ tdENd,jynfokd@ oGm;cJhonf? ArmEkdifiHvkH; qkdif&m ausmif;om; rsm;or*~ OuUÏ tjzpf rS EkwfxGufonf?yxrqkH; ausmif;om; ukd,fpm;vS,f/ wuUokdvfaumifpD0if tjzpf wifajrSmufjcif; cH&onf?wkd@Arm tpnf;t¶kH; taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfaqmif&Gufonf? 1300 jynhfta&;awmfykHukd tm;ay;ulnDonf?

1939 - armfv+rdKif+rdKŒ Y usif;yaom wkd@Arm tpnf;t¶kH; nDvmcHwGif ppftwGif;Y +AdwdoSsukd rulpwrf; tqkdwifonf?

1940 - [oFmw c¶kdif0ef rpPwmaZAD;,m; u qkawmfaiG ig;usyfjzihf ocifatmifqef;tm; zrf;0&rf; xkwfonf? 0&rf;qkaiGrSm vlxkacgif;aqmif wpfOD;ukd apmfum;jcif;jzpfI wpfjynfvkH;u ¶_wfcsonf?

1940 - 0&rf;ajy;ae &pOf wuUokdvf aumifpD0if vl}uD; tjzpfrS EkwfxGufonf?Armh vGwfvyfa&; twGuf EkdifiHjcm; tultnD &Sm&ef ocifjrwkd@ESihftwl "jynfolŒta&;awmfykHygwD" ukd zJGŒpnf;cJhonf? jynfyawmfvSefa&; tzJGŒ acgif;aqmiftjzpfocifatmifqef; u wm0ef,lI jynfwGif;awmf vSefa&;acgif; aqmif tjzpf ocifjruwm0ef,lonf?

1940 - =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@wGif [kdifvD trnf&Sdaom oabFmjzihf ta&SŒokd@vSsKdŒ0SufpGm xGufcJhonf? *syefjynfokd@ a&muf&Sdonf?

1941 - ArmhvGwfvyfa&; twGuf pDrHudef;wpfck AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ukd,fwkdifa&;qJGcJhonf? rwfv 3 &ufae@wGif oGm;wk wyfum ¶kyfzsufvsuf jrefrmEkdifiHokd@ acwWjyefvmonf? rsKd;cspf vli,frsm;ukd pnf;¶kH; pkaqmif;+yD; *syefjynf okd@ ac:aqmifoGm;cJh onf?

1941 - [kdifeefu|ef;Y &JabmfokH;usdyfukd acgif;aqmifI ppfynm oif=um;cJhonf?1941 - 'DZifbmv 26 &ufae@wGif ,kd;',m;jynf/ befaumuf +rdKŒ Y &Jabmf

okH;usdyfESihftwl Armh vGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf bDtkdifat ukd zJGŒpnf;cJhonf? &Jabmf okH;usdyfvufarmif; aoG;azmufI aoG;aomufcJh=uonf? Armh vGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf zJGŒpnf;onhftcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf AkdvfawZ trnfukd cH,lonf?

1942 - ESpfOD;ykdif;wGif *syefwyf rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;um AkdvfawZ acgif;aqmifaomArmh vGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfonf jrefrmEkdifiHukd csDwufwkdufckdufcJhonf?

1942 - rwfv 8 &ufae@wGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom bDtkdifat

23

2 32 32 32 32 3 tvif;tdrfr*❻❼❽❾❿ ➀➁➂➃➄➅➆ ➀➇➈➁❾➄➉➆

wyfrawmf}uD;onf bDtkdifat tvHukd v$ihfxl um &efukef+rdKŒkukd odrf;ykduf onf?1942 - ZlvkdifvwGif AkdvfrSL;}uD; &mxl;jzihf Armh umuG,fa&; wyfrawmf ppfaoem

ywd tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf?1942 - pufwifbmv 6 &uf ae@wGif a':cif=unfESihf vufxyfcJhonf?1943 - rwfv 17 &ufae@wGif a'gufwm barmf/ a'gufwm odrf;armif/ ocifjr

wkd@ESihf twl ArmhvGwfvyfa&; twGufaqG;aEG;&ef *syefjynfokd@ oGm;a&mufcJhonf?1943 - rwfv 22 &ufae@ wGif *syef bk&if. qkwHqdyf csD;jrSihfjcif; cH&onf?1943 - =o*kwfv 1 &ufae@wGif a'gufwmbarmf tpkd;&tzJGŒ Y ppf0ef}uD;

tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf?1943 - tdENd,jynf&Sd r[mrdwf ppfXmecsKyfESihf vSsKdŒ0SufpGm qufoG,fonf?1944 - =o*kwfvwGif zufqpf wkdufzsuf a&; jynfolŒvGwfvyfa&; tzJGŒcsKyf}uD;

ukd vSsKdŒ0SufpGm zJGŒpnf;cJhonf?1944 - pufwifbmv 4 &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdKŒ Y *syef bk&if. qkwHqdyf

xyfrH csD;jrSihfjcif; cH&onf?1945 - rwfv 17 &ufae@wGif &efolukd wkdufckduf&ef twGuf wyfrawmfukd

OD;aqmifI ppfajrjyifokd@ xGufcJhonf? rwfv 27 &uf ae@wGif zufqpf*syefukd awmfvSefonf?1945 - =o*kwfv 19 &ufae@wGif aeol&def tpnf;ta0;}uD;Y obmywd tjzpf

aqmif&GufI Armh vGwfvyfa&;ukd awmif;qkdonf?1946 - Zefe0g&DvwGif a&$wd*kHtv,f ypP,HY usif;yaom jynfvkH;u|wf zqyv

nDvmcHukd OD;pD;onf?1946 - pufwifbmvwGif tpkd;& tr_xrf;rsm;ukd oydwfarSmufapum +AdwdoSs

tpkd;&tay: tefwkonf?1946 - pufwifbmv 26 &ufae@wGif bk&ifcH. tr_aqmifaumifpDY 'kwd,

obmywdtjzpf &mxl;vufcHonf?1947 - Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrmEkdifiH. ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒukd OD;pD;um t*Fvefjynf

vef'ef+rdKŒ Y atmifqef; - tufwvD pmcsKyf csKyfqkdonf?1947 - Zlvkdifv 13 &ufae@wGif +rdKŒawmf cef;rY ta&;}uD;qkH;aom rdef@cGef;jrGuf

=um;onf? (Trdef@cGef;rSm AkdvfcsKyfaemufqkH; jrGuf=um;cJhaom rdef@cGef; jzpf onf?)1947 - Zlvkdifv 19 &uf paeae@ eHeuf 10 em&D 37 rdepfwGif e,fcsJŒ vufyg;ap

vlrorm wkd@. vkyf=uHjcif;ukd cH&onf? ZeD; a':cif=unfESih f om;atmifqef;OD;/atmifqef;vif; (uG,fvGef) ESihf orD; atmifqef;pk=unf wkd@ usefcJhonf?

24

2 42 42 42 42 4 tvif;tdrfr*➊➋➌➍➎ ➏➐➑➒➓➔→ ➏➣↔➐➍➓↕→

tcef;( 1 )Zmwdajrvwf [k ac:aom Armjynf. tylydkif;Zkef jzpfaom rauG;pD&ifpk/ ,ck

a&eHacsmif; c¶dkiftwGif; ysOf;rem;/ ausmufyef;awmif; &xm;vrf; wpf0ufcef@ wGif tylydkif;Zkefukef;ajrjyifrsm; jzpfaom ESrf;/yJESihfqDrsm; xGufI ukefa&mif;ukef0,f tawmf wGifus,faom +rdKŒuav; wpf+rdKŒ &Sdavonf? rD;&xm; blwm¶Hk teD;tem;wGif rD;&xm; bufrSaqmufxm;aom tdrfwef;vsm;rsm;ESihf yGJpm;ukefonf qdkifrsm; tenf;i,f &Sdavonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. udk,fwdkifa&; twˆKy`wWd

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

25

2 52 52 52 52 5 tvif;tdrfr*➙➛➜➝➞ ➟➠➡➢➤➥➦ ➟➧➨➠➝➤➩➦

blwm. 0J,m ywfvnf wkd@wGif ajryJ ESrf;cif; wdk@&Sdavonf? xkd,mcif;rsm;rS ausmfvGefIta&SŒpl;pl;odk@ =unhfvSsif a&;a&; xifaom awmifwef;rsm;udk aemufu cHum awm&ausmif;ESihf urRÏmef; xkdifolwdk@. *lvdk%frsm;udk awGŒEkdifayonf? xkd*l. taemufajrmuf ,Gef;udkufav;&mcef@ ay:Y "aygif;ukef;"(odk@r[kwf) e-usm;ul; ac:aom tdrfajcwpf&m cef@&Sd&Gmuav; &Sdavonf?

,if;acsmif; [k ac:aom oJacsmif;}uD;. wpfzufurf; (taemuf bufurf;)Yum; ,mcif;/ v,fuGif;jyifrsm;ESihf O,smOf tcsKdŒudk awGŒ&ayonf? xkdrS vGefvSsifawmifukef; usus ae&mwGif ta&SŒbufrS wmajrmif; cHxm;aom tdrfajc (200) cef@&Sd &Gmwpf&Gm &Sdavonf? &Gm. ajrmufbufwGif uyfvsuf (a&S; vl}uD;rsm; ajymovdk) avmu"mwfjrefrm txufwef; oifbkef;}uD;ausmif; wpfausmif; &Sdavonf? xdkrS ,mwpfcif;tvGefwGif (5)&uf wpfaps;zGihf&m aps;ydkif; &Sdavonf? xkdrSvGefvSsif ykvdyf *gwfwef;vsm;rsm; &Sdavonf? xkdteD;wGif pmwdkuf &Sdavonf? xdk pmwdkufudk taemufajrmufapmif;apmif; rvSrf;rurf; wGif tdrfajc (150)cef@ &Gmwpf&Gm &Sdjyefavonf?

pmwdkufESihf a&SŒwnhfwnhf aywpf&m ESihf ajrwvif; ajymifajymif udk ausmfvGefIudkuf (100) cef@ tuGmwGif bkef;}uD;ausmif; wpfausmif;ESihf uyfI +rdKŒtkyf &Sdonf?xdkbkef;}uD;ausmif; ESihfqufI axmihfrSef (Right angle) usum (15) ay cef@jrihfaomtkwfwHwdkif;}uD; av;zuf av;wef +cH&Hvsuf apwDi,frsm; tv,fwGif a&$a&mifwajymifajymif awmuf aeaom apwDawmf}uD; wpfqlESihf oyf&yfcrf;em;aom Z&yf/wefaqmif;/ ausmufukef;rsm; &Sdavonf? xkdrS ajrmufbuf rvSrf;rurf; wGifum; tdrfajc(100) ausmf &Gmwpf&Gm &Sdjyefavonf? xkd&Gmrsm; teuf &Gm}uD; ozG,f tdrfaygif; trsm;qHk;ESihf qdkifuEMm; tawmftwef &SdI pma&;/ pmcsD/ +rdKŒtkyf/ a&SŒae/ ukefonfrsm; ae=uaom&Gmum; qdkcJh+yD;onhf oJacsmif;}uD; taemufbuf urf; awmifukef; ay:wGif wnfvsuf&Sdaom &Gmyif jzpfavonf?

xkd&Gmudk ewfarmuf [lI vnf;aumif;/ awmif&Gm [lI vnf;aumif; ac:=uavonf? xkd&Gmudkordkif;pm t&um; yDVd,uQrif; wnfaxmif oGm;onf[k qdkavonf?odk@aomf u|efawmf. ab; rSwfwrf; t&um; yk*Hacwf taemf&xmrif;apm tcsdeftcgavmuf wGif xkd&Gmudk pwif wnfaxmifcJhonf [k rSwfom; zl;onf? xkd&Gm. ajrmufbufpGef;Y wpf&GmvHk;&Sd tdrf0dkif;rsm; teuftus,fqHk; tdrf0dkif;}uD; xJwGif {&mr tdrf}uD;&Sdavonf? rlvu qifwpf&yfcef@ 0ifEkdifatmif jrihfI taqmifaygif; rsm;pGm &Sdaomfvnf;xkdtcgu tawmif (8) awmif cef@rSsom &Sdawmhonf? tdrftjrihfrSm vnf; (3) aycGJcef@om&Sdawmhonf? xkdtdrf}uD;um; a&S;jrefrmrif; vufxufu ewfarmuf+rdKŒ/ +rdKŒol}uD; tdrfyifjzpfavonf? ,ckum; tdrf r&Sdawmh+yD? xdktdrfaemuf az;aqmifi,fwGif u|Efkyftm; zGm;jrif

26

2 62 62 62 62 6 tvif;tdrfr*➫➭➯➲➳ ➵➸➺➻➼➽➾ ➵➚➪➸➲➼➶➾

cJhavonf?u|efawmhfudk arG;zGm;pOf tcgu u|efawmfwdk@ ewfarmufodk@ rD;&xm;vrf;

raygufao;? odk@aomf &nf&G,fcsufum; xm;+yD;jzpf avonf? ,cktcg uJhodk@ tenf;i,frSs+rdKŒ rqefbJ awm&Gmpk}uD; wpf&GmrSsom jzpfavonf? eHeuf naecif;rsm;wGif cavmufoHwa'gifa'gif/ ae@v,f ae@cif;rsm; wGif &ufuef;oH wjcGifjcGif ESihf =um;&wkef;yif &Sdavonf?tcsdefum; (1915) ck/ azazmf0g&Dv jzpfI yxr urBmppf}uD;. 'kwd,ESpfxJ wGif jzpfayonf?xdktcsdef xdktcgum; *smreDonf a&ikwfoabFmrsm;jzih f +AdwdoSsa&wyfwdk@tm;t}uD;tus,f 'kuQay;aeonhf tcsdeftcg jzpfavonf? taemuf ppfrsufESmjyif[kac:aomjyifopfESihf *smreDwdk@ ppfcif;&m rsufESmYum; yxrt}udrf wdkufyGJ}uD;rsm; rSmr+yD;rqHk;Edkifaom aomifrwif a&rus a&SŒrwdk;aemufrqkwf tajctaeyif &Sdavonf?ta&SŒrsufESmjyif [kac:aom ¶k&Sm;ppfcif;&m rsufESmrSmum; rql;&d&mESihf 0gZepfZl ppfyGJ}uD;rsm;jzpfyGm;vsuf &Sd=uavonf?

xkdESpf azazmf0g&Dv (13) &uf/ (1276) ck/ waygif;vqef; (1) &uf/ paeae@eHeuf vif;tm;}uD; tcsdefwGif u|efawmfonf vlŒ jynfodk@ yxrqHk; a&muf&Sd vmcJh&ayonf?azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufae@ um; emrnfausmf euQwfaA'if q&m}uD; uD¶dk. ajym=um;csuft& qdkvSsif wdkif;jynfwpfjynf . tpdk;&xD;eef; wdk@udk +zdKzsufEdkifpGrf;aom olrsm;udk arG;zGm;wwfaom Zmwm [k a[mxm; avonf? xkdae@wGif arG;zGm;aom u|efawmfrSm olykefavmif;uav; jzpfonfudk xkdtcgu rnfolrSs xl;xl;jcm;jcm; xnhfoGif; pOf;pm;jcif; rjyKcJh=uacs?

u|efawmf arG;zGm;onf ESihf ywfoufI u|efawmf. ZmwmtrnfrSm (xdefvif;)jzpfavonf? odk@aomf u|efawmhftxuf tpfudk udkatmifoef; ESihf emrnfvdkufatmifatmifqef; [k ac:wGif cJhavonf? arG;zGm;pOfu u|efawmf rxl;qef;vS aomfvnf; xdkifEkdifxEkdifaom uav;b0rS pI usGefawmfonf xl;jcm;cJhonf? *GuscJhol jzpfcJhonf? u|efawmfi,fi,fwkef;u awmfawmfESihf pum;rajymwwf &um;? vl}uD;rdbrsm;rSm qGHŒtIyifaeovm;[k pdk;&drf a=umihf=u cJhavonf [k od&avonf? temtzsm; xlonf? tpm;=uL;onf? trJ om;/ig;udk tvGef }udKufonf? u|efawmf. rdcif aps;oGm;&m &Hzef&Hcg u|efawmhfudkcsDI oGm;avonf? wpfcgaomf trJom;pdrf;udk twif;vkI pm;rnfjyKonf[k usGefawmhfrdcifu jyefI ajymjyojzihf od&ayonf? vl¶dkif; b0u u|efawmfvmovm; rod? ,ae@txdvl¶dkif;oabmrsKd; aecsifonhf pdwfxm;rsm; &Sdonf? &Hzef&Hcg vl,Ofaus;rsm; ESihf tom;ruscJhacs? rsufpdaemuf jrifjyif;uyf vmonf? xkdtcg vl,Ofaus;rsm; ESihf igvl¶dkif;[k ZmwdcGJypfcsifonhf pdwfrsm; &Sdonf?

vl¶dkif;um; =urf;.? cufxef.? odk@aomf jzLajzmihf.? wnf=unf.? vGwfvyf.?usef;rm.? oefpGrf;.? ighjrif; ighpdkif; anmifudkif; a&mufa&muf qkdonfudk usGefawmf}udKuf.?

27

2 72 72 72 72 7 tvif;tdrfr*➹➘➴➷➬ ➮➱✃❐❒❮❰ ➮ÏÐ➱➷❒Ñ❰

u|efawmhf. pdwfwGif tifrwef pdkjynf vwfqwfaom b0 [k ,lqonf? Armjynf&Sd vlonfvl¶dkif;rsKd; b0 a&mufcsif a&mufoGm;ygap vGwfvyfcsrf;ompGm acgif;aqmif aeEkdif+yD qdkvSsifrvGwfvyfaom vlŒ,Ofaus; b0xuf u|efawmf tqwpf&m }udKufonf? ESpfoufonf?pdrf;vef; pdkjynf us,fjyef@aom vGifjyif¶dkif; ay:wGif vufyef;ayguf cwfI vGwfvGwf vyfvyfjrL;wl; atmf[pfaevdkonf?

i,fi,fwkef;u u|efawmf twD;tr_wf/ tu tckef tawmf 0goemyg.? txl;ojzihf qdkif;wD; tawmf0goemygonf? pm;yGJjzpfap/ acgufp&m awGŒvSsif t+rJ acgufavh&Sd&mu|efawmf. vufrSm ,ae@wdkif tcsdefrSefrSef vufa&uGmus cJhavonf? odk@aomf u|efawmftenf;i,f =uD;jyif; vmonfESihf vl}uD;rdbrsm;u usGefawmhftm; twD;tr_wf 0goemudkcGihfrjyK? e*dk0goem r[kwfIvm; rod?,ck TpdwfrsKd; aysmufjy,foavmuf &SdcJh+yD?u|efawmfum; i,fi,fuav;u ,ae@wdkif vla&m pdwfa&m aysmhaysmif;onf qdkonhftcsufudk em;rvnfcJh? em;vnf&efvnf; r}udK;pm;cJh? }udK;vnf; r}udK;pm;csif? u|efawmfum; pum; tajymtqdk rzG,f r,Ofaus;?

touf (8) ESpfxJ a&mufI ausmif;paeonhf tcgYyif bkef;}uD;udk bkef;}uD;pum;jzihf ravSsmufwwf? trlt&mvnf; =urf;.? tvdkufvnf; rod? npfvnf;npfywfonf? udk,hfpnf;urf; [lIvnf; wpfckrSr&Sd? touf av;ig;ajcmufESpf wdkifatmiftdyf&mwGif ao;yg.? rD;zdkudk nn&Sdcdk;I "t&Sifpzdkn/ u|efawmf rae@"qdkcJh&onfudk trSwf&ao;onf? touf (15) ESpfxJ a&mufonhf tcgY yif tjcm;t&yf tdrfwpftdrf wpfnao;ygzl;onf? xkdtcgum; u|efawmfonf a&eHacsmif;+rdKŒ/ trsKd;om; txufwef; ausmif;rSajcmufwef; atmifI ckepfwef; t0if ausmif;tjyef jzpfonf?

u|efawmf. tpfudk t}uD;qHk; rSmvnf; 4if;ESpfwGif bDtufpfpD ocsFm*k%fxl;wef;udk atmifcJhI a&eHacsmif; u|efawmfwdk@ ausmif;wGif rdrd ausmif;a[mif; jzpfonhftwdkif;ausmif;q&m 0ifa&muf vkyfudkif&ef u|efawmfESihf twlyif vkdufygvmavonf? xdktcga&eHacsmif;+rdKŒ odk@ ewfarmufrS oGm;onhfenf; rSm awmifwGif;}uD; odk@ &xm;pD;/ awmifwGif;}uD;rS rdausmif;&Jodk@ um;pD;/ rdausmif;&J rS a&eHacsmif; odk@ oabFmpD;/ odk@r[kwf vSsif rauG;odk@bwfpum;pD;/ rauG;rS oabFmpD; &avonf? ESpf&uf =umavonf? aemufYum;ausmufyef;awmif; rSwpfqihf rD;&xm; wpfwef/ armfawmfum; wpfwef oGm;Ia&eHacsmif;odk@ ae@csif;ayguf avonf?

xkdESpfwGif u|efawmfwdk@ rauG; rSwpfqihf oGm;=uonf? rauG;+rdKŒ wGif tysKdaygufpcyfacsmacsm rdef;uav;&Sdaom todtdrfwGifwnf;cdk=uonf? vlysKdaygufp jzpfaomu|efawmfrSm olpdrf;wpf&Hpm tdrfwGif raewwf? txl; &Sufwwfonf? rdef;uav;ESihf qdkvSsifomIyif &Sufwwfonf? xkd@a=umihf xkdn tdyfcgeD; &SufvGef;I ao;raygufrd? ntdyfonhf

28

2 82 82 82 82 8 tvif;tdrfr*ÒÓÔÕÖ ×ØÙÚÛÜÝ ×ÞßØÕÛàÝ

tcg ratmihfEkdifbJao;ygavonf? u|efawmfvnf; yg+yD;rS odavonf? TrSs u|efawmfrodrfarGŒ?

nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;xJwGif u|efawmf ti,fqHk; jzpf.? xkd@a=umihf u|efawmfwdk@tdrfpHcs defESih f =unhfvSsif u|efawmf tvdkvdkuf cH&qHk;jzpf.? tqdk;qHk; [kvnf;tdrfeD;em;csif;ygru &GmeD;em;csif;yg todtrSwfjyKcH&.? u|efawmf. txuftpfudkudkatmifoef;ESihf u|efawmfrSm touf (3) ESpfcGJ/ (4) ESpfrSsuGm.? olESihf u|efawmfum;i,fi,fu &efjzpfzufjzpf.? olu vufjref.? u|efawmfu tm;}uD;.? rcsdefrqvufvGwfpy,f vkyfcJh.? olu Ek.? rif;om; uscsif.? u|efawmfu =urf;.? olonftpm;taomuf taetxdkifrSpI oyf&yf.? tpm;qdkvnf; tpm;wdkif;rpm;? pm;aomufaeonhftcg tpmajr}uD;ay:odk@ usoGm;vSsif olonf rpm;awmh?

u|efawmfu zkwfzufcgI pm;EkdifvSsif pm;.? olu t0wfrsm;udk oyfoyf&yf&yf0wfwwf.? olonf ajr}uD;=urf;rsm;ay:wGif rnfonhftcgrS wHk;vHk;rvSJ? u|efawmfu}udrfzefrsm;pGm vSJzl;.? oluyg;.? vsif.? u|efawmfu xl.? at;.? u|efawmf. +rdKŒum;&Gmomom awmt&yfyif jzpfonf? u|efawmf i,fpOfu ,ckxufyif u|efawmfwdk@ t&yfrSmawmus.? xkdtcg uvDzm; ac: qHyifnSyf ukvm;wpfa,muf wavom &Sd.? odk@jzpf&m4if;uvD;zm;rSm vufrvnf? u|efawmfwdk@tm; uwHk;&dwf&ef/ wpfcgwpfcg &dwfwwfonhftdrfeD;csif;wdk@udk cdkif;&avonf?

wpfcg wpfcg u|efawmfwdk@ zcif udk,fwdkif &dwfay;avonf? u|efawmf. zcifrSm,ck uG,fvGefonfrSm (15) ESpf ausmfav+yD? u|efawmf. zcifonf u|efawmfESihf trlt&mrSmtawmfqifonf? wpfae@ aeI pum;wpfcGef; rajym? rsufESmxm; qdk;.? qdk;onhftxJausmufayguf rm rsm;vnf; &Sd.? avmuGwf r&Sd/ [ef r&Sd/ zmodzmom aewwf.?tudkiftwG,f/ toGm;tvm/ trlt&m =urf;.? jiif;rdvSsif avSsmhray; wwf? odk@aomfpdwfESvHk;u txl; ajzmihfpif;.? pum;wnf.? tydk rajym? xdk@a=umihf a&SŒaepmar;yGJ0ifxm;aomfvnf; a&SŒaevdkufI pm;onfudk u|efawmf rrSwfrd? ,mvkyf/ ukeful;/aiGacs;Iom pD;yGm;jzpfonf? pD;yGm;jzpfjcif; rSmvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ rdcif. 'dk;wl abmifzufulnDr_ a=umihfyif jzpfavonf?

u|efawmf wdk@tm; tjcm;ol wpfOD;u acgif;&dwfay;vSsif tifrwef nifom.?u|efawmfwdk@ azazu "m;r xufrxufudk aumif;aumif; raoG;bJ twif;wGef;csI &dwf.?txl;yif acgif;&nf em.? u|efawmf wdk@onf ? acgif;&dwfrnhf tcgudk &GHŒ.? wGef@.? odk@aomfacgif;&dwfonhf tcgwdkif; u|efawmhf tpfudku t+rJidk.? idkwdkif; acgif;ykwfcH&.? u|efawmfuridk/ }udwfcH.? xkd@a=umihf acgif;ykwfvGwf.?

u|efawmf. tpfudkum; pdwfjref.? u|efawmfwdk@ nDtpfudk (4) a,muf &Sdonhf

29

2 92 92 92 92 9 tvif;tdrfr*áâãäå æçèéêëì æíîçäêïì

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30

3 03 03 03 03 0 tvif;tdrfr*ðñòóô õö÷øùúû õüýöóùþû

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31

3 13 13 13 13 1 tvif;tdrfr*ÿ⑦�✁✂ ✄☎✆✝✞✟✠ ✄✡☛☎✁✞☞✠

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tvkyfjyKwf ojzihf rEœav; a&$Œ+rdKŒawmfodk@ wufI t&mcHaeqJ tedpPa&mufavonf [k wpfcgu yk&ydkuf rSwfwrf;wGif zwf&zl;onf? ( pum;tvsOf;oihfIa&;&?;rnf? a&S;uvnf; DIARY 'dkif,m&D ac: ae@pOfrSwfwrf; &Sdavonf? b,foGm;onfponfudk rSwfxm;csufrsm; awGŒ&avonf? ) u|efawmfwdk@ ab;wGif tpfudk}uD; wpfa,mufESihf nDESpfa,muf &Sdonf[k od&onf? tpfudk}uD;rSm &efukef qdyfurf;tkyf jzpfonf[kod&onf? nDti,f wpfa,mufrSm w¶kwf +rdKŒ0ef OD;bGm; [l.? jrifuGef; jrif;cHkwdkifwdk@i,fq&m jzpfonf? ?rif;om;rsm; txwGif jrifuGef; rif;om;wdk@ twGuf "m;jywdkufaiG&Smay;&avonf? xkdtcsufudk aejynfawmfu odavI OD;bGm; &mxl; usavonf?

u|ef,Hk. opPm}uD;r_a=umihf tr_ rxif&Sm;I vnf;aumif;/ rif;wkef;rif; uJhodk@odrfarGŒaom rif; vufxufjzpfI vnf;aumif; toufcsrf;om&m &avonf?emrnfausmfOD;rif;a&mif (Akdvfva&mif) rSm u|efawmfwdk@ ab;uawmf . wlawmfonf? OD;rif;a&mifum; vuf¶Hk;tm;udk; jzpfonf? trdkufqHk; qdkolrsm;udk wynhf vkyfxm;onf? 4if;. wynhfwpfa,muf (emrnfum; rrSwfrd) onf ZmwfyGJrsm;wGif vljyufjyuf onhftcg trsm;&,fwkef;r&,f? trsm; &,f+yD;rS wpfa,mufwnf; us,favmifpGm t=um}uD; &,fwwfonf[k

32

3 23 23 23 23 2 tvif;tdrfr*✌✍✎✏✑ ✒✓✔✕✖✗✘ ✒✙✚✓✏✖✛✘

od&onf?TuJhodk@ t&GJŒwdkuf &,fonfudk Adkvfva&mif awGŒ I tm;&um qkcs avawmh

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tcef; (2)ausmif;om;b0 u|efawmf. rdcif zcif ESpfOD; pvHk;rSm m%faumif; aom trsKd;

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33

3 33 33 33 33 3 tvif;tdrfr*✜✢✣✤✥ ✦✧★✩✪✫✬ ✦✭✮✧✤✪✯✬

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Tum; u|efawmhf wpfoufwGif pmar;yGJ yxrqHk; ESihf aemufqHk; us¶H_;jcif;aywnf;? us¶H_;aomfvnf; Oya' &mZ0if jzpfaom yxr ar;cGef;wGif u|efawmf yxr&cJhonf? 'kwd, (bDt,fvf) ESpf wGif ESpfaphatmif u|efawmf rae&awmhay? Oa&mywdkufwGif jrL;epf pmcsKyf rcsKyfqdkrD ppfjzpfrwwf tajctaeESihf ArmjynfwGif t"du¶k%f;tajctae rsm;udk axmufqI wdkif;jynf twGuf udk,fxdvufa&muf vkyfudkif&ef ausmif;rSESpf0ufwGif xGufI ocifb0odk@ ajymif;cJhonf?

jrefrmpmoif bkef;}uD;ausmif; ae&pOfu u|efawmf txl; raysmfydkuf onhf tcsufwpfcsuf &Sdavonf? xdktcsufrSm upm; ckefpm;jcif;/ uav;b0 opfyifwuf a&ul;tvkyfrsKd;udk ydwfyifjcif;yif jzpfav onf? TtcsufwGif u|efawmfwdk@ rdbrsm;vnf; wpfoabmwnf; avmuf &Sdonf? u|efawmfwdk@rSm opfyifwufjcif;/ a&ul;jcif; paom udk,fvufusef;rm usifvnfr_awGudk avhvmcGihf r&?

opfyif wufonfudk jrif&vSsif tqdktjrnf cH&onf? a&ul;onfudk odvSsift¶dkufcH&onf? xkd@a=umihf ,ae@txd usGefawmfrSm m%fynm bufrS tcGihftvrf; &cJhIaygufajrmuf cJhoavmuf udk,fvufusef;rm usifvnfa&;wGif tcGihftvrf; r&cJhI rsm;pGmcsKdŒ,Gif; aeayonf? a&eHacsmif; trsKd;om;ausmif; aepOfuvnf; tcGihftvrf; r&cJh?trsKd;om;ausmif; jzpfonhf twdkif; qif;&J ojzihf upm; ckefpm; avhusihf&m ae&m/ ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm; rxm;EdkifIyif jzpfonf?

ArmjynfwGif bkef;}uD;rsm;ESih f a&S;vl}uD; rsm;. tcsdKŒ t,ltqrsm;udkacwfESihfavsmfatmif jyKjyifoihfavonf? odk@r[kwfvSsif ArmjynfESihf ArmvlrsKd;wdk@tajctaeonf wdk;wufoihf oavmuf wdk;wufrnf r[kwfacs? ynmqdkonfrSm pmtkyfpmwrf; zwfI pmodr_udk ynm[k rqdkay? ynmonf "twdkif;tq"rxif? tvGefus,fajym eufeJvS ayonf? urBm&Sd pmtkyf tm;vHk;yifvSsif ynm tm;vHk;udk avmujyifus,f wnf;[laom ausmif;}uD;Y u|Efkyfwdk@onf ykcufwGif; xJrSonf ajr}uD;xJodk@a&mufonftxd ynm oifom;rsm; jzpfae=u aponf? xkd@a=umihf ynmoif=um;zl;onhftrSef pifppftm;jzihf ol. wpfoufyefwGif ukefqHk;onf[k rqdkEkdifay?

ynmwwfolonf avmu&Sd t&m&mudk tcGihftvrf;tvdkuf qifjcif oHk;oyfEkdif

34

3 43 43 43 43 4 tvif;tdrfr*✰✱✲✳✴ ✵✶✷✸✹✺✻ ✵✼✽✶✳✹✾✻

pGrf;aom m%fynmudk vnf;aumif;/ rdrd m%ftjrift& pdwfae pdwfxm; pdwf"mwfwdk@udkvnf;aumif;/ ( Emotion of the Education ) jyKjyifjyKpk pDrHxm;cJhol omvSsif jzpfonf?bD-at yif atmifapumrl yg&*l bGJŒ }uD;yif &apumrl yxrausmf}uD;yif jzpfapumrltouft&G,f rnfrSsyif }uD;&ihfapumrl ynmqdkaom obm0 t"dym,fudk aumif;pGmoHk;oyfem;vnfjcif; r&SdcJhaomf wu,ft&m ra&muf/ toHk; r0ifEkdifay? ynmonfpmtkyfxJYom &Sdonf r[kwf? pmtkyfrsm;wGif ausmfI jrifpGrf;Edkifjcif;udk aqmifEdkif&ayrnf?ynmonf vl. m%fudkom jyKjyifwdk;csJŒ¶Hkom r[kwf?

vl. pdwfaepdwfxm; t,ltqrsm; udkvnf; wdk;wuf ap&rnf? vl.qENtm;vkyftm;udk El;!Gwfap&rnf? &mZ0ifod¶Hkom r[kwf? &mZ0ifudk zefwD;Ekdif&rnf? avmu"mwfynmudk od¶Hkom r[kwf?avmu"mwf ynmudk wdk;csJŒ Ekdifap&rnf? yxr ynmudkod¶Hkomr[kwf? ajropf/ a&opf/ awmawmifwdk@udk &SmazG pHkprf; EkdifpGrf;ap &rnf? avmuta=umif;udk em;vnfap¶Hkom r[kwf? onhfxuf aumif;aomavmuudk zefqif; Edkifap&rnf?

Tum; ynm. o¶kyftusOf; rSsyifwnf;? ynmonf umv/ a'o/ ya,m*ESihf,SOf&rnf? avmuY vufawGŒ toHk;vnf; us&rnhf ynmwGif onmvnf; ygonf?^m%fESih fvnf; ,SOf&rnf? ^m%fcsnf;om wdk;wufI "onm"r&Sdygrlvnf; TrSsydkrdkqef;=u,f tajymus,f vSaom acwfopf ta=umif;udk em;rvnf Edkifay? avmu"mwfynmudk rwwfrodbJ avmu"mwf ynm^m%fudkom &vSsif avmu"mwf ynm. wefzdk;udkwif;jynhf roHk;Ekdifay? wdkif;jynf tajctae jy\em/ acwftajctaeESihf r,SOfygrl wdkif;jynfaxmifjcif;/ acwfjyifjcif; rjyKEkdifay? arG;uwnf;u aoonf txd t,l0g' tajymif;tvJr&Sdolonf ynmwwfonf [k rqdkEkdifay?

vlwpfa,muf. oufwrf;wGif b0 yxru odjrifvmaom pdwfae pdwfxm;0g'wdk@onf trSefcsnf; r[kwf? jyKjyif ajymif;vJ&rnfom wnf;? ,ae@ t,ltq ESihf reufjzeft,ltq wdk@rSm wlcsifrS wlayrnf? trSefum; vlwpfOD;. wpfb0wGif tu|Efkyfwdk@onft,l0g' ajymif;vJjcif;rsm; udk awGŒaomtcg xdkvlonf orm"d rwnf/ a&SŒaemuf rnD[kxifrSwfrSm;avonf? orm"d rwnfjcif;rSm udk,fusihfw&m; azmufvGJ azmufjyefjzpfjcif;yifwnf;? 0g' ajymif;vJr_rSm m%ftjrif. ajymif;vJr_a=umihf? orm"d rwnfjcif; r[kwfay?

wpfenf; wdk;wufjcif; aywnf;? trSeftm;jzihf orm"d qdkaom pum;udkeufeufeJeJ qifjcifvSsif avmu&Sd vltaygif;wdk@tm; orm"d vufudkif =uol &Sm;ayonf?orm"d qdkonfrSm avmu. taumif; tqdk;/ tusKd;tjypf/ tysufoepf pHkwdk@udk ydkif;jcm;xifxif odjrifI qif;&J vnf; 0rf;renf;/ csrf;omvnf; 0rf;rom/ yuwd pdwfxm;^m%ftjrif t& vlcsD;rGrf;/ vluJh&JŒr_/ ab;'kuQ tEœ&m,fudk rwdwfrvef@ wpforwf wnf;

35

3 53 53 53 53 5 tvif;tdrfr*✿❀❁❂❃ ❄❅❆❇❈❉❊ ❄❋●❅❂❈❍❊

wnf+idrfpGm &Sdjcif;udk qdkavonf? bk&m; tp&Sdaom olawmfaumif; wdk@. pdwfwnfaeyHkrsKd;wnf;? odk@jzpf&m omref udk,fusihftrlt&m tajymtqdk brf;jy wnf+idrfr_udk vltaygif;wdk@u orm"d[k omrn ajymprSwf jyK=uavonf? trSefpifppf um; xdk brf;jy wnf+idrfr_wGifrnfrSs twGif; azmufvGJ azmufjyefr_rsm; wdk;yGm; rsm;jym;onf udk vltaygif;wdk@ rpOf;pm;rd=uacs? u|efawmfonf ÁajEN}uD;I rsufESmxm; tvGef wnfol wpfa,muf[k todtrSwfjyKcHcJh&avonf? u|efawmf. udk,f trlt&m pdwfxm; o¶kyf wdk@onf azmufvGJazmufjyefoabmudk rjyay?

odk@aomf tu,fyif u|efawmfonf orm"d&Sd.? rnfr# orm"dw&m;udkydkifqdkifayoenf;? u|efawmfomv#if todqHk;jzpfayonf? u|efawmf. twGif;v_wf&Sm;r_wdk@udk Tpmtkyfudk zwf&if;zwf&if; awG@jrif=u&ayvdrfhrnf?

u|efawmf. twGif;v_wf&Sm;r_rsm;um; orm"dw&m;udk vHk;0 rydkifqdkifao;jcif;.trSwfvu%myifwnf;? ,ckvnf; u|efawmf orm"dw&m;udk ydkif+yDavm? vHk;0rydkifqdkifao;ay? xdk@a=umifh vlwdkif;ydkifqdkifjcif;r&Sdao;aom orm"dw&m;udk pum;vkyfrqdk=uygeJ@OD;?vlwpfa,muf Om%ftjrif v_wf&Sm;ajymif;vJ/ rl0g'ajymif;vJr_udk orm"drwnf[kwHqdyft&dkuf rapmoifhay? Oyrmtm;jzifh vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;u t&Siftm'dpP0Ho qdkaomudk,fawmftm; omoemawmfwGif bduLeDrrsm; &Sdoifhonf[k pmtkyfwpftkyf a&;om;r_a=umifh 0dkif;y,f=u.? oydwfarSmuf=u.? trSefum; ol.ajymif;vJr_unf rSm;csifvnf;rSm;ayrnf? odk@aomfvnf; ykxkZOfwdk@. *wdtvm;jzifh trSm;r&Sdolr&Sd? trSm;odrS trSefjrifavonf? trSm;wpfcg vkyfrdv#if trSm;ESpfcg vkyfrdaomtcg rSefvmayvdrfhrnf?

odk@aomfvnf; rSm;yifrSm;apumrl rdrdOm%ftjriftav#muf ajymif;vJr_rSm&Sdtyfonfomwnf;? avSeH"g;xpfqdkaom tvkyf/ tajym/ tawG;wdk@rSm ynm. t"dyg,fqef@usifbufaywnf;?

Ak■❏❑▲▼◆❖P◗❘ P❙❏❚◗❯◆ ❑❱❲❳❨❩❘❑◆❨❘❬❭❪ ❑❫❴❨❬❘❵❛❜❘◆❭❪❝❘◆❭❪❝❘ ❞❖❛❨❡❞❖❢❭❯❡❖❢❭❯❡❬❭❪

ausmfum &SmazGawG@&SdcJhavonf? xdkOm%fawmf&SmazG&ef pdwfydkif;jzwfaomtpY od'<xrif;om;onf rdrdOm%ftjrift& tEkrmersuf&rf;qI ajymif;vJr_ &Sdvmavonf?tvS,fvS,f tajymif;ajymif;/ taomif;ruaom armif;rrd\H/ ac|&Hy&dowf wdk@ESifhwuG/eef;oHk;aqmif0,f rif;pnf;pdrfudk pGef@y,fI aomifrjrif/ urf;rjrif &aoh &[ef;toGifav#mfawouFef;wdk@ 0wfqifI "bduLeD oDavmwd,m peoDavmwD bduL" [lonfESifhtnD/ olawmif;pm;b0rsdK;odk@ ajymif;vJr_onf omref yuwdrsufpdtm;jzifh =unfhv#if&l;onf/ rdkufonf[k qdk&ayrnf? rdrd. rif;pdwf/ rif;0g'udk qef;us,faom avmuDpdwf/avmu0g'tm; Todk@ajymif;v$JcJhavonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSwfcsuf? ? rl&if;owfyHktwdkif;

36

3 63 63 63 63 6 tvif;tdrfr*❣❤✐❥❦ ❧♠♥♦♣qr ❧st♠❥♣✉r

vl}uD;ESifh vli,f wdkif;jynfxlaxmifa&;vky fie f ;wGi f vl }uD;E Si f hvli,f[lI tvkyform;ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; &Sdavonf?vl}uD;wdk@ tzdk@rSm aumif;rGefaom enf;vrf;rsm;udkn$efjyEdkifonfh pGrf;&nfowWd&S dap&rnf? vli,fwdk@rSmvnf; xdkodk@ n$efjyonfhvrf;udk wef;wef; ajzmifhajzmifh a=umuf&$H@jcif; uif;bdv#uf vdkuf&J&ayrnf? ,ck jre frm jynfwGifum; vl}uD;rsm;rSmvnf;pGrf;&nfowWdr&Sd/ Avmcsnf;jzpfaeonfudk awG@&onf?vli,fwd k @tm; aumif;r Ge faom er lemjy&rnfjzp faom vl }uD;rsm;p Gmwdk@onf? uvyfwufjcif;/zJ&dkufjcif;/ trsdK;rsdK; uvdrfaph jirf;qifonfh tr_rsdK;omawG@&.? odk@jzpf&um;tu,fI aqmif& Gufcsi faom vli,frsm;r Smn$efjyonfh tvif;a&mifrJhv#uf trdkufarSmifxJwGifajcprf;/ vufprf; jzifhom

u|efynm ESifh ocifynm

udkatmifqef;

37

3 73 73 73 73 7 tvif;tdrfr*✈✇①②③ ④⑤⑥⑧⑨⑩❶ ④❷❸⑤②⑨❹❶

tcsdefukef&avonf?tcsdK@aom olwdk@u vl}uD;rsm;udk qJonf[k vli,fwdk@tm; tjypfwif=uavonf?

odk@aonfvnf; TudpPrSm vli,fESifhvl}uD; ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvHk; tjypfruif;=uay? vl}uD;wdk@rSmaz: jycJhonfhtwdkif; aumif;rGefaom vrf;n$efjyjcif;r&Sd? vli,fwdk@rSm vl}uD;wdk@. tjypfudkjy&HkrSwpfyg; tjcm; tvkyfjyjcif; r&Sdao;?

u|Efkyfwdk@ tzdk@rSmum; tdEd,jynfrSm r[wWr*ED/ pDtmzwf/ rdkwDvmae&l;/ wdvwftp&Sdolwdk@uJ@odk@ vnf;aumif;/ tdkif,mvef 'DAvm&m/ tDwvDjynf *&Dabmv'D/ rpfZeDwdk@uJhodk@vnf;aumif;/ ususee acgif;aqmifEdkifI acgif;aqmifrnfh rnfonfhvl}uD;udkrqdkaemufvdkuftjzpf vdkufygaqmif&Guf&ef toifhyif &Sdavonf? xdkodk@ acgif;aqmifEdkifrnfh/xdkodk@acgif;aqmif&Jrnfh yk*~dKvfwpfOD;xGufygav? apmifhv#uf u|Efkyfwdk@ ar#mfrnf?

emrnf}uD;onfh TwuUodkvfY vrf;n$efrnfh vl}uD;&Sdv#if vli,fwdk@onf a&S@odk@wdk;wufI vkyfief;udk xGifEdkifrnf jzpfonfhtjyif rdrdwdk@ tvSnfhusa&mufaomtcgacgif;aqmifonfh vkyfief;udk ryifryef;bJ xrf;aqmifEd kifayvdrf hrnf? u|Ef kyfwdk@vli,fwdk@uvnf; xdktcsdef xdktcgtwGuf ,ckuyif toifhjyifqifxm;&ayrnf? }udK;pm;tm;xkwf&ayrnf? txl;ojzifh u|Efkyfwdk@ wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf Tta&;wGiftcsuftcsmjzpfavonf?

odk@jzpfvifhupm; ,ckvuf&Sd wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm emrnf[D;oavmuftqHr&Sd jzpfaeonfudk awG@&ayonf? u|Efkyfwdk@ wuUodkvfausmif;om;wdk@onf,ck&&Sdaeaom u|efynmudk t[kwf}uD;rSwfxifae=uI exifaoG;a&muf+yD;v#ifjrefrmwdk@jyKor#udk &H_@csuJ@&J@vdkaompdwf/ vGwfvyfaom ociftvkyfudk *k%fedrfhonfxifaom pdwfwdk@udk arG;jrLxm;ESifhojzifh txufra&muf/ atmufrus cGorm;rsm; jzpfae=uavonf?

u|Efkyfwdk@ wuUodkvfausmif;om;wdk@onf [D&d=owWy`w&m; uif;rJ@v#uf4if;w&m;udkyif em;rvnfEdkif &Sdaeayao;onf? ra=umuf&rnfh ae&mwGif a=umufI/r&Suf&rnfhae&mwGif &Sufaeonfudk awG@&ayonf? EdkifiHjcm;om;wdk@udkjrifv#if 'l;wkefcsifonfhpdwfraysmufao;? abmvHk;yGJwGif qJcsif/ qdkcsif/ aomif;usef;csifonfh pdwf"gwfrSmvnf;txl;&Sufp&maumif;avonf? vGwfvyfaom tvkyfudkrcifrif/ vGwfvyfaom b0.wefzdk;udkrod/ xdk@a=umifh vGwfvyfaomb0udk rawmifhw/ r}uHq&atmif r}udK;pm;=ubJa&$&nfrGef;rHxm;aom avSifcsdKifhxJwGif taysmf}uD; aysmfae=uayonf?

u|Efkyfwdk@ wuUodkvfausmif;om;wdk@wGif tvGrf;emorm;wdk@um; rsm;vSpGm.?odk@aomf wvGJvGrf;aeonfudk awG@&ayonf? oem;wwfaom olrsm;udkvnf; awG@&yg.?odk@aomf wvGJ oem;ae=uayonf? cspfa,mifaqmifI aoatmifowfwwfaom

38

3 83 83 83 83 8 tvif;tdrfr*❺❻❼❽❾ ❿➀➁➂➃➄➅ ❿➆➇➀❽➃➈➅

&efolwdk@u t&_t&d_ufESifh idkcsif;csonfudk jrif&aomtcg &ifxJwGif zdkvd_ufzdkvd_ufESifh 0rf;enf;onfh pum;oHrsm;udk =um;&ayonf? buf&dkufawmfolwpfa,muf armyef;aeIaumif;rGefpGm rupm;Edkif&Smonfhtcg tawmfrodaom vlxk}uD;onf r[m*&k%mawmfteEW&SdvSI pkwfwoyfoyf ajymqdk=uonfudkum; =um;od&ayonf?

odk@&mwGif u|efwGif;epfI &wem/ a&$/ aiG/ qHk;yg;ysufpD;aeaom u|[email protected];jynftwGufESifh eHeufpmeHeuf/ npmn &Smpm;ae&aom rsm;ajrSmifvSpGmaomqif;&Jom;wdk@twGufrlum; oem;jcif; *&k%m w&m;onfum; acgif;yg;vSay.wum;?Todk@v#if u|Efkyfwdk@ wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;rSm ynm. t&dyfta,mifrsm;omjzpfIynmppf. tcsuftjcmjzpfaom tqdk;taumif;wefzdk;udk ra0zefEdkifbJ &Sdavonf?

u|efynmESifh ocifynmTynmESpfrsdK;udk tcsdK@olwdk@rSm em;rvnfyJ ajymae=uayonf? Tynm

ESpfrsdK;udk &Sif;vif;&efrSmvnf; rvG,fulvSay? usrf;wpfapmif wpfzG J@ a&;om;rS&Sif;vif;rnfht&m jzpfavonf?

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39

3 93 93 93 93 9 tvif;tdrfr*➉➊➋➌➍ ➎➏➐➑➒➓➔ ➎→➣➏➌➒↔➔

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4 04 04 04 04 0 tvif;tdrfr*↕➙➛➜➝ ➞➟➠➡➢➤➥ ➞➦➧➟➜➢➨➥

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4 14 14 14 14 1 tvif;tdrfr*➩➫➭➯➲ ➳➵➸➺➻➼➽ ➳➾➚➵➯➻➪➽

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4 24 24 24 24 2 tvif;tdrfr*➶➹➘➴➷ ➬➮➱✃❐❒❮ ➬❰Ï➮➴❐Ð❮

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43

4 34 34 34 34 3 tvif;tdrfr*ÑÒÓÔÕ Ö×ØÙÚÛÜ ÖÝÞ×ÔÚßÜ

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44

4 44 44 44 44 4 tvif;tdrfr*àáâãä åæçèéêë åìíæãéîë

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qXr tydkif;wGifum; xdk0wœ&m; - xdk tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tajcwnfcg/ igwdk@wdk;wufI awmxuf wufaeonfudk awG@&.?

owœrydkif;wGifum; - xdkawmckwf wufcg/ wdk;I wdk;I ajz&Sif;&aom vrf;t&- arSsmf=unfh&m / vrf;vGJonf/ vrf;rvGJbl;[k 0dk;wdk;0g;wm; rdrd od&SdjyD; 0wœ&m;tcGifhta&;wdk@udk qHk;jzwf&ef cJ,Of;aom tcef;jzpfay.? ,ckigwdk@ oif=um;ae&aomtcef;yifjzpfayonf? igwdk@ a&S@ tydkif;rsm; bmawG@I bmrSwf&ojzifh bmudk jrif&OD;rnfudkrodEdkifao;?

&mZ0if tpHkpHkudk =unfhrnfqdkvSsif/ yxr vl&dkif;acwf/ xdk@aemuf tdrfaxmif&mcsjyKaomacwf/ aemuf wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; ul;vlqufqH cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;/ avmbrD;/ a'gorD;awmufavmifaom acwfjzpf.? xdk@aemuf xdkacwfudk vGefI pm;a&;aomufa&; aea&;/xdkifa&;/ umuG,fa&; ay:vm.? odk@ay:vmojzifhrif;usifhw&m; q,fyg;/ o*F[w&m;av;yg; paom 0wœ&m; rsm;udk ausjyGefpGm xrf;aqmifjcif;r&Sd? ysufuGufI a0oEW&mrif;=uD;onf wdkif;jynfrS xGufoGm;&.? oD[Am[k rif;om;onf wdkif;jynfrS tESifcH&.?t*Fvef *Gsefbk&iftm; jynfol@w&m;udk apmifhxdef;ap&ef/ rufumumbmpmcsKyfjzifh csKyfcJ@.?jyifopfjynfwGif xdk0wœ&m;ysufuGufaom tcg/ tjcm;rysufuGufolwdk@u ysufuGufr_tay:wGif ta&;,l&rnf? ysufuGufoludk jzdKzsuf&rnf[k q&m=uD;/ &lpl;u tcGifhta&;wGifcJ@.?

xdk@aemuf - a&-ajr-av oHk;&yfudk tqHk;owfawG@jyD[k xifrSwf=u.?armfawmfum;/ rD;&xm;/ av,mOfysH/ vSsyfppf"mwfrD;/ oabFm wdk@um; Todk@xifrSwfjcif;udkjzpfap.? odk@&mwGif urBmppf=uD; t=uD;tus,f jzpfcJ@.? vlaygif;rsm;pGm aocJ@.?oef;aygif;rsm;pGm usdK;cJ@.? yJ@cJ@.?urBm@ vlpGrf;aumif;awG qHk;yg;ysufpD;=u.? urBm wckvHk;tdk;xdef;pufY csmcsmvnfIoGm;.? rsm;pGmaom vuf&Sd tajctaersm; vGifhpifjydKysuf z&dkz&Jupifhuvsm; jzpf=u.? iwfrGwf&Sm;yg;aom ab; a&mufvm.? tdrf/ rD;oabFm/av,mOfysHwdk@ESifh TrSs=uD;yGm;ygvsuf todk@vSsif igwdk@ bdk;ab;xuf usyfwnf;&ygoenf;?

,if;aom tcg igwdk@awG@=ujyef.? arSsmfac:=ujyef.? "e&Sifpuf/ EdkifiHcsJ@xGifa&;puf? TpufawG udk ,ck 0wœ&m;tcGifh ta&;awGu tm;ay;ae.? qif;&Jom;wdkif;jynfopf wnfaxmifu aumif;a,mifwum;? qHk;jzwf&ef cJ,Of;ae.? rjyD;jywfao;?&k&Sm;jynfwGifum; qHk;jzwfxm;jyD; jyD[kqdk.? pydefwGif qHk;jzwfaeqJ? odk@aomf urBm@

47

4 74 74 74 74 7 tvif;tdrfr*☞✌✍✎✏ ✑✒✓✔✕✖✗ ✑✘✙✒✎✕✚✗

tpOfusrf;um; us,f0ef; vSacs.wum;? igwdk@ a&S@qufI oif=um;&OD;rnf?,ck&Sdaom oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom pmtkyfpmaywdk@um; TurBm@ tpOfusrf;rS

xkwfEkwfcsufrsm;om jzpfay.? odk@aomf TurBm@ tpOfusrf;udk igwdk@rnfolrSs rdrd&&r&Sdojzifh trsdK;rsdK; jzpfae=uay.? igwdk@ jrefrmvlrsdK; trsm;um; Ak'<bmom w&m;udkudk;uG,f,Hk=unf=u.? igwdk@tbdk@ tEWdr aemufqHk; trSefqHk;pum;aywnf;? odk@ twdkif;r[mar'if/ c&pf,efbmom0if tp&Sdonfwdk@onfvnf; 4if;wdk@ bmomusrf; wdk@udk &dkao.?udkif;nGwf.? 4if;wdk@ tbdk@ opPmw&m;jzpf.?

igwdk@ Todk@ udk;uG,f=uaom a*gwr/ r[mruf/ c&dkwf paom q&m=uD;wdk@um;urBm@tpOf usrf;udk 4if;wdk@onf toD;oD; oabmayguf onfhtwdkif; urBmolurBmom;wdk@tm; w&m;rsm; xm;cJ@ =uay.? 4if;wdk@ oGm;tyf &SmazGtyfaom vrf;rsm;um;tb,fenf;? tb,fudk tajcxm;I &Sm =uygoenf;? 4if;wdk@ &SmazGonfudk tu,fyifawG@=uygjyDavm? rnfodk@jzpfap 4if;wdk@ w&m;rsm;onf w&m; t[kwfyif jzpfapumrligwdk@onf urBm@ tpOfusrf;=uD;udk em;vnfonfESifh trSsom od=uao;.?

xdkurBmh tpOf usrf;=uD;um; avmu0d[mwnf;[laom avmuwuUodkvfausmif;Yom &Sd.? xdkavmu wuUodkvfaeI igwdk@ tcsif;csif; awG@qHk=u.? ESD;aESm=u.?jyKvkyf=u.? awG;q=u.? toif;axmif=u.? toif;tkyfcsKyf=u.? toif;pDrH=u.?acgif;aqmif&Sd.? aemufvdkuf&Sd.? vlqdk;rsm;udkvnf; awG@&.? vlaumif;rsm;udkvnf;awG@&.? &kyfqdk;aomfvnf; twGif;pdwfr&dkif;/ &kyfvSaomfvnf; wHvSsdKjzpfwwfjcif; tp&Sdojzifhigwdk@avmu wuUodkvfwGif xif=u rSwf=u&.?

igwdk@bwfaom pmtkyfrsm;udk xdkawG@jrifonfESifh udkuf.? rudkuf.? rudkufaomfigrSm;ovm;/ olrSm;ovm;[k wbefoifp&m ay: jyef.? Todk@vSsif igwdk@ oifI oifIcsnf;ae=u.? Todk@ avmu0d[mwGif igwdk@oif&aom ynmum; ynmppf[k ,lqtyf.?xdkynmum; bD-at-yXrausmf [lI owfrSwf&ef rpGrf;Edkif/ rcsdefEdkif/ xdkynmppf&wemudk,ckigwdk@ wouf avmu0d[m twGif;&Sdcdkuf rdrd&& ,l&efum; igwdk@. avmu0wœ&m;=uD;aywnf;?

armifatmifqef;(rsdK;nGef@ r*~Zif;/ 1937 pufwifbmv?)

48

4 84 84 84 84 8 tvif;tdrfr*✛✜✢✣✤ ✥✦✧★✩✪✫ ✥✬✭✦✣✩✮✫

trsdK;om;pdwf"gwfqdkif&m &Sif;vif;csufrsm;

armifatmifqef;

trsd K;om;pdwf"gwf qd kwmbmvJ? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; (Na-

tion) qdkwm bmvJ? vlrsdK;oD;jcm;(Nationality) qd kwm bmvJTuJhodk@ usaemf ar;cGef;xkwfvdkufonfwGif emrnfaemuf tjrD;ygaomolrsm; ? tjrD;yg "g;eD;olrsm;vufxufrS &_yfayGqef;jym; vmayawmhonf[k tcsdK@u uJh&J@ jypfwifcsif=uayvdrfhrnf? tcsdK@uvnf;' Davmufawmh uav;oi,frsm;yif odp&m &Sda=umif; &Sdtyfonf? tzsm;c |e f. pojzi f h

u|efynmudk &vm=u&Smaom cGorm;awG usrSyJ olrsm;xuf uJvmawmhw,f[k&,foGrf;aoG;aumif; aoG;=uayvdrfhrnf? odk@&mwGif TuJhodk@ ar;cGef;xGufqdkjcif;onfo&kyfazmfjy&ef twGufjzpfa=umif; / ta=umif;t&m - vl / 0wWK wckck. o&kyfouefudkyxrOD;pGm pifppf odtyf onfrSm Ak'<bmom pmayusrf;*efudk =unfh&_u em;vnfEdkifayonf?b,fodk@ od&rnf enf; [k apm'u wufu twW [laom pum;. teuf t"dyg,f tus,ft0ef; jA[R% [laom pum;. teuft"dyg,f tus,ft0ef;/ Ak'< [laom pum;.t"dyg,ftus,f t0ef; avmu / vl/ w&dp>mefpaom pum;&yfrsm;. tus,ft0ef; xdkuJhodk@pum;rsdK;udkaxmufI odvdkufayonf[k ajzvdkufyg.//

0dj*dKvf jyKyHk wpfrsdK; vluvnf; qdkedkifyg.? odk@&mwGif xif&m jrif&m arSmufvSefukefpifatmif t"dy`g,f EdkufawG;jcif;/ pl;prf;jcif; r&SdyJ yg;pyfaqmhI jyKvkyfaom0dj*dKvfrsdK;r[kwfbJ trsm;owfrSwf twnfjyKonfh woD;w&yf0dj*dKvfrsm;udk vdkavonf?xdkodk@ &SdrSom woD;wjcm; ta=umif;t&m wck twGuf xif;ueJ uGufueJ jrifavmufatmif jiif;uGuf rawG@&avatmif jzpfEdkifapavonf? usaemf odoavmuf usaemfwdk@jrefrmpmaywGif ysdK@ uAsm rsm;wGif cGJxm; [lI oHwla=umif;uJG t"dyg,fcGJjcif;ESifh jrefrmo'NgOya'&yfrsm;rS wyg; tjcm; oD;jcm; bmom&yfrsm;wGif o&kyfteuft"dyg,f &Sif;vif;atmif

49

4 94 94 94 94 9 tvif;tdrfr*✯✰✱✲✳ ✴✵✶✷✸✹✺ ✴✻✼✵✲✸✽✺

azmfjycsufrsm; r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;ay.? Oyrm -usaemfwkd hEdkifiH}uD;wGif rSDwif;ae=uaom&Srf;/ u&if vlrsdK;ponfjzifh vlrsdK;rsm;tm;jzifhum; cGJjcm;xm;ay.? odk h&mwGif trsdK;qdkwmpum;udkum; cGJjcm;xm;jcif; r&Sdacs? trsdK;qdkwm bmvJ? b,ftrsdK;twGuf u|Efkyfwdk@}udK;pm;=urnfenf;[k wOD;wa,mufu ar;jim;tHHh? u|Efkyfwdk htzdk hwlnDaom tajzukday;rnfenf;? jrefrmvlrsdK;twGuf }udK;pm;rnf[lonfudk cGJjcm;&efvdkonfudk cGJjcm;&efvdkavonf?

od k h jzp f&um; a&;om;&e fp DpO faom Oa,smZO fE Si f houfqd ki f&moufqdkifa=umif;wdk@udk a&S;OD;tp pum;yvif tjzpf&Sif;vif;+yD;aemufrS a&;om;rSomvSsifxdkta=umif;t&mudk zwf+yD;onf. tqHk;wGif pmzwfolonf &_yf&_yfESifhyif em;rvnfbJ&Sif;EkdiforSs &Sif;vif;EkdiforSs &Sif;vif;av&monf? odk h&Sif;vif;&mY t&SiftcsD;yvif cHwGiftaemufEdkifiH EdkifiHa&;ynm&Sdrsm;yifvSsif trsdK;rsdK;awG; trsdK;rsdK;&SmazG pdppf=uonfyifvSsif*epGmrawG h&ao;? ,cktcsdeftcgudk trsm;qHk;oabmwlnDonfhpum;rsm;udkom rSDjirf;jyKIusaemf. xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udkyg usaemf.tenf;i,frSsaomtodOm%ftwdkif;a&;om;az: jy aytHHh?

,if;okd@ w+yD;um; trsdK;om;pdwfqdkonfh pum;.e,ferdwf/ oD;jcm;vlrsdK;/vlrsdK;csnf;[krqdkvdk(rqdkom) tpkd;&jynfydkif wdkif;&if;om;trsdK;(0g) trsdK; (twdkaumufTodk hac:=uygpdk h) [laompum;&yfrsm;. e,ferdwfrsm;udk pdppfazG&Sm=uaytHh?

trsdK;om;qkdif&mta=umif;trsdK;om;a&;pdwfonf rdrdtrsdK;udkomodI tjcm;trsdK;rsm;udkk !Sif;yef;wdkufcdkuf

vkdaompdwfjzpfonf [k abpD[wfqdkol yk*dKvfuqdk.? udkvHbD,m wuUodkvf ygarmuQa[;t&um; trsdK;om;pdwfonf wdkif;jynfcspfcifjcif; jzpfonfvnf;

rSefyg.? odk h&mwGif xdktwdkif;jynf cspfjcif;tjyif tjcm;&Sdao;.?trsdK;om;pdwfonf tjcm;trsdK;rsm;udk &ef+idK;xm;umEdSyfpufuvljyKcsifonfh

rdrdwdkif;jynfta=umif;udk 0if0g=uGm;v$m;wwfaom pdwf0oDrsdK;jzpfavonf [lonfyifjzpfay.? &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;wGif ygaruQvltjzpfrS xGufoGm;aom a'gufwma[mw&Ha&mtcgwGif a[majymcsufwGifvnf; rZPdKracwftcgu trsdK;om;pdwf Edk;=um;jcif;rSmtbdZmpdwfrS jzpfay:vmcJhonf[k qdk.?

tDwvDjynf rsdK;cspfyk*dKvfwOD;jzpfcJhaomv_dxuf[uf. ZeD;urlum; trsdK;om;pdwfonf rdrdtrsdK;twGuf }udK;pm;&mwGif urBmw0Srf;vHk;. tusdK;ygxifatmif jyKjcif;jzpfonf[k qdkay.? jyifopfjynf temwdkz&ef h [laom Edkb,fqk&zl;ol yk*dKvf}uD;u rlum;uGsefkyfwdk honf uGsefkyfwdk h. trsdK;udk cspfcif=uEdkifyg.? okd h&mwGif tjcm;trsdK;wkd@udktjypfrwifbJ tcspf0if&m.? Tokd htrsdK;om;a&;pdwf. obm0rsm;udkazmfjy=uay.?

50

5 05 05 05 05 0 tvif;tdrfr*✾✿❀❁❂ ❃❄❅❆❇❈❉ ❃❊❋❄❁❇●❉

TwGif trsdK;om;pdwf. oabmw&m;rsm;udkom az: jyjcif;jzpfI trsdK;om;pdwf rnfuJhodk@jzpfay:vmonf [lonfudk azmfjyjcif; r[kwfay?

okd@&mwGif trsdK;pdwfjzpfay:&m trSDo[JjyK&m (Nationality) (oD;jcm;vlrsdK;txdrf;trSwf) ta=umif;udk pdppf=updk h? y&dkzufqm *pfxc&kduf. (Priciples Of Politi-

cal Seience) pmtkyfwGif (Nation) trsdK;[laom pum;rSm EkdifiHa&; OypmvHk;vHk;jzpfI(Nationality)(vlrs d K;oD;jcm;0g') [lonfrSm Ek di fiHa&; Oypmedrdwf&S daomfvnf;tajccHZmwdrsdK;&dk;ESifh qufEG,f&m ta=umif;rsm;rS jzpfay:vma=umif; rsm;aomtm;jzifhv lr s d K ;wl bmompmayjci f ;twlwl / t,l0g' jci f ;twlwl / xH k ;p HwHwGm&mZ0ifpum;jcif;twlwl/ ae&mt&yfvnf;twlwl/ tusdK;pD;yGm;jcif;vnf; twlwljzpfIausmom;&i fom;rjcm; / omemnDr S s E k di fi Htky fc s Ky fa&;toif;(0g) tpd k ;&& S dIEkdifiHpnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; &Sdvm&ef qENpdwful;rsm;rS trsdK;om;pdwf jzpfay:vmonf[k qdkay.?

odk@&mwGif Taz: jycsuft*Fgtm;vHk;wdk hrSvnf;aumif;/ tcsdK@rSvnf;aumif;/wckwnf;rS aomfvnf;aumif;/ trsdK;om;pdwfjzpfay:csifrS jzpfay:vdrfhrnf? ta=umif;rlum;trsdK;om;pdwfonf 0dOmOfpdwf"gwfESihfom qkdifIudk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&; wenf;enf;udkudkt+rJ&SmazGaeaom pdwfjzpfavonf? odk h&mwGif rnfonfh oD;jcm;vlrsdK;wGif rqdkazmf+yD;cJhaomt*Fgrsm;xJrS tcsdK@udkawG hjrif&aya=umif; ponfjzifhvnf; y&dkzufqm*pfxc&dkufuqkdxm;ay.?

tD;tufzfbdk;rif;. An Introduction to Political seience [laompmtkyfwGifum; trsdK;om;pdwfonf wjznf;jznf;tm;,lvmI tusyftwnf; ta&;ay:vmaom tcgxGufay:vmwwfI vlyk*~dKvfwGif awG hEkdifaom 0ifh0gyv$m;jcif; pdwfqwfjcif;/oabmajymif; vGJwwfjcif;&SdI trsdK;rsdK;aom XmewGif xx=uG=uG jzpfapEdkifaomowWd&Sdavonf[k qdkxm;ay.?

y&d kzufqm Zimmern Zif;ref;. Nationality and Government

[laompmtkyfwGifum; tjrifus,faomrsufpdESif h axmufq=unfh&_I ajymygrlvlpkwpkonf(trsdK;) [laom pdwfqEN&Sdygu trsdK;jzpfvmayonf[k rnfolrqdk ajymEkdifay.?Todk haz: jyxm;ay.?

y&dkzufqm ruftdkifAma&;aom Modern State [laomusrf;wGifum;trsdK;om;pdwf [lonfrSm aygif;pkaeaom vlpkpdwfjzpfI &mZ0iftcsdef w&yf&yfwGifwdkif;Ed kifiHESif h tpkd;&. nD!Gwfa&;udk jzpfcJ hapI ,ckvnf;jzpfaeapaompdwfudkac:avonf[k qdkxm;jyef.? Todk hvSsif o&kyftrsdK;rsdK;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;q&mrsm;ay;=uonfrsm;udk qef;ppf=unfI trsdK;om;pdwfonf tpkvkdufaeaom vltaygif;wkd hwGiftwlwlpdwful; qEN&SdI pdwfjcif; "gwfjcif;twl&Sd+yD;vSsif twlaevdkonfh pdwfjzpfonf[laom

51

5 15 15 15 15 1 tvif;tdrfr*❍■❏❑▲ ▼◆❖P◗❘❙ ▼❚❯◆❑◗❱❙

o&kyfudk &&Sdavonf?'dvpfqvbef;a&;aom Political Ideas pmtkyfwGif aoG;wljcif;xuf

pdwful;wljcif; a&S;a[mif; aESmif;acwfwGif 'dk;wlaygifzufjyKcJhzl;onfrsm;udk rSwfrdjcif;wdk hutrsdK;om;pdwfudk ydkrdkzefwD;avonf? A Common Memory And A Common Idea -

These, More Than A Common Bloodmuck A Nation.

TqHk;jzwfcsuf rSefrrSefppfaq;&ayrnf? To&kyft&qdkaomf vlrsdK;wljcif;/bmomwljcif;/ t,l0g'wljcif;/ tp&Sdaom t*Fg&yfrsm;rSmtrsdK;wdkif;wGifvnf;aumif;odk@r[kwf vlrsdK;oD;jcm;wkdif;wGif vnf;aumif; r&Sdrjzpf[laom tajcodk ha&mufavmufatmifvdktyfaom t&mrsm; r[kwfay? xdkodk@r[kwfonfrSm tb,fta=umif;t&m &mZ0iftaxmuftxm;rsm;=unfhI od&onf?

armifatmifqef; ('D;'kwfowif;pm {u'orwGJ eHygwf 41/ Zlvkdif/ 27/ 1935) pm 56

(jynfol hacwf/ twGJ 1/trSwf 11/ 2010)

52

5 25 25 25 25 2 tvif;tdrfr*❲❳❨❩❬ ❭❪❫❴❵❛❜ ❭❝❞❪❩❵❡❜

(1)Taqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;&rnfqdkvSsif EdkifiHa&;qdkaom pum;udk yxroHk;oyf&efvdk

onf? " jynfxJ ta&; aygufESifhaus;/ =uufO ta&mifwdrfawmifozG,f rif;a&;us,f"ponfjzifh a&S;Armpmrsm;wGif zwf&./ rSwf&.? Tpum;rsm;um; aumif;vnf;aumif;./ qdk;vnf;qdk;.? aumif;yHkum; EdkifiHa&;. cufcJeufeJaom t"dyg,f/ us,f0ef;aom

EdkifiHa&; trsdK;rsdK;ocifatmifqef;

53

5 35 35 35 35 3 tvif;tdrfr*❢❣❤✐❥ ❦❧♠♥♦♣q ❦rs❧✐♦tq

t"dyg,f/ odrfarG@aom t"dyg,fwdk@udk aqmif.? qdk;yHkum; =um;&olrsm;tm; vrf;p&Sm rawG@apbJ vlrsm;rsm; qdkif;wGifwD;vdkufwdkif; jrnfonfhpnfuJ@odk@ ynm&Sd=uD;ozG,f vlrsm;txif=uD;atmif ajymaumif;ajymvdk@&onfh pum;vnf;jzpf.? xdk@a=umifh u|efawmhtzdk@rSmEdkifiHa&; trsdK;rsdKta=umif;udk ra&;cif EdkifiHa&;qdkonfh t"dyg,f tus,ft0ef; twdkif;twmudk pOf;pm;rd.?

Armjynf. EdkifiHa&;&mZ0ifudk jyefajymif;I =unfhvSsif EdkifiHa&;qdkonfrSm b,fvdk[mrsdK;[k wwfwwftyftyf r&Sdonfudk awG@&.? trsdK;/ bmom/ omoem/ ynm?Armjynfonf Armrsm;tzdk@/ [krR&l;/ tif'Dyif;'ifh/ bHk0g'/ 0HomEk/ qif;&Jom; pojzifh rD;cdk;rqHk;rdk;rqHk;yif? awm&Gm a'orsm;&Sd Arm trsdK;om;wdk@ twGufrSmum;/ wabmifpef;ba0gawG ESifh rif;avmif; wcgay:vdkuf/ vdkufvdkuf/ &H_;vdkuf/ at;at; aevdkuf wcgxyfay:/wcgxyfvdkuf/ wcgxyf&H_;/ bk&m;vufopfawG/ arSmfq&mawG/ yxrHq&mawG ESifholwdk@EdkifiHa&;rSmvnf; vHk;vdkufjym;vdkuf jzpfae.?

vli,fvl&G,f/ pdwfjrefjref udk,fjrefjrefawG uawmhvnf; acwf=uD; twif;ajymif;csifpdwfawG r$efjyD; b*Fvm; olykefawGvdk/ tdkif,mvefu enf;awGvdk/ 'gawGESifh vGrf;olvGrf;aqG;ol aqG;ae=u.? OD;bab=uD;uawmh EdkifiHa&;qdkwm tvGefnpfywf wJ@ tvkyf[kqdk.? OD;odef;armif=uD;uawmh ukodkvfu wyJom;/ i&Ju wyd\mrdk@ EdkifiHa&;udk rvkyfcsifawmhbl;? OD;apm uawmh 0g;&if;wkwf ESifh vlrdkuftm;udk; pcef;oGm;.? a'gufwm barmfuvnf;wrsdK;? pwmvifwdk@ [pfwvmwdk@ tm;usonfqdk.? b,foif; b,fvdk [kwfonfrSefonfudk pOf;pm;=updk@?

u|efawmfh t,ltqwGifum; EdkifiHa&;udk avmu"gwf a=umif;t& jrifrS xifrS[kwfonf[kxif.? avmu"gwfa=umif;pOf;pm;rS jzpfrnf[k awG;xifonfESifh ywfoufIavmu"gwfqdkwm bmudkqdkvdkonf/ b,fvdk t"dyg,frsdK;ESifh a&;onf udkvnf;em;vnfapvdk.? t*Fvdyfvdktm;jzifh (qdkif;,ifhpf)/ Armvdktm;jzifh avmu"gwf[k vlwdk@ac: =uonfrSmbmudkqdkvdkoenf;? avmu&Sd "gwftpkta0;tm;vHk;udk o&kyfcGJI jyonfh avmu"gwf/ydkif;jcm;jyonfh avmu"gwfum; tb,fu ay:vmoenf;?

ta=umif; tusdK;wnf;[laom w&m;ESpfyg;rS ay:.? tusdK;&SdvSsif ta=umif;&Sd&rnf? ta=umif;&SdvSsif tusdK;ay:&rnf? Tum; avmu"gwf. tajccHw&m;rsm; jzpf.?Tum; bk&m;w&m;. tajccHrsm;jzpf.? pl;prf;qifjcifwwfonfhOm%f/ xGif;azmufEdkifonfhOm%f/ xufjrufaomOm%f/ eufeJaom Om%f/ tp&Sdaom Om%f trsdK;rsdK;wdk@jzifhurBm=uD;. tvHk;pHkudk/ tEkvHk/ y vHk &_qifjcifonfhtcg/ ta=umif;tusdK; t&if;cHw&m;ESpfyg;om xGufvmav.?

xdkta=umif;tusdK;ESpfyg;udk tajcjyKI bk&m;ocifonf urBmol urBmom;

54

5 45 45 45 45 4 tvif;tdrfr*✉✈✇①② ③④⑤⑥⑧⑨⑩ ③❶❷④①⑧❸⑩

wdk@tm;w&m;jycJ@.? xdkta=umif; tusdK;w&m; ESpfyg;t& avmu"gwf q&m=uD;rsm;/ya&m[dwf rsm;/ okcrdef taygif;wdk@onf urBmhynmt&yf&yf wdk@udk jzef@cJ@=uonfr[kwfwHkavm? oif.a&S@arSmufY&Sdaom pm;yGJ/ ukvm;xdkif/ em&D/ riftdk;/ uavmifwH/armfawmfum;/ av,mOfysH/ "gwfrD; a&'D,dk tp&Sdonf wdk@rSm onfavmu"gwf ynm.tpGrf;a=umifh yifjzpfcJ@jyD r[kwfavm?

odk@ EdkifiHa&;wGifvnf; ta=umif;tusdK; ESpfyg;udk trSDjyKI awG;rS/ =uHrS/ vkyfrS/udkifrS/ ajymrS/ qdkrS jzpfayrnf? atmifayrnf? Tum; u|efawmf ,lyHkqyHkjzpf.? t*Fvdyfvdktm;jzifh (ay:vpfwpf) qdkaom pum;onf t*Fvdyfpum; tppfr[kwf/ (ay:vpfwpf)qdkaom pum;rSm Oa&my wwdkufvHk; udkod.? (ay:vpfwpf) qdkaom pum;rSm acgrwdkif;ac:*&djynfrS pwifay:aygufvm.? acgrpum; (ydkvpfwD) qdkaom pum;rS qif;oufvm.?t"dyg,fum; vltrsm;pkaygif;tkyfcsKyfr_yifqdk.?

xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;qdkonfrSm vl@t0ef;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqH tkyfcsKyf&aomudpPyifjzpf.? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;udk (qdk&S,f qdkif;,ifhpf) aygif;oif;qufqHr_ avmu"gwfynm[k ,lq&ayrnf? xdkvlvlcsif; aygif;oif;qufqHr_rS ay:aygufaom jy\em t&yf&yfudk ta=umif;ESifh tusdK;w&m;udk trSDxm;I &SmazG pHkprf; ppfaq; ar;jref;/ a0zef cGJjcm;pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ yifjzpf.?TudpP udk tusOf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;0g'/wdkif; wEdkifiHvHk; ta&;[k,l=u.?

odk@aomf ,cktcg EdkifiHa&;. t"dyg,frSm wEdkifiH/ wwdkif;jynfavmuf udpPomr[kwfawmh/ wurBmvHk; udpPjzpfvm.? EdkifiHa&;ay: cgp acgra&mrwdkif;? xdktcgrsm;Yum;EdkifiHa&;onf (pDwD pwdwf) ac:aom jrdK@=uD;wpfjrdK@pmom&Sd.? xdk@aemuf us,fI us,fIvm&m tcktcgum; urBm ESifh t0ef; txdodk@yifjzpfavjyD? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;qdkIrdrdEdkifiHuav;wGifcsnf; xifovdkvkyfI rjzpfEdkifawmhacs? O'g[&k%fawG/ jy,k*f awG jyaezdk@rvdk &Sif+jyD[k ,lq.?

txufYaz: jycJ@aom EdkifiHa&;. oabmudk tus,f um zGifh&vSsif ukefEdkifzG,fr&Sd? odk@&mwGif ydkrdkxifjrif oabmaygufapjcif;iSm o&kyfxyfI aqmifjyOD;tHh?

EdkifiHa&;onf vlr_olr_udpP tm;vHk;yifjzpf.? vl[lI urBmwGif jzpfvmonfh tcgrSpI vl.twef;tpm;tavsmuf vlvdkae vlvdk0wf vlvdkpm; vlvdkaomuf vlvdkvkyfvm.?vlvdkvkyfcsifvm.? vlvdkvkyf&ef=udK;pm;vm.? txajrmufvm.? ydkrdkus,fajymvm.?vlESifhwd&p>mef uGJjym;r_rSm vlu xGifwwfonfhtpGrf;/ jrifwwfonfh t&nf&Sdjcif; yifjzpf.?xdkt&nftpGrf;rSm todOm%f yifjzpf.? xdkvl. todOm%fjzifh vl.vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udkaqmif&Guf&mY ydkrdkrsm;jym;&SKyfaxG;vmaomtcg EdkifiHa&;wnf;[laom vl@yifrw&m;ay:aygufvm.?

55

5 55 55 55 55 5 tvif;tdrfr*❹❺❻❼❽ ❾❿➀➁➂➃➄ ❾➅➆❿❼➂➇➄

Oyrm *%ef;ocsFmwGif taygif;tEkwf tajrSmuftpm;wwf/ tajrSmuftpm;ubHkoHk;udef;wdk@ bHknDudef;odk@ wqifhwuf/ Todk@ wufIwufIoGm;onfhtcg &dk;&dk; *%ef;rSqef;qef;/ qef;qef;rS &_yf&_yf jzpfvmouJ@odk@yif? xdktwdkif; tuQ&m ocsFm tp&Sdojzifhay:aygufvmouJ@odk@jzpf.? tajrSmuf/ tpm;onftaygif;/ tE_wfrS wqifhwufjcif;jzpfouJ@odk@ tajrSmufonf taygif;rsm;pGm vkyf&onfudk tvG,fenf; ydkrdkaumif;aomenf;jzpfouJ@odk@ tpm;onf tE_wfrsm;pGm vkyfae&onfhudpPudk jyKjyifouJ@odk@ vlr_udpPrsm;vnf;Armht,lt& ya'omyifacwfrS orRwrif;acwf/ tpdk;&ay:onfh acwfwnf;[laomEdkifiHa&;b0odk@ a&mufvmonf?

wjcm;q&mawG t,ltqrlum; vl&dkif;rS vl,Ofacwf a&mufvmonfhtcgEdkifiHa&; ay:vmonf[kqdk.?rnfodk@yifjzpfap wlaomtcsufum; vlr_olr_ udpPrsm;axGjym;eufeJ vmonfhtcg vlwOD;wnf; wtdrfaxmifwnf;/ wrsdK;wnf;/ wbmomwnf;/wEdkifiHwnf;qdkonfh udpPrsdK; r&SdawmhbJ wqifhxufwqifh wufvm.? xdkvlr_ tqifhtwef;rS EdkifiHa&;wnf;[laom yifray:vm.?

(2)ay:vmyHkum; vlawGu rsm;vGef;I jy\emawGu &SKyfvGef;I vlcsif;nSdvdk@

r&vGef;I wa,mufa,muf pnf;rJ@urf;rJ@ jzpfvmI tpdk;&ay:aygufvmonf? xdktpdk;&um;vlawGu toD;oD; ol@ae&mol olwdk@tm;vHk; tusdK;twGuf wifvdkufI jzpf&m.? vltrsm;u olwdk@twGuf ab;&efumuG,fay;Edkifygap/ tjiif;tcHkrsm; jzefajzay;Edkifygap/tpm; taomuf t0wftae rSefygap qdkI tpdk;&udk csD;ajrmuf=u./ 0dkif;0ef;=u.? ulnD=u.?ulnDyH kum; vdkorSsvkyfEd kifatmif tcGefay;=u.? tpdk;&pum;udk vdkufem=u.?tpdk;&uvnf; &onfhtcGefudk wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;twGuf jyefoHk;&.?

wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; aumif;usdK;twGuf trsm;vdkufem&ef Oya'awG xkwf/ Oya'remcHolawGudk txdkuftavsmuf pD&ifay;&.? trSefpifppfrSm jynfol@qENt& tkyfcsKyfr_[kac:aom 'Drdkua&pD qdkonfh EdkifiHa&;. t&if;cHoabmyifjzpf.? EdkifiHa&;. razgufrjyefrSefuefaom y&rwfw&m;jzpf.? odk@aomf eufeufeJeJ awG;&SLonfhtcg trSefrSm 'Drdkua&pD[lI r&SdvSao;?tpdk;&jzpfay:vmpOfuyif vlawGw&m; rapmifh EdkifIjzpf.? vlawGom w&m;apmifhEdkifvSsiftpdk;& &Sdawmhrnfr[kwf? Tum; Armhusrf;*efawGYyif &Sd.? vlawG w&m;rapmifhEdkifonfhta=umif;rSmvnf; avmbw&m;a=umifh jzpf.? avmbw&m; jzpfjcif;rSmvnf; yk*~vduypPnf;ay:vmojzifh igh[m/ ightdrf/ ighjcH pojzifh igwnf; [laom "ouUm,'dXd" t&if;cHonfhavmb/ xdkavmb a=umifhjzpfaom a'go/ xdkavmb/ a'gorD;wdkŒa=umifh arm[wnf;[laom rod rvdrRm rdkufrJr_ jzpfvm.?

56

5 65 65 65 65 6 tvif;tdrfr*➈➉➊➋➌ ➍➎➏➐➑➒➓ ➍➔→➎➋➑➣➓

xdktcg vlrsm;rSm tusdK;csif;rwlbJ jzpfvm.? rwlaom tusdK;a=umifh tcsif;jzpf&.? odk@jzpf&um; tusdK;cHpm;&aom vlwpkonf rdrdwdk@ tusdK;rysuf raysmufpdrf@aomiSm "udkif; rif;wdk@ igwdk@ onfvdkcsnf; wOD;udk wOD; wdkufcdkuf owfjzwf jiif;cHk vk,ufaevdk@ rjzpfbl;/ EdkifiHa&;xGif=updk@/ tpdk;&axmif=updk@/ olu igwdk@udktkyfcsKyfayawmh/ ol@udkigwdk@u b,fvdk ulnD=u" qdkI tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&Sdolrsm;u tusdK;cHpm;cGifh r&Sdolrsm;udkvSnfhpm;I olwdk@udk,fpm; tpdk;&awG bmawG ESifh at;at; csrf;csrf; pm;aygufxGif=uukef.?

"vSnfhpm;onf" qdkonfrSm tusdK;cHpm;&olrsm;udk,fwdkif uodjyD; vSnfhpm;jcif;r[kwf? olwdk@. avmbapwodwf . ajrmufyifhr_a=umifh trSefuawmh vlawGtcsif;rsm;wm[m igwdk@avmba=umifh/ igwdk@ouUm,'dXda=umifh bHkypPnf;udk yk*~vduypPonf;odk@ajymif;vJ r_a=umifhvdk@rodbJ/ arm[w&m; ESifh avmbw&m;tvdkudk vdkufjcif;yifjzpf.? tusdK;cHpm;cGifhenf;olrsm; rSmvnf; xdktcg qdk;&Gma;om tajctaeudk r&dyfrdao;I"at; ²²² aumif;om;yJ/ ESpfOD;ESpfbuf tusdK;yJ aumif;wmvkyf=uuGm? tpdk;& qdkwmaumif;om;yJ/ rif;wdk@igwdk@u wifvdkufwmyJ? ormorwf ESifholwdk@ =um;jzefvdrfŒra[h"[k a,mif0g;vdkuf=uukef.?

ArmpmwGifum; tpdk;&[lIom Ed kifiHa&;pum;&S d.? "tpdk;&qdkonfrSmq,ftdrfacgif;utp &Sifbk&if txdtkyfcsKyfolrsm;udkom od=u.?"tpdk;&onfjynfol@ud k,fpm;vS,fjynfol. qENt& jzpfonfqd kaomoabmrSm " =umavaysmufav"jzpfvm.? tpdk;&onf jynfolESifh tvSrf;uGmae.? vlwdk@pdwfwGif ol@t&dk;ESifhol@trsdK; rSjzpfEdkifonf[k xifrSwf=u.?

Tum;p-onfvlawGwkef;u em;vnfenf;rsdK;r[kwfawmh/ p-onfhu tpdk;&wdk@tusdK; cHpm;&aom twef;tpm;u rcHpm;&aom twef;tpm;udk olrodigrodvSnfhywfvdkufonfh tvdrfrSm aoaocsmcsm =unfhvSsifay:ayrnf? odk@aomfvnf;=uD;rm;vSaom arm[w&m;zHk;v$rf; aeolwdk@rSm tusdK;cHpm;&aom vlwef;pm;. tvGefodrfarG@aom (0g) udk,fusdK;vH_aqmfI ap@aqmfI olwdk@ udk,fwdkifvSnfhrSef;rod vSnfhvmaomenf;pHepfa=umifh tvdrfcH&rSef; rodEdkifawmh?

tusdK;cHpm;&onfh rif;olaX;ol=uG,f wdk@rSmvnf; "wdk@ukodkvfa=umifh"[kajymvm.? tusdK;rcHpm;&onfh olrsm;uvnf; "cifAsm;wdk@ ukodkvfa=umifh r[kwfbJ/cifAsm;wdk@ pDrHvmwJ@ pHepfa=umifh" [k rod=ubJ igwdk@uHa=umifh[k xifvm.?

ArmwGifum; tpdk;&qdkonfh EdkifiHa&;pum;om&Sdojzifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfhwdkif;oljynfom;rsm;rSm ta=umif;aocsmpGm rodyifrodvifhupm; tpdk;&qdkwm olwdk@r[kwf [kum;od=urnfyifjzpf.? t*Fvdyf tvdkwGifum; [dka&S;u t&if;cHoabmudkwu,fyJ vufpGJ&Sdao;ovdk "pwdwf" [kac:aom tpdk;&aum jynfoljynfom;awGygjzpf.?

57

5 75 75 75 75 7 tvif;tdrfr*↔↕➙➛➜ ➝➞➟➠➡➢➤ ➝➥➦➞➛➡➧➤

wdkif;[laom EdkifiHa&; pum;yif&Sday.? tjcm;t=uD;tus,f pum;awGvnf;&Sdao;.?odk@aomfvnf; "pwdwf" qdkwm EdkifiHa&; tbd"rRm q&m=uD;/ ta=umif;ESifh tusdK;,SOfwJ@bHk0g'q&m=uD; "um;vf rwf(pf)"tvdkt&um; tkyfcsKyf&onfh twef;tpm;ESifh tr_aqmiftzGJ@ygyJ? rxl;jcm;ay? acG;udk atmifeufuaejyD; armifpdef [kajymif;ac:ovdkyif?

Todk@vSsif vlawGay:vmjyD; vludpPawG axGvmawmh EdkifiHa&;qdkwm jzpfvm.?"pwdwf" EdkifiHa&; taqmufttHk=uD; jzpfvmawmh/ trSefrSmawmh/ wwef;pm;u wwef;pm;txdtkyfpdk;csKyfcs,fzdk@ pHepft&if;cH yifjzpfavonf? odk@yifjzpfvmaomfvnf; arm[awGzHk;v$rf;aewJ@ Tavmu=uD; rSm vlawG trsm;[m rjrifEdkifrodEdkifvGef;awmh "pwdwf" qdkwmudkyJ taumif;=uD;xifae=uw,f? xif=uawmh 'DpwdwfqdkwJ@ wefcdk;tm%mu&d,m=uD;udk ol@twef;tpm;vufu udk,fhtwef;tpm;vuf a&mufatmif udk,fhtwef;tpm;tusdK;twGuf vk,lvmvdkufwm,cktcgqdkvSsif wOD;u wOD;/ wwef;pm;uwwef;pm; ESdrf&HkwGifr[kwfbJ/ wwdkif;jynfu wwdkif;jynfESdrfvm.?

xdk@a=umifh ArmjynfrSmqdkvSsif tkyfpdk;=uwJ@ vlrsm;&J@ EdkifiHa&;u wrsdK;/ e,fcsJ@pepfqdkwmudk trSDjyKae.? tkyfpdk;cH&onfh ArmvlrsdK;awG twGuf EdkifiHa&;u wrsdK; vGwfvyfa&; tajccHxm;vsuf &Sdacs.? vGwfvyfa&;vdkcsifw,fqdkwmrSmvnf; ArmvlrsdK;awGiwfiwfjywfjywf ae&wm/ 00vifvifpm;csifvdk@ ukodkvfvkyfcsifvdk@yifjzpfavonf?

xdk@a=umifh Ed kifiHa&;wGif ol@tusdK;ol@tjrifESif h 0g'awG rdk;r$efaejcif;yif?wcsdK@uawmh 0g'qdkwm rvdkygbl;? Armjynf Armjyef&jyD;awmh tusdK;aqmif&GufvSsifjyD;wmyJ[kajym=u.? ajym=uwJ@vlawGudk,fwdkifu olwdk@ tusdK;olwdk@ tjrift& jzpfwJ@0g'udk a[mae rSef;vkyfaerSef; rod=uay? odvSsifvnf; vdrfjcif;yifjzpf.?0g'ta=umif; aemuftcef;wGifa&OD?;rnf?

(3)Tum; EdkifiHa&;. oabmudk ta=umif;ESifh tusdK;,SOfI awG;yHkyifjzpf.?

xdk@a=umifhyif Tenf; t&jzpfaom EdkifiHa&;tppfrSm wabmif penf;awG &Gwf&onfhEdkifiHa&;wkrsm;vdk rvG,fay?

wdkif;jynfaumif;pm;atmif tajymum;vG,f.? tvkyfum;cuf.? Oyrm"qif;&Jom;awG v,frJ@aew,f/ v,f&atmifvkyfay;r,f"qdkvSsif yxr ArmjynfrSmb,fESpfa,mufv,frJ@ aewmudk od&rnf? 'kwd, odoavmuf vlawGudk ay;p&m ajr&Sdr&Sd?&SdjyefvSsifvnf; b,fvdkvkyfI b,favmufpDa0& rnfudk od&rnf?

opfawmxGifIyJ ajr&atmifvkyfay;rvm;? cspfwD;awGvufuyJ twif;vkrvm;?vkygjyDwJ@ cspfwD;awG r&Sdvdk@ v,form;awG v,fpdkufzdk@ ysdK;Ekwfzdk@/ v,fp&dwfawG r&SdvSsifb,foluay;rvJ? v,fawG zGH@jzdK;atmif acwfopfenf;awGeJ@vkyfzdk@ b,folawGu

58

5 85 85 85 85 8 tvif;tdrfr*➨➩➫➭➯ ➲➳➵➸➺➻➼ ➲➽➾➳➭➺➚➼

oifay;rvJ? b,fvdk u&d,mrsdK;u ulrvJ? 0,frvm;? EdkifiHjcm;u v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;twwf uGsrf;usifwJ@olawG ac:,lrvm;?

onfvdkqdkvSsif aiGawG wufwufpifukefrnf? ukefvSsifb,fu&rvJ? wdkif;jynfu&wJ@ tcGefawmfu rsm;vGef;vdk@ ravmufbl;wJ@? b,fuacs;rvJ? ArmawGqDuvm;?EdkifiHjcm; tpdk;&awG ESifhr[mrdwfvkyfjyD; olwdk@qDu acs;rvm;? acs;w,fqdkvSsifyJtvum;&rnf r[kwf/ onfu olwdk@vdkcsifwJ@ pD;yGm;a&; EdkifiHa&; tcsuftvufawGay;&vdrf@rnf? TuJ@odk@ warSsmfwac: =uD;pOf;pm;&.? iSufaysmoD;pm;ovdk rvG,f?&k&Sm;jynfrSm olykef=uD;jyD;pu pufr_vufr_ vkyfief;awGudk udk,fydkifvkyfief;awG tjzpfr[kwfbJbHkvkyfief;tjzpf vkyfcsifaomfvnf; csufcsif;vkyf&ef t&if;tESD;r&Sd/ tjcm;ta=umif;rsm;&Sdojzifh EdkifiHjcm;u t&if; tESD;awG ac: jyD;vkyf=u&.? Tum;wu,fh EdkifiHa&;yifjzpf.?ta=umif;ESifh tusdK;rSefonfh EdkifiHa&;yifjzpf.? ezl;awGŒ'l;awG@ txnfudk,fj'yf ESifhEdkifiHa&;jzpf.? *gxmrEW,m;awG ref;vdk@&wJ@ EdkifiHa&;uawmhjzifh pmtkyfxJwGifom zwf&zl;.?

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59

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61

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62

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63

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Tenf;udk "avm*spf" ac:onfh omrn wuUaA' tvdkt&qdkvSsif "'D'yfwpf""tif'yfwpf" (2) enf;aygif;aom (qdkifudkvdk*spfZif) enf;[k ac:avonf? Oyrm -armifbonfvljzpf.? vlonfwae@ao&rnf? Tum; ('D'yfwpf) enf;[lvd k?armifbonfao.? armifconf ao.? tm;vHk;ao.? xdk@a=umifhvlqdkwm y¾ygwfaorsdK;udk 'gu (tif'yfwpf) enf; [lvdk?

odk@ayrJ@ onfenf;u wu,frap@pyf raocsm/ &kyfoabm emrfoabmy&rwfoabm aumif;aumif;ryg/ tajcrcdkif omrn or&dk;us jzpf.? wu,fh&mZ0ifoifenf;um; &kyfvuQ%m tajccHonfh tEky avmr enf;rS rSefavonf? Tum;EdkifiHa&; tbd"rRm q&m=uD; (um;vfrwf) . t,lwnf;? u|efawmfwdk@ (ociftbd"rRmq&m=uD;ocifpdk;) a&;wJ@ qdk&S,fvpf0g' pmtkyfudkvSefjyD; ol,SOfjywJ@ 0drkwœd &o usrf;rSaumufEkwf=unfh=uOD;pdk@?

(5)(1) tusdK;ESif h ta=umif;onf rpyfqdkif=uonfr[kwf/ pyfqdkif=uaom

oabmjzpfayonf? ta=umif;ESifh tusdK; pyfqdkifaom oabmtm;jzifh/ t0dZ…m/ ocFg&tp&Sdaomta=umif; tusdK;wdkŒonf ta=umif;tusdK; ESpfck=um; pyfjcif; oabmwckwnf;tm;jzifh jzpf. [laom {uwœ enf;onf4if;

(2)Todk@ t0dZ…m ocFg& paom ta=umif;tusdK; tjzpfjzifh pyfjcif;oabmwckwnf; jzpfaomfvnf; ta=umif;w&m;um; wrsdK;wck/ tjcm; tusdK;w&m;onfwrsdK;wck tjcm; t0dZ…monf ocFg&r[kwf/ ocFg&onf t0dZ…m r[kwf/ oabmvuQ%mtusdK;ay; rwl=uI toD;oD; w&m;oabmwrsdK;pDjzpf=uonf[laom emewœ enf;onf4if;

(3) xdkta=umif; tusdK;wdk@onf tcsif;csif; igum;ta=umif;jzpfrnf/ oifrlum;tusdK;jzpf&rnf? oifum;ta=umif;jzpfum igum;tusdK; jzpfygrnf[lI t0dZ…m ocFg& paomta=umif; tusdK;wdk@onf wckESifh wck awmif;yef wdkufwGef; apcdkif; Ed_;aqmf tcsdef;tcsufay;=ujcif; (ya,mZu-taZ…oe-ayoe-O\[mAsmyg&) r&Sd=u/ ta=umif;tm;avsmfpGm tusdK;jzpfonf? ta=umif;r&SdvSsif tusdK;vnf;rjzpf? ta=umif;csKyfvSsif tusdK;vnf;csKyf.? ta=umif;tusdK;vnf; tjcm;r&Sd? qufcgpyfcg tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef(y yuQ) jzpf=u. [laom tAsmyg& enf;onf4if;

(4) oHo&mpuf [lonf &kyfemrf oabmyifwnf;? avmuoHk;yg;vHk;YyifToHo&mpu f y pPorkyg'f [laom emrf &kyfrSwyg; w&m;oabmonf4if;/ owœ0g

64

6 46 46 46 46 4 tvif;tdrfr*☛☞✌✍✎ ✏✑✒✓✔✕✖ ✏✗✘✑✍✔✙✖

yk*~dKvfonf4if;/ ouf&SdoufrJ@onf4if; r&SdjyD? avmuoHk;yg;qdkonfrSmvnf; t&aumufvSsifemrf&kyf oavmjzpfaoma=umifh Ty pPorkyg'f yifwnf;? avmukwœ&m w&m;udk;yg;rSwyg;w&m;[lorSsonf y pPorkyg'f Y 0ifonfcsnf; jzpfaoma=umifh qdkcJ@jyD;aom t0dZ…m ocFg&paom ta=umif; tusdK;wdk@onf {uwœ enf;/ emewœenf;/ tAsmyg&enf; tm;jzifhjzpf=ujcif;onf TuJ@odk@jzpf&atmif befqif;rnfh owœ0g yk*~dKvf wpHkw&m 0wœK y pPorkyg'ftusdK;ta=umif;wdk@jzifh jyD;tyfaom ed,mr w&m;rSwyg; tjcm;r&SdjyDwum; [laom{0H"rRwm enf;4if; ('guwrsdK;)

aemufwenf;u rlv(oDqpf) y yuQ (tifwDoDqpf) orl[ (qdkifoDqpf)wdk@jzpf.? t"dyg,fum; &kyfydkif;Yaomf4if;/ pdwfydkif;Yaomf4if;/ wpHkwckaom oabmonf(rlv) tpjyKI jzpfay:vmonfESifh wjydKifeuf/ 4if;. qef@usifbufoabmjzpfaom(y yuQ) oabmonfvnf; ,kwfjcif;ay:vm.? tat;&SdvSsif tyl&Sd&rnf? tjzL&SdvSsiftrJ&Sd&rnf? ukodkvf&SdvSsif tukodkvf &Sd&rnf?

xGuf&yfvrf;ayguf=uaom 0dZ…m t&[wf wdk@rSm ukodkvfpdwfvnf; r&Sdawmh/tukodkvf pdwfvnf;r&Sd/ cdkifjrJaom orm"d w&m;aygufjyD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; aumif;r_ESif hawG@aom tcg4if;/ raumif;r_ ESif hawG@aom tcg4if; rwkefv_yfracsmufcsm;w&m;oabm twdkif; jrifEdkifxifEdkif ,lqEdkif.? avmb/ a'go/ rme/ 'dXd tvHk;pHkuif;.?Todk@ ukodkvfpdwf/ tukodkvfpdwf csKyf+idrf;I wqifhwufaom edAŠmefodk@ wufvSrf;jcif;onforl[(aygif;pyfjcif;) 0g y yuQeda,m" (qef@usifbufwdk@ csKyf+idrf;jcif;) yifjzpf.? tjcm;enf;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;.?

(1) &kyf0wœK/ emrf0wœK wdk;yGm;ojzifh &kyfvuQ%m emrfvuQ%m oabmvnf;ajymif;vGJjcif;enf;

(2) qef@usifbufusonfh &kyf0wœK emrf0wœKwdkŒ a&maESm ,SufaxG;umyl;aygif;pyf,Sufenf;?

(3) y yuQ eda&m"enf;?yxrenf;? ? &kyf0wœK emrf0wœK wdk@ wdk;yGm;ojzifh &kyfvuQ%m emrfvuQ%m o

abmrsm;vnf; ajymif;vnf; oGm;onfh oabmudk jyqdk&m Y yxr uvv a&=unf tEkjrLuvyfonf tEkjrL uvyfomwnf;? xdk@aemuf oHk;q,fESpf aumXm\ "gwftpkta0;wdk@wdk;yGm;pkyHkvmojzifh uvv a&=unf tEkjrL b0onfuG,faysmufI uav;wnf; [laom&kyfvuQ%m emrfvuQ%m opfrsm; ay:aygufvmjyD a=umif;udk jyonf? OyrmwrsdK;ay;&vSsifarmifb i,fpOfu 0wfaom t0wfudk uav;b0jzpfaom armifbrS vl=uD;b0jzpfaomarmifb 0wfI r&? xdktcg arifb t0wftpm;/ armifb udk,fum, touft&G,f=uD;xGm;vmonfh tavsmuf t0wftpm; tae tcsdK;tpm; toGifajymif;vJvm&onf?

65

6 56 56 56 56 5 tvif;tdrfr*✚✛✜✢✣ ✤✥✦✧★✩✪ ✤✫✬✥✢★✭✪

'kwd,enf;? ? qefŒusifbufusonfh &kyfemrf 0wœKwdk@ a&maESmum yl;aygif;pyf,Suf=ujcif; oabmudk jyqdk&mY wOD;ESifhwOD; qef@usifbufusonfh tzdkESifhtr/ uvvtEkjrLuvyfwdk@ aygif;pyfxm;tyfonfh ADZ y oaE< udkqdkvdkonf? Oyrm wrsdK;jy&vSsifvSsyfppf"gwf=udK;wGif tzdk"gwf tr"gwf ESpfrsdK;&Sd.? xdkESpfckaygif;I vSsyfppf jzpfavonf?xdk@a=umifh"gwfwdkifrsm;wGif "gwf=udK; ESpf=udK; &Sdwwfonf? xdk"gwf=udK; ESpf=udK;teufw=udK;udkom udkifrdvSsif raoEdkif/ ESpf=udK;vHk; udkifrdvSsifum; aoEdkif.?

wwd,enf;? ? y yuQ eda&m" enf;udk jy&m Y (rlv) wnf;[laom uvva&=unftEkjrLpkudk uav;wnf;[laom &kyfemrfpku y,fzsufvdkuf.? uav;b0 (0g)y yuQoabmonf wjznf;jznf; =uD;jyif;vmonfhtcg vl[laom a0g[m& emrfyk'fudkaqmifvmjyefojzifh uav;wnf;[laom a0g[m& emrfyk'fonf aysmuf uG,fjyef.?xdk@a=umifhyxr uvv a&=unfudk y yuQjyKcJ@aom uav;onf rdrd. b0udkcsKyfjidrf;aprnfhvl (0g) y yuQeda&m" wnf;[laom a0g[m& emrfyk'fonf wbefay:vm&jyef.?Tum; tEky avmr w&m;udk o&kyfaz: jyjcif; jzpf.? oabmaygufEdkiforSsayguf&eftbefbefoHk;oyfav? urBm avmu"gwf wckvHk; jrifjriforSs &kyfemrf cE<m ajymif;vJr_wdk@rSmTw&m;rS rvGwfEdkif? txufygwdk@um; ²²²² avmukwœ&m pum;rsm;ESifh avmukwœ&mudkOyrmrSDI jyqdkxm;ojzifh rdk;nSif;w&m; a[maeonf[k rrSwftyf? &mZ0iftajymif;tvGJ/Ed ki fiHa&;tajymif;tvGJ / acwftajymif;tvGJwd k@rSmvnf; Tenf;oabmtwdkif;&mZ0ifa=umif;wavSsmuf &kyfemrfcE<m tjyeftvSef pyf,Sufr_/ abmufjyef r_aygif;pyfr_wdk@t& jzpf&ayonf?

EdkifiHa&; tbd"rRm q&m=uD; (um;vf rwf) onfT &kyfvuQ%m tajccHaomtEky avmu w&m;t& &mZ0ifudk =unfh&_onfh tcgtrsdK;av;yg; (0g) vlwef;pm;tcsif;csif; y yuQ jzpfyGm; =uonfudk &mZifwavsHm xifjrif&ayrnf [kqdk.? TuJ@odk@vlwef;pm; tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef y yuQ jzpfjcif;rSmwqifhxufwqifh wrsdK;jyD;wrsdK;ajymif;vGJvmayonf? Oyrm yxracwfwGif rif;rsdK;=uD;pdk;vSsif olaX;rsdK;onf y yuQ jyKI'kwd,acwf wGif =uD;pdk;vm.?xdktcg olaX;rsdK;. =uD;pdk;r_ t&m rcHEdkifaom qif;&Jom;trsdK;onf xdkolaX;rsdK;udk jyefI y yuQ jyKI (0g) y yuQ eda,m"jzpfapI wwd,acwfwGif=uD;pdk;vm.? ponfjzifh toGif trsdK;tpm;ajymif; aomfvnf; tajccHoabmrSm ,ckvuf&Sdvl@ pHepf=uD;wGif rif;ESifholaX;? olaX;ESifh qif;&Jom; tp&Sdojzifh tcsif; rsm;vmonfudkom&mZ0if a=umif; wavsmufudk =unfhvSsif awG@&ayonf?

xdkuJ@odk@ jzpfonfrSm tb,fha=umifhenf;? rlvw&m;wnf;[laom pD;yGm;a&;pHepf tajccH a=umifhjzpf.? pD;yGm;jzpfonfh enf;ajymif;vSsif pD;yGm;a&; pHepfvnf; ajymif;.?pD;yGm;a&; pHepfajymif;vSsif vlr_qufqHa&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ &mZ0iftqifhtwef;yg ajymif;vmay.?

66

6 66 66 66 66 6 tvif;tdrfr*✮✯✰✱✲ ✳✴✵✶✷✸✹ ✳✺✻✴✱✷✼✹

Todk@vSsif wckESifhwck tnrn ypPnf; qufoG,fae.? Todk@ EdkifiHa&; tbd"rRmq&m=uD; (um;vfrwf) u jrif.?xif.?

[ö ...... xdkpum;oifhpG?ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap?

ocifatmifqef;('*Hkr*~Zif;/ azazmf0g&D/ 1940)

67

6 76 76 76 76 7 tvif;tdrfr*✽✾✿❀❁ ❂❃❄❅❆❇❈ ❂❉❊❃❀❆❋❈

1938 ck atmufwdkbmvwGif wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;odk@ ociftjzpf pm&if;oGif;cJ@.?Oya'wef;Y pcef; ukefoif&ef udpP udkvnf;aumif;/ u|Efkyf. a&SŒtvm;tvmrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ wpfygwnf; tjyD;owf pGef@v$wf vdkufum u|efkyfonf =o*kwfv twGif;

ArmhvGwfvyfa&; ta&;awmfyHk

ocifatmifqef;

68

6 86 86 86 86 8 tvif;tdrfr*●❍■❏❑ ▲▼◆❖P◗❘ ▲❙❚▼❏P❯❘

ESpf0uf ausmif;ydwf&uf &onfhtcgrS pI wuUodkvf ausmif;awmf}uD;rS xGufcJ@.?Oa&mywdkufwGif jrL;epfta&; ay:aygufvmjcif;onfyif 'kwd, urBmppf}uD;

rvGJjzpf&rnfh ta&;udk u|efkyf. todOm%ftwGif; vif;ceJ ay:apawmh. ? xdk@xufapmpGmuyif 1939 - 40 ck avmufY urBmppf jzpfrnfh ta&;udk u|Ekfyfwdk@ wpfpk wGufqjyD;jzpf.? xdktcsdefavmufwGif vufeuf jznfhwif;a&;udpPrsm; onf edkifiH}uD;rsm;Y vHk;0 jyD;pD;rnfjzpfaoma}umifhvnf; urBm ESifh tr# ppfrD;avmifu|rf;csdefwGif wdkŒArmrsm; rnfodk@ajcvSrf;vSrf;}urnfudk u|efkyfwdk@ vlpk rawG;bJ rajymbJ raeedkifjyD? ajymqdk aqG;aEG;}u. ?

odk@aomf xdktcgu urBmppf}uD; jzpfawmhrnfudk wGufqrd&Hkom wGufqrdI{ueftwdtusum; ajymqdk EdkifcJ@onf r[kwfaomfvnf; jrL;epfjrdKŒ Y t*Fvdyf eef;&if;0efcsdefbmvdefonf rdrdEdkifiHawmf}uD; . *k%foduQmudkrsS riJ@raxmuf Edkif&SmawmhbJ [m&f-[pfwvm ausat; ESpfodrfha&; twGuf OD;ESdrfhonfh tcgwGifum; urBmppf}uD; wHcg;rYqdkufa&mufaejyD jzpfa}umif;udk onf;xdwf&ifzdk od&Sd&avawmh.?

urBmppf trSef jzpfacsawmhrnf? Armhtajcum; todk@enf;? ArmawG bmvkyf}urnfenf;/? Tjy\emrsm;um; u|ekfyfa&SŒwGif tvsdKvsdK woD}uD; ay:vmavawmh. ?wpfckwnf;aom t"dÏmefudk &kwfjcnf; u|efkyfjyKvdkuf. ? "ightwGuf jzpfvdk&m jzpfapawmh? EdkifiHa&; *,uf0JtwGif;odk@ ajcpHkypfI ZGwfqif;umig. EdkifiH vGwfvyfa&; twGuf raerem; pGef@pm; vHk;yrf;awmhtHh" ?

Tt"dÏmefudk oefoef}uD; jyKvdkufrdawmh.? rnfolonf Todk@ tcgaumif;/tcGifhxl; a&$vrf;}uD; jzL;aeonfh tcdkufrsdK;wGif udk,fhEd kifiHtwGuf pGef@pm;a&;udkvufvGwfcHEdkifcsdrfhrnf enf;? [d opPH xkdpum; rSef. ? u|ekfyftwGuf rSefvS. ? u|ekfyfvufvGwf rcH? pGrf;tm;&S doavmuf udk,fhvlrsdK; }uHKawGŒae&aom }urRmqdk;udkuajymif;ujyef arSmufvSefxkawG/ tjrpfyg EkwfI acsawmhtHh? ocif tpnf;t&Hk;rS wpfqifhEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&; wdkuf&ef wdkufyGJwGif;odk@ u|ekfyf pwif oufqif;rd cJ@avonf?

u|ekfyf ocifb0 twGif; qif;rdonf ESifh wjydKifeuf oydwfarSmufr_/ pDwef;vrf;avsmuf tiftm;jyr_/ awmfvSefa&; 'Dvd_if; wHydk;wdk@onf wpfEdkifiHvHk; zHk;v$rf;oGm;cJ@avonf? jAdwdosS tpdk;&uvnf; x}uGr_rsm;udk iJ@nmjcif; r&Sd/ jyif;xefpGm wefjyefwdkufavawmh.? u|ekfyf ESifhwuG }uH&myg azmfwpfoif;onf ( u|ekfyfwdk@udk zrf;csKyfvdkufonfht*Fvdyf ykvdyfrif;}uD; pum;twdkif; oHk;&u ) "tpdk;& tzGJŒudk tifESifh tm;ESifh awmfvSefvkyf}uHr_" jzifh tppftaq; r&Sd/ &efukefaxmifwGif; twef}umrsS tusOf;csxm;jcif;cHvdkuf}u&.?

trSefrSmvnf; xdkawmfvSefr_rsm;wGif u|ekfyf. tenf;i,frsSaom vuf&monfygonf rSef.? ajymjyavmufaom vuf&mum; r[kwfvSyg? Tta&;rsm;onf t&Sdef,laejyD

69

6 96 96 96 96 9 tvif;tdrfr*❱❲❳❨❩ ❬❭❪❫❴❵❛ ❬❜❝❭❨❴❞❛

jzpfaom urBmppf}uD;udk ta}umif;jyKI ay:vm&rnfh ra0;vSawmhaom Armh vGwfvyfa&;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; r[m tcg}uD;rsm; twGuf ed'gef;uav;r#om jzpfa}umif;udk aumif;aumif;}uD; xifjrifrdawmh.?

Oa&myppfu|ekfyf xifouJ@odk@yif trSefyif ppfjzpf&awmh.? 1939 ck / pufwifbm 3

&ufae@wGif Oa&myppf pwif wdkufavonf ? ( u|efkyf. trSwftom; rrSm;ygu )ppfra}unmrD ( 2 ) &ufuyif wdk@Arm tpnf;t&Hk; jynfvHk;qdkif&m tvkyftr_aqmif tzGJŒ.txl; tpnf;ta0;udk usif;yum ygwDra&G; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk cspfol tm;vHk; yg0ifIwdk@Arm tpnf;t&Hk;ESifh a'gufwm barmf. qif;&Jom; tpnf;t&Hk;udk tajcxm;vsufArmhvGwfvyfa&; *dk%f;wpfck wnfaxmif&efudk qHk;jzwfcJ@}uavonf? trSef ay:aygufvmawmhrnf jzpfaom urBmppfudk }udKwifI qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfvdkuf}ujcif; jzpf.? TqHk;jzwfcsuf twdkif;yif Armh xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD;udkvnf; zGJ@pnf;rdavonf? xdk*dk%f;}uD; jyef@yGm;r_twGuf tenf;i,frsS om pDrH&pOfrSmyif jAdwdosS tpkd;&onf EdkifiH teSHŒ zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifr_rsm;udk pwifjyKvkyfvdkuf&um; tzrf;cH&ol rsm;xJwGift&ma&mufaom xGuf&yf*dk%f; acgif;aqmifrsm; tm;vHk;avmuf yg0ifoGm;avawmhonf?

u|ekfyfum; wpfa,mufwnf; vGwfusef&pfonf? u|ekfyftm; trSef zrf;rnfhta&;rSmvnf; vsdKŒ0Sufxm;csufyif qdkaomf vnf; trsm;odjyD; jzpfavjyD? u|ekfyf rSmvnf;xdktcgu tdENd, EdkifiHwGif &rf*g uGef*&uf tpnf;ta0; wufa&mufI *END/ *s0g[mvfvmae&l;/ qlbwfpf bkd@pf tp&Sdaom uGef*&uf acgif;aqmif rsm;ESifh awGŒqHkjyD; ArmEdkifiHodk@jyefa&mufp jzpf.?

tdENd, edkifiHwGif u|ekfyfwdk@ oGm;vm&mwdk@Y aemufu tpdk;& pHkaxmufrsm;ZGJaumif;aumif;ESifh vdkufaea}umif; odcJ@.? ArmEdkifiHodk@ u|efkyf jyefa&mufonf qdkvsifyifu|ekfyf wdk@ tdENd, wGif vkyfudkifcJ@orsS udpPrsm; ESifh ywfoufaom tpD&ifcHpm wdk@udk pD&ifpkwdkif;&Sd t&m&Sd}uD;rsm; xH a0iS ay;ydk@xm;a}umif; od&Sd&.? ocif tpnf;t&Hk;udk rw&m;tpnf;t&Hk; tjzpf a}unmvdrfhrnf [laom owif;rSmvnf; jyef@vsuf &Sdavonf?

ay:aygufvsuf &Sdaom tajctae tm;vHk;udk jcHKI xifjrifatmif qifjcif}unfhjyD;aemuf ay:ay: xifxif raebJ cyfvsdK;vsdK;aejcif;om aumif;rnf[k awG;awmrdonfhtavsmuf }uHKvm&rnfh ta&; [loa&GŒ udk &ifqdkif&ef toifh pDpOf &avonf? odk@aomfpDpOf oifhoa&GŒudk tjyD;tpD; rpDpOf&ao;rD u|efkyf. &Jabmf tm;vHk;avmufyif axmifwGif;a&mufukef}uavjyD?

ajc&maysmufvsdK;I ae&efudk avmavmq,f u|ekfyf pDrH&awmh.? ajc&mazsmufrdjyD; r}umrDyif u|ekfyftm; zrf;qD;&ef 0&rf;xGufI vmavawmhonf? qHjcnf

70

7 07 07 07 07 0 tvif;tdrfr*❡❢❣❤✐ ❥❦❧♠♥♦♣ ❥qr❦❤♥s♣

wpfvHk;}um; vGwfajrmufoGm;&jcif;wnf;? Todk@om rvGwfajrmufygu urBmppf}uD;wm&SnfoavmufrsSom rurlbJ urBmhta&SŒydkif;wGif t*Fvdyftajc aocsm wnfjrJonfhtcsdefxd u|ekfyf. b0udk tusOf;axmifwGif jrKyfESHjcif; jyK&awmhrnf jzpf&um; tvkyfr&Sdtcsdeftm;onf ESifhtrsS ta&;rygonfh a'goudk rsdKodyfumom bmudkrsS vkyfEdkifrnfr[kwfaom b0odk@ a&muf&awmhrnf trSef?

Tae&mwGif }um;jzwfI pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tjzpftysufuav;udk csKyfI }um;jzwfajym&OD;rnf jzpf.? u|ekfyf awmfvSefa&; orm; wpfa,muf tjzpf a&Smifwdrf; rae&cif&efukef wuUodkvf or*~rS wuUodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJ@0if vl}uD;wpfOD; tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrSmufcJ@.? tpnf;ta0; wpf}udrfrsSom wufa&muf EdkifcJ@.? xdktcsdefrSmyifjyifopfEdkifiH}uD; rvGJ jydKtuf ysufjym;rnfh t&dyfedrdwfwdk@onf xif&Sm; vmavonf? jyifopforRw OuUÏ trfa&e'f onf &kpbJvfxHodk@ aemufqHk; toem;cHvdkufaom tcgwnf;?

xdktcg ArmEdkifiH ynmrif;}uD; jzpfaom at/ uif;bJvfonf wuUodkvftkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJŒ0if yk*~dKvf wpfOD; jzpfcJ@.? tkyfcsKyfa&; tzJGŒ. tpnf;ta0; tjyD;wGifuif;bJvfonf u|Ekfyftm; ol@um;ESifh wifac:cJ@. ? t*Fvdyf t&ef pm&if;0if AdkvfrSL;av;( ar*sm ) wpfa,muf jzpf&Hkomru tvGefxufvSonf [k xif&Sm;aom uif;bJvfvdkvlrsdK;wpfa,muf u u|efkyftm; Todk@ um;ESifh wifac: jcif;rS tvGef xl;jcm;vmavonf?u|ekfyf uJ@odk@aom oHr%d jAdwdosS qef@usifa&; orm; wpfa,mufudk ,ck ppf}uD;wGift*Fvdyftm; ulnDygrnfh ta}umif; oem;pzG,f wkef&Daom toHjzifh awmif;yefjcif;yifjzpfavonf? u|efkyfu olawmif;yefouJ@odk@ rvkyfEdkifojzifh 0rf;enf;a}umif; ESifh pum;csDumt*Fvdyf "e&Sifpepfudk jzdKzsuf&efom u|ekfyf vkyf&vdrfhrnfh ta}umif;udk jyefajymvdkuf&.?

ta&SŒodk@ta&;awmfyHkudk quf&rnf qdkaomf u|EfkyfwdkŒ axmif tjyifbufwGif usef&pfol

wpfpkrSm pka0; pnf;&Hk;I vufeufpGJudkif um awmfvSefa&; jy\emudk aqG;aEG;rd}uawmhonf?u|ekfyfwdk@wGif vufeufvnf; r&Sd? b,fodk@ vufeuf&atmif &Sm&rnfenf;? T jy\emonfay:aygufvm&awmh.? aemufwpfv/ eSpfv tcgu u|ekfyfwdk@onf 0if&dk;wef; olvsdKwpfa,mufESifhawGŒqHkrdojzifh EdkifiHwGif;rS aeI tkyfcsKyfa&; zsufqD;r_rsm;udk tESHŒtjym; jyKvkyf}u&efpDpOfcJ@}uao;.? odk@aomf xdktpDtpOfrsm; twkdif; aqmif&Guf Edkifjcif; r&SdcJ@acs?xdktwGif;rSmyif u|efkyfwdk@. tquftoG,frSm aeSmifh,Sufr_rsm;a}umifh ysufjym; oGm;&avonf? aemufwpfzef tquftoG,f &atmif }uH}uygao;. ? qufoG,fa&; wm0efusaom &JabmftcsdKŒ tzrf;cH&jyefojzifh aemufxyf wpfzef tquftoG,f&&efta&;onfvnf; ysufjym; &jyefavonf?

71

7 17 17 17 17 1 tvif;tdrfr*t✉✈✇① ②③④⑤⑥⑧⑨ ②⑩❶③✇⑥❷⑨

Arm - a&mf*sm au;pf wpfa,muf ay:aygufvmrS jzpfrnf[k u|efkyfwdk@ tm;vHk;oabmudkufnD}u.? usGefkyf. udk,fESifh toufudkyif Arm - a&mf*smau;pf tjzpf ,l&efEdkifiHtwGuf pGef@vSL vdkuf.?

xdk@a}umifh 1940 ckESpf =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@/ *smreD avwyf}uD;u &mZ0ifwGifr}uHKzl;aom ava}umif; ppfyGJ}uD; qifEGJum vef'efjrdKŒ }uD;udk wdkufaomae@/ xdkae@wGifyifu|efkyfonf Arm EdkifiHawmfudk w&kwf oabmFom; rsm; pDrHcef@cGJ armif;ESifonfh aemfa0ydkifoabmFay:wGif wdwfwqdwf ykef;atmif; xGufcGm vdkufyg oGm;&avawmhonf?

,cktcg wyfaygif; AdkvfwpfOD; jzpfaejyD jzpfaom &Jabmf wpfOD;vnf; u|efkyfwdk@ESifhtwl ulnDazmf tjzpf ygcJ@.? u|Efkyf. c&D;qHk; XmerSm trdGKifjrdKŒ jzpfI xdkjrdKŒrS aeI u|Ekfyf.vkyfaqmifp&m &Sdonfh udpPtrsm;udk cef@cGJ pDrH &rnf jzpf.? u|Ekfyf tjzpfum; oef;acgif vuG,f awmtkyf tv,fY a&mufolyrm &Sdaeawmhonf?u|Ekfyf oGm;&rnfh ae&mESifh ywfoufI u|Efkyf bmwpfckrsS rod? aqGvnf; r&Sd/ rsdK;vnf;r&Sd/? urBmh ta&SŒydkif;om; onf ta&SŒydkif; ta}umif; twkta,mifrsS avmufom od.?odorsSvnf; ra&&mvS/ qdk;&Gm;avpG ?

wuUodkvf ausmif;wdkufY wuUodkvf or*~ tdk;a0 r*~Zif; pmwnf; tjzpfvkyfudkifaepOf OD;OwWr udk,fawmf}uD;. a[majymcsufrsm;udk em}um;&.? xdktcg todOm%fwpfckonf u|Efkyf OD;aESmufwGif yGifhvif;vm. ? xdk@a}umifh or*~ a}unmcsuf wGifvnf;aumif;/ tdk;a0 r*~Zif; wGif vnf;aumif;/ Ed kifiHawmf ynmoifrsm; tm;taemufEdkifiHodk@ v$wf&dk; v$wfpOf twdkif; rvGwfbJ ta&SŒtm&S *syef EdkifiHodk@ omvGwfoifha}umif; / ta&SŒudk a&S;&SK oifh}ujyD jzpfa}umif; a&;om;cJ@zl;. ? ArmEdkifiHvHk; tESHŒoydwfarSmufr_rsm; ay:aygufvmjyD;aemuf xdktcg 0ef}uD; csKyftzGJŒu ynmawmfoifrsm;udk*syefodk@ v$wfp jyKcJ@avonf?

u|efkyf ocifjzpfvmonfh tcgwGif u|Efkyfwdk@ ,ae@wdkif vrf;vGJvdkufvsuf&Sd}uonfudk xifjrifvm.? tm&S EdkifiHa&; oabmrsm;udk ESHŒpyfacsmufcsm;atmif &SmazGqnf;yl;oifh ygvsuf u|Ekfyfwdk@. tzdk;xdkufvSaom tcsdefrsm;udk rqDrqdkifvSaomtaemufEdkifiH ta&;rsm;udk avhvm&jcif;jzifh jzKef;cJ@}urdonhf trSm;um; }uD;vS.? u|EkfyfwuUodkvfwGif ynmqnf;yl;pOfu EdkifiHordkif;udk bmomwpf&yf tjzpf ,lcJ@rd.?xdkordkif;rSmvnf; taemufydkif; ordkif;omwnf;?

u|Efkyfwdk@ . udk,fykdif tarG jzpfaom tvGefa&S;uscJ@onfh ,Ofaus;r_}uD;rsm;aygufzGm; wnfxGef;&m w&kwfEdkifiH}uD;ESifh acwfopfEdkifiH}uD; jzpfaom *syefpaomta&SŒEdkifiHrsm;. ta}umif; udkum; 0dk;0g; raorcsm rsSom odcJ@&.? r[m ta&SŒtm&Sta}umif; txl;ojzifh edyGef ordkif;udk avhvm&ef pdwfydkif;jzwfrdcsufrSm txl; aESmif;

72

7 27 27 27 27 2 tvif;tdrfr*❸❹❺❻❼ ❽❾❿➀➁➂➃ ❽➄➅❾❻➁➆➃

oGm;avonf? pmtkyfqdkifrsm; &Sd pmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; t*Fvdyf - tar&duef 0g'jzef@pmtkyfrsm;om jzpf. ? *syefonf t*Fvdyftm; wdkuf&rnf [laom pmtkyfwpftkyfomvsifu|Ekfyf pdwf}udKufESifh wdkufqdkif rdonf? xdk pmtkyf zwfjyD;onfu pI Armh vGwfvyfa&;onfta&SŒbufwGifom &Sd.? ta&SŒ&Sd edyGef wdk@ESifh om &Sd. [laom tcsufudk u|Ekfyf rsm;pGm,Hk}unf ESvHk;oGif; rdcJ@awmh.?

wuUodkvfwGif &SdpOf uvnf; ( acwfopf *syef. wpfp wpfp wdk;wufr_ )(acwfopf *syef ) ( *syef EdkifiHjzpf ) ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&; qdkif&m toif;rS ( 3 ) v wpf}udrfxkwfa0onfh ( acwfjydKif *syef )ac: *sme,f paom pmtkyfrsm;avmufudkom zwfcJ@&. ?xdk@a}umifhyif u|Ekfyf ta&SŒodk@ xGufvmonfh ta&;rSm tarSmifwdkufwGif oufqif;onfESifhwlvS. [k u|Ekfyf qdk.? vli,fwdk@. w&SL;xdk; ( wHk;wdkuf usm;udkuf ) pdwf. vH_Œaqmfr_a}umifhom xGufcJ@rdjcif; jzpfownf;?

tvkyftpDtpOf [lI twdtus bmrsS &Sdonf r[kwfacs? u|Efkyf. ajrmfjrifwo-orsS Om%f jzifhom }uHK&rnfh ta&; [loa&GŒudk pDrHtkyfpD;&ef u|Efkyf. &Jabmfrsm;utm%mukef vGJtyfvdkufjcif; jzpfavonf? tb,fodk@yif jzpfap igonf tu,fIaooGm;onfhwkdifatmif jrwfaom aojcif;/ EdkifiH twGuf aojcif;om jzpfonf [kudk,fhudk,fudk,f ESpfodrfh &awmh.? 1940 ckESpf =o*kwfv ( 24 ) &ufae@wGif trdGKif+rdKŒodk@a&mufcJ@avonf?

edyGef EdkifiHwGiftrdGKifjrdKŒ Y ( 2 ) v}umr# apmifhqdkif; jyD;aemuf edyGef Adkvfr_;uav; wpfOD;

u|Ekfyfwdk@tm; tac:v$wfum ArmEdkifiH&Sd u|Efkyfwdk@. &Jabmfrsm;u ydk@vdkufaom u|Ekfyfwdk@."gwfyHkrsm;udk jyovsuf wkdif0rfu|ef;&Sd rpPwm rDemrD qdkolESifh awGŒ }uHKvdkpdwf &Sdr&Sdar;avonf? awGŒ&rnf qdku txl;0rf;ajrmufonfh ta}umif; ajymjyonfudk ta}umif;jyKI u|Efkyfwdk@ wdkusdKjrdKŒawmf odk@ 1940 ck Edk0ifbmv ( 12 ) &ufae@wGif a&mufoGm;avawmhonf?

[ - ae'g av,mOfysHuGif;wGif Adkvfrdk;}udK; ( 0g ) rpPwm rDemrDonf u|Efkyfwdk@tm;olŒvufaxmuf wpfOD;ESifh twl vma&muf }udKqdkvsuf &Sdavonf? ume,f plZluD; ESifhtwl u|Efkyf wdk@onf wdkusdKjrdKŒawmfY ( 3 ) v}umrsS tvkyftpDtpOfrsm;udk vkyfudkif pDpOfjyD;aemuf *syef oabmFwpfpif;jzifh ArmEdkifiHodk@ jyefcJ@I u|Efkyfwdk@ . vkyfp&m vkyfief;rsm;udkod&SdapcJ@&. ?

&efukefjrdKŒodk@ 1941 ck/ rwfv ( 3 ) &ufwGif a&mufI rwfv ( 9 ) &ufae@txdae. ? ppfynm oif}um;&ef twGuf yxr EdkifiHcspf vkvif wpfpk udk usGEfkyf ESifh wpfygwnf;ac:aqmifcJ@um wdkusdKjrdKŒodk@ oabmFjzifh jyefvmcJ@.? rwfv ( 27 )&ufae@wGif wdkusdK

73

7 37 37 37 37 3 tvif;tdrfr*➇➈➉➊➋ ➌➍➎➏➐➑➒ ➌➓➔➍➊➐→➒

jrdKŒodk@ a&mufcJ@onf? ( 10 ) &ufcef@rsS wdkusdKwGif aejyD;aemuf ppftwwf oif}um;&ef[dkifeefu|ef; odk@ u|Efkyfwdk@ wpfpk xGufcJ@}uavonf? ZlvdkifvavmufwGif ArmEdkifiHwGif;odk@ vufeufrsm; ydk@aqmifa&;udk rpPwm plZluD; ESifh twl aqmif&Guf&ef u|Efkyf [dkifeefrS,dk;',m;odk@ xGufcJ@avonf? odk@aomf tif'dkcsdKif;em;udk twl yl;aygif; umuG,fa&;pmcsKyfwpfck edyGef ESifh jyifopfwdk@ csKyfqdkjyD; onfh tcgwGifum; EdkifiHcsif; qufoG,fa&;onftawmfyif ysufjym; qdk;&Gm; vmav&um; u|EfkyfrSm aemufydwfqHk; tpDtpOf rsm;udktjyD;owf pDpOf aqG;aEG; jyKvkyf&ef [dkifeefodk@ jyefcJ@&.? xkdrSwpfzef wdkusdKjrdKŒodkŒoGm;&jyefavonf? atmufwdkbmv twGif;Y wpfzef befaumufodk@ xGufcJ@&jyef. ?odk@aomf ta&SŒtm&S ppfra}unmrD ( 2 ) &ufavmufwGif qdkif*Gef;jrdKŒodkŒ jyefajy;cJ@&. ?ppfa}unmjyD;aemuf ,dk;',m;ae Armrsm;ESifhyif ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf zGJ@pnf;&eftwGuf befaumuf odk@ jyefoGm;&.?

ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfArmh vGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfonf ppfa}umif; oHk;a}umif; jzef@um ArmEdkifiHwGif;

odk@ 0ifcJ@.? ( weomF&D e,frS 0ifonf )? ajrmufbufY rJaqmufjrdKŒrS vnf;aumif;/wyfr}uD;onf jrpfomrS vnf;aumif;/ 0dwdk&d, tilrSvnf;aumif; 0ifa&mufcJ@}u.?ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfonf &efolŒoHcsyfum um;rsm;ESifhyif yJcl;teD;Y wdkuf}u&.?jrdwfjrdKŒudk odfrf;cJ@. ? xm;0,f odrf;&ef edyGefwdk@tm; wGJzuf ulnDay;cJ@. ? [oFmwwGifvnf;aumif;/ zsmyHkwGif vnf;aumif; wdkufyGJrsm;udk EGJvdkufao;. ? jrpf0u|ef;ay: wpfckvHk;udkodrf;&mwGif ykodrf/ ajrmif;jr wdk@udk odrf;Edkif. ? a';'&JY av,mOfysH ( 2 ) pif;udk ypfcscJ@.?a&$awmif wdkufyGJwGifum; jyif;xef &GyfcsGHpGm wdkufcdkuf}uonf? a&$usifrSmvnf; wdkufcJ@onf?txuf EdkifiH odrf;,l wdkufcdkufa&;wGif &efolrsm; tm; ppfy&d,m,f qifI 0dkif;rdatmifedyGef wyfrawmf}uD;tm; ulnD&mY {&m0wD taemufa}umif; csDwuf ulnDay;cJ@. ?edyGefwdkŒESifh twl wdkufum &cdkifudk odrf;}u. ? EdkifiHwGif; jidrf0yfydjym;r_udk wpfzufwpfvrf;ulnD aqmif&Guf vdkuf&jyef. ?

ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmftjrJwrf; ppfwyf}uD;wpfck. tajcrsdK;a&mufatmif 1942 ck ZlvdkifvwGif

"ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf" udk "Armh umuG,fa&; wyfrawmf" [lI ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;vdkufavonf? u|EfkyfrSm xdkwyfrawmf. AdkvfcsKyf}uD; jzpfvmcJ@&. ? ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfonf ,cktcg ppfrsufESmY edyGefwdkŒESifh twl wGJzuf wkdufcdkuf aeayjyD?

igwdk@. vkyfief;ArmEdkifiH. }urRmESifh ywfoufI u|Efkyfonf b,ftcg ursS pdwfoufomr_

r&cJ@rday? tdyfrufrsm; wGifrSmyif u|Efkyfonf u|Efkyf. rvGwfvyfaom EdkifiHtwGuf

74

7 47 47 47 47 4 tvif;tdrfr*➣↔↕➙➛ ➜➝➞➟➠➡➢ ➜➤➥➝➙➠➦➢

a,mif,rf; idkcJ@. ? a'goxGufcJ@rd. ? ,cktcg ArmEdkifiHawmfonf vGwfvyfjyD jzpfojzifhtxl; ESpfodrfh auseyf&awmh. ?

odk@aomf ArmEdkifiHawmfonf tEW&m,f xlajymvSaom uEWm&}uD;udk vHk;0ausmfvGefjyD r[kwfao;/ ppf}uD;um; wdkufvsuf &Sdao;. ? ta&;awmfyHk}uD;. onf;xefaoma0'em}uD;udk u|Efkyfwdk@ EdkifiHonf cH&qJ jzpf.? ta&;awmfyHk}uD; atmifjyD [laoma}uG;ausmfoHudk u|efkyfwdk@ atmf}u&ef roifhao; ? Armwdkif; Armwdkif; twGuf }uD;av;vSaom wm0efrsm;onf a&SŒwGif trsm;tjym; yif &Sd}uukef. ? xdk wm0efrsm;udk ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifEdkifrS ta&;awmfyHk vHk;0 atmifjrifrnf jzpf. ?

Todk@aom tcsuftjcm aoa&; &Sifa& ; tcgrsdK;wGif tpdk;&. Om%fpGrf; Om%fpwpfckwnf; tay:rSmom tm;udk;rnfh tpm; rdrdwdk@. Om%fpGrf;Om%fp/ rdrdwdk@ bmompnf;vHk;r_ / tcsif;csif; ulnD &dkif;yif;r_ rsm; tay:wGif tm;xm;}u&ef Armwdkif ;Armwdkif;em;vnfoifh.? EdkifiHol yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ r&Sdaom tpdk;&onf tcsnf;ESSD; om jzpf.?txl; ojzifh vrf;yef; tquftoG,f ysufjym;I t&m&m &Sm;yg;vSaom acwfqdk; tcgrsdK;wGif EdkifiHol EdkifiHom;csif; ulnD&dkif;yif;r_ r&Sdygu tpdk;&rSm bmudkrsS wwfEdkifrnf r[kwf?

wdk@Armwdkif; udk,fh&GmtwGuf wm0efudkvnf;aumif;/ udk,fhEdkifiH ESifh qdkif&m wm0efudk vnf;aumif;/ udk,fhbmom awG;q xm;ygav? ta&; }uHKvsif udk,fhwm0ef udk,f ausyGef&ef tqifoifh &Sdygap?

Todk@ pnf;vHk;r_/ ulnD &dkif;yif; aqmif&Gufr_ &Sdaom vlrsdK;onf "m;jyab;&efavmufudk om r[kwf udk,fhEdkifiHudk 0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufrnfh &efolrsm;udk aomfrS ckcHEdkifpGrf;rnf jzpfa}umif;udk ( e,fwpfe,fudk wdkufckdufodrf;,l&ef vG,fulaomfvnf; vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;udkodrf;oGif;&ef rvG,f ) [laom aoe*Fy&d,m,f usrf; wGif twdtvif; xm;&Sdonfhqdk&dk;pum; wpfcku xif&Sm; apavjyD?

ocifatmifqef;1943 ckeSpf / =o*kwfv ( 1 ) &uf ( jrefrm ouU&mZf 1305 ck/ 0gacgifvqef; ( 1 ) &uf / )

we*FaEGae@ xkwf Armhacwf owif;pmrSm azmfjycJ @wJ@ "ArmhvGwfvyfa&; ta&;awmfyH k"aqmif;yg;jzpfonf? xdk ae@u a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;&tzGJŒrSm Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef; wpfjzpfvJppf0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf pwifwm0ef xrf;aqmifcJ@wJ@ae@vnf; jzpfygw,f?

75

7 57 57 57 57 5 tvif;tdrfr*➧➨➩➫➭ ➯➲➳➵➸➺➻ ➯➼➽➲➫➸➾➻

urBm ppfESifh Armjynfta=umif; pma=umif;a& ajcmufq,fxufrrsm;bJ a&;prf;yg[k rdwfaqG wOD;uajymojzifh a&;vdkuf&ayonf? a&;csifwmawG rsm;vGef;I wdkwdkwkwfwkwfom az: jyEdkifonf? ,ckppfjzpfvSsifjzpfjcif; ppf&nf&G,fcsufrsm; xGufvm.?t*Fvdyfu4if; jyifopfu4if; *smr%Du 4if;/ ol@&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk toD;oD; ausnm=u.?pifppfrSm Todk@ jyKvkyfjcif;wdk@onf urBm&Sd wdkif;=uD;jynf=uD;wdk@tm; rdrdwdk@bufrS tav;wif;vmatmif ajym&dk;ajympOftwdkif; ajymjcif;rSsomjzpfavonf? xdkŒa=umifh ppf&nf&G,fcsufrsm;rS ty ppfjzpfjcif;.ta=umif;&if; udkpOf;pm;vSsif vlwOD;u wOD; wwef;pm;u wwef;pm;wEdkifiHu wEdkifiHudk tEdkifusifhaeaom aoG;pkyfaeaom0g' (0g) "e&Sif0g' v$rf;rdk;orSsppfjzpfjrJjzpfrnfyif?

,ckjzpfae=uonfh ppfrsm;udk qef;ppfvSsif *syefu w&kyfudk *syef "e&Sifrsm;twGufvdkcsif.? w&kyfjynfwGif t*Fvdyf/ tar&duef/ jyifopf paom taemufEdkifiH

urBmppf ESifh Arm

ocifatmifqef;

76

7 67 67 67 67 6 tvif;tdrfr*➚➪➶➹➘ ➴➷➬➮➱✃❐ ➴❒❮➷➹➱❰❐

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7 77 77 77 77 7 tvif;tdrfr*ÏÐÑÒÓ ÔÕÖ×ØÙÚ ÔÛÜÕÒØÝÚ

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78

7 87 87 87 87 8 tvif;tdrfr*Þßàáâ ãäåæçèé ãêëäáçìé

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tjyif;txef tm;xkwf&efvdkonf?

79

7 97 97 97 97 9 tvif;tdrfr*íîïðñ òóôõö÷ø òùúóðöûø

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80

8 08 08 08 08 0 tvif;tdrfr*üýþÿ⑦ �✁✂✄☎✆✝ �✞✟✁ÿ☎✠✝

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81

8 18 18 18 18 1 tvif;tdrfr*✡☛☞✌✍ ✎✏✑✒✓✔✕ ✎✖✗✏✌✓✘✕

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82

8 28 28 28 28 2 tvif;tdrfr*✙ ✚ ✛ ✜ ✢ ✣ ✤✥ ✦ ✧ ★ ✩ ✣ ✪ ✫ ✤✜ ✧ ✬ ✩

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83

8 38 38 38 38 3 tvif;tdrfr*✭✮✯✰✱ ✲✳✴✵✶✷✸ ✲✹✺✳✰✶✻✸

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84

8 48 48 48 48 4 tvif;tdrfr*✼✽✾✿❀ ❁❂❃❄❅❆❇ ❁❈❉❂✿❅❊❇

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85

8 58 58 58 58 5 tvif;tdrfr*❋●❍■❏ ❑▲▼◆❖P◗ ❑❘❙▲■❖❚◗

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86

8 68 68 68 68 6 tvif;tdrfr*❯❱❲❳❨ ❩❬❭❪❫❴❵ ❩❛❜❬❳❫❝❵

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87

8 78 78 78 78 7 tvif;tdrfr*❞❡❢❣❤ ✐❥❦❧♠♥♦ ✐♣q❥❣♠r♦

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yJcl;ausmif;aqmif tv,fxyfwGif aeonf? ol.tcef;onf oyf,yfjcif;uif;rJh.?tcef;wGif pmtkyfrsm;jynfhESufae.? pmtkyfrsm;onf pm;yGJay: wcsKdŒ/ AD'dkay: wcsKdŒ/=urf;jyifay:wGif wcsKdŒ jyef@=uJum ¶kef;&if;qefcwf jzpfae=u.? olonf tifrwefpmzwfolwa,muf jzpf.?

olonf a'go}uD;olwOD;jzpf.? onfvdk trsm;u xif.? u|efawmfhtzdk@um;a'go}uD;onf r}uD;onfukd rod? ol@wGif pdwfvdkufrmefyg pdwfawG&Sdonf[k u|efawmf xif.?

ESpfukdum; taotcsm rrSwfrdawmh? oydwfarSmuf ESpfvnftxdrf;trSwfyGJwckwuUodkvfor*~wGif usif;y.? y&dowfxJuxI a0zefpum;rsm; ajym=u.? xdkodk@ajym=um;onfhtxJwGif ppfudkif;ausmif;aqmifrS ukvm;ausmif;om;wOD;u OuUÏa[mif;rpPwm&m&Spfukd a0zef&mY tawmfxdcdkufaomtjypfawGudk xkwfazmfajymavonf?ukvm;ausmif;om;ajymonfh pum;rsm;onf tajccdkifonf rcdkifonfukdum; rrSwfrdawmhay? udkatmifqef;onf rpPwm &m&SpftwGuf a'gyGum xdkukvm;udk }udrf;armif;I"&J&if xGuf" paom paom toHk;rsKd;oHk;.? vufoD;qkyfum ukvm;tyg;odk@ wdk;I oGm;.?ab;u ausmif;om;rsm;u 0dkif;I qGJxm;&av.?

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tqdk=urf;udk or*~u jiif;y,fvdkufonfhudpPESifhywfoufI ndKjr trSL;&Sdaom ausmif;om;wpku rauseyfojzifh or*~udk t,Hkt=unfr&Sd tqdkwifoGif;.? xkdtpnf;ta0;Yudkatmifqef;onf ndKjrudka'gyGum OuUÏ ukvm;xdkifrSaeI ndKjrtwif;udk tawmfajymvdkufavonf?

onfvdk pdwfvdkufrmefyg ajym+yD;aemuf wygwfavmuf=umaomtcg/ xdkae@uatmifqef;u ndKjrtm; ¶_HŒcsaompum;rsm;udk ¶kyfodrf;vdkufa=umif; a=umfjimpmukdwuUodkvfausmif;aqmif toD;oD;wGif xGufay:I vmavonf?

wuUodkvfwGif&SdpOfu udkatmifqef;onf jyHK;aom rsufESmxm;udk xm;cJ.?ol.rsufESmxm;onf okefr_ef.? wcgawG@zl;aomoludk aemufwcgawG@vSsif

E_wfqufcsifrS quf.? ol@ukdodolu jyHK;jyaomfvnf; olonf wHk@jyefI jyHK;csifrSjyHK;.?

88

8 88 88 88 88 8 tvif;tdrfr*st✉✈✇ ①②③④⑤⑥⑧ ①⑨⑩②✈⑤❶⑧

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olpum;ajymvsifvnf; EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;udkom ajymonf? olajymaepOfab;&Sdvlrsm;u em;axmifae&onf? ab;uvlrsm;. pum;ukdol r=um;? olajymcsifwmawGudkom pGyfIajymaewwfonf?

(4)wcgu &efukefudk *syefwdk@odrf;ydkufp tcsdef?0dwdk&d,&dyfom&Sd tdrfwtdrfwGif ocifjrESifh&Jabmfrsm; aexdkifvsuf&Sd=uonf?

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a*guf a*guf a*gufESifh wzufu avSsmufvmum pEN,m;tyg;wGif vufaxmufum&yfvsuf ....

"a[h &yf=u? ckvdktcgrsKd;rSm &Jpdwf&Jrmef wufapr,fh &Jwif;oHwkd@udkomqdk&r,fAs? 'Dcspfr,f =uifr,f oDcsif;rsKd;u r[efbl; "?

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89

8 98 98 98 98 9 tvif;tdrfr*❷❸❹❺❻ ❼❽❾❿➀➁➂ ❼➃➄❽❺➀➅➂

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aomtcg ol@udk ppfaoemywd[k tm;vHk;u av;pm;aomtm;jzifh xrif;pm;cef;}uD;xJodk@ol@udk t&if0ifap.? {nfhonfrsm;um; t0wGif&yfI ol@t0ifudk apmifhvsufae=uonf?olonf ppf0wfppfpm;ESifh 0ifvmum ¶kwfw&uf/ pm;yGJxdyf ukvm;xdkifwGif 0ifxdkifvdkuf+yD;ZwfceJ b,ma=umfwwHk;udk ,lpm;vdkufav.?

ol xrif;pm;aepOf {nfhonf0ifvmvdk@vnf; Arm{nfh0wfxHk;pHt& xrif;pm;ygtHk;vm; [k ac:csifrSac:aom vlpm;rsKd;jzpf.? 'gawGa=umifh ol@udk rdwfaqG&if;rsm;u"a=umifonf" [k trSwfxm;=uav.?

(5)ol@wGif odrfarG@jcif; r&Sd? tvStyudk ol rrufarm? olonf =urf;wrf;onf?

¶dkif;onf? qufqHaygif; oif;a&;wGif&Sdaom {nfh0wfxHk;pH/ ,Ofaus;jcif; ponfwdk@udkolonfvHk;0 *¶krpdkuf? *Dw/ yef;csD/ obif paom tEkynm&yfrsm;udk rvdkufpm;? ol@udkoltwif;,Ofaus;atmif rvkyf? ol. e*dk&ftwdkif; cyf¶dkif;¶dkif;/ cyf=urf;=urf;yif rjyKrjyifbJae.?

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1942/ 43 ckESpfwGif olESifh aemufqHk;awG@.? olonf tEkynmta=umif;ukdajymjy.?

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90

9 09 09 09 09 0 tvif;tdrfr*➆➇➈➉➊ ➋➌➍➎➏➐➑ ➋➒➓➌➉➏➔➑

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z q y v OuUÏ trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif/ OD;atmifqef;udkum; u|efawmf rod?ol. EkdifiHa&;udk a0zefjcif; r[kwf? ol. tjzpfom? u|efawmfodonfhtxd ajymjyjcif;jzpfayonf?

wckawmh xifonf? olonf vlxkxJrS vlwOD;jzpfI/ vlxkESifhqufpyfaeIvlxkacgif;aqmifjzpfvmonf jzpfvdrfhrnf?? ?

'*kefwm&m 'DZifbmv/ 1946

91

9 19 19 19 19 1 tvif;tdrfr*→➣↔↕➙ ➛➜➝➞➟➠➡ ➛➢➤➜↕➟➥➡

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92

9 29 29 29 29 2 tvif;tdrfr*➦➧➨➩➫ ➭➯➲➳➵➸➺ ➭➻➼➯➩➵➽➺

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pnf;&Hk; r__+uD; ay:aygufvmcJhyg.? *sDpDbDat e0r uGefz&ifh onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acwfYay:aygufvmcJhaom zqyv. wdkif;jynfjyK v$wfawmf y%mr nDvmcHtwGuf a&S@ajy;jzpfonf[k qdkavmufyg.? odk@aomf *sDpDbDat acwfYvnf; EdkifiHa&; okcrdef[lIray:xGef;EdkifyJ EdkifiHa&;udk qufa=u; &a&;twGufaomf vnf;aumif; ukr%DaxmifItkyfpm;a&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif; &mxl; &a&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif; rzG,fr&mtoHk;csI EdkifiHa&; vkyfpm;jcif;wdk@om v$rf;rdk; vmcJhjyefaoma=umifh EdkifiHa&; okcrdef t&mYwnfoifhaom yk*~ dKvfwdk@onfyifv#if wdrfaumI oGm;=u&ukefonf? xdkacwfuay:aygufcJhaom tpdk;&ESifh rqufqHa&; 0g'/ tm%mzDqefa&;0g' / tcGef ray;a&; 0g'tkyfcsKyfa&; wdkufzsufa&; 0g' wdk@rSm jrefrmjynfu tdENd, jynfrS umAGef puUL cHIyHkwlul;csaom 0g'omv#if jzpfcJh.? jrefrmhtajcaerSefudk oHk;oyfI xdktajcae rSefay: Ywnfaqmufaom oabmw&m;[lI rxGef;um; cJhacs&um; 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;.enf;y&d,m,f wdk@a=umifh 0HomEk *sDpDbDat 21 OD; / vd_ifykausmf *sDpDbDat / OD;pdk;odrf;*sDpDbDat / OD;pk *sDpDbDat / o&mZ ygwD / a&$awmif=um; ygwD / vd_ifjrwfay: ygwD/ armfjrifhjAJygwD / jynfol@ygwD / rsdK;cspfygwD / qif;&Jom; 0HomEk ygwD / ponfjzifh wjznf;jznf;tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m uJGum vlxkonf xif;tpnf; ajyouJhodk@ ajyvmcJhonf?

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93

9 39 39 39 39 3 tvif;tdrfr*➾➚➪➶➹ ➘➴➷➬➮➱✃ ➘❐❒➴➶➮❮✃

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'd k@Arm tpnf;t&Hk;. ay:vpD0g'ESif h vkyfief;pOfudk csrSwfcJ honf? xdkay:vpdDESif hvkyfief;cGifn$ef=um;csufwdk@udk zwf&_=ucJ hygv#if xdktcsdefu ocifatmifqef;.tawG;tac:wdk@wGif txufyg ar;cGef;rsm; ay:ayguf cJhonf? xdkay:aygufvmaomar;cGef;rsm;. tajzudkvnf; &SmazGI awG@ cJhonf[laom tcsufwdk@onf ay:vGifvmayvdrfhrnf ?

ocifatmifqef;. tjrifonf rnfodk@ &SdcJ hoenf;? TudpPeJ@ pyfvsif;ITacwfYu|Ef ky fwd k @onf Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;. Ed ki fi Ha&; tawG;tac: rsm;ud kavhvm&eftvdk@iSm Ad kvfcsKyfajymqdkcJ haom rdef@cGef;rsm; / Ad kvfcsKyfa&;om;cJ haoma=ujimpmwrf;rsm; / tqdk=urf;rsm; vkyfief;pOfrsm; ponfwdk@udk &SmazGpkaqmif;xm;zdk@vdkayonf? ,ckusaemf wifjy&onfrSm rsm;aom tm;jzifh pdwfrSwfESifhom jzpfonf?pepfwus avhvmzdk@&mrSm pepfwus okawoe jyKzdk@ vdkayonf? ,ck Taqmif;ygtzdk@um;usaemf rSwfrfdaom 1939 ck 'dk@Armtpnf;t&Hk; vkyfief;pOf a=ujim pmwrf; / 1945ckAdkvfcsKyf. ajymcsufrsm;1946ck AdkvfcsKyf. zqyv vkyfief;pOfESifh tjcm;rdef@cGef;rsm;udktajcwnfI ajym&ayvdrfhrnf?

jrefrmhvl@abmiftzJG@ tpnf;onf oufOD;pHydkif bk&ifpepfY tajcwnfcJhonf[lonfwdk@udk AdkvfcsKyfonf todtrSwfjyKcJh.? odk@aomf AdkvfcskKyfu T tajcudkoabmaygufonfrSm EdkifiHjcm;rS t,ltqwdk@udk tajccHcJhonfr[kwf? rdrfdEdkifiH. tajcudkrdrdavhvmjyD;rS oabmaygufjcif;jzpf.? xdk@a=umifh 1945 ckESpf a[majymyGJwpfckwGifjrefrmhEdkifiH. uHau|; pepf[lonf rSm taemufEdkifiHESifh rwlyJ vlwef;pm;wpf&yfu

94

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95

9 59 59 59 59 5 tvif;tdrfr*ÝÞßàá âãäåæçè âéêãàæëè

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96

9 69 69 69 69 6 tvif;tdrfr*ìíîïð ñòóôõö÷ ñøùòïõú÷

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97

9 79 79 79 79 7 tvif;tdrfr*ûüýþÿ ⑦�✁✂✄☎✆ ⑦✝✞�þ✄✟✆

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98

9 89 89 89 89 8 tvif;tdrfr*✠✡☛☞✌ ✍✎✏✑✒✓✔ ✍✕✖✎☞✒✗✔

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99

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100

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olu taygif;toif; vkyfvdk@ r&wJh vlrsdK; r[kwfbl;? uzsufu,uf vkyfwJhvlrsdK;r[kwfbl;? olu wdusw,f? jywfom;w,f? rSefw,f?tzGJŒ taeeJ@ uawmh (1935-36)ynmoifESpf/ &efukef wuUodkvf ausmif;om; or*~ tr_aqmif a&G;aumufyGJ twGufu|efawmfwdk@awG wpfOD;eJ@ wpfOD; qufoG,f =u&w,f? udkatmifqef;/ udkausmf+idrf;/udkodef;az wdk@u t}uHay;vdk@ u|efawmfu OuUÏ ae&m uae ta&G;cHw,f? udkatmifqef;/udkausmf+idrf;/ udkodef;az eJ@ rpPwm &m&Spf wdk@uawmh tzGJŒ0ifawGayhg? u|efawmfwdk@tEdkif&w,f? u|efawmfwdk@ awG or*~rSm pvkyfwmeJ@ or*~ tvkyf awGudk wufwuf=uG=uGol@xuf t&if atmifatmifjrifjrif aqmif&Guf =uw,f? tJ'DESpfrSmyJ ausmif;om; oydwf}uD;ay:ayguf vmw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u a,bk,s tm;eJ@ usGefawmf ,Hk=unfxm;wm uawmhu|efawmhfudk ausmif;xkwfvdk@ oydwf}uD; jzpfay:vmw,f qdkwmygyJ?

'geJ@ ywfouf+yD; tjrifcsif; uawmh rwl=ubl;? u|efawmhfudk ausmif;xkwfvdkufwJhta=umif; wuUodkvf tm%mydkif tzGJŒqDu today;pm u|efawmf vufcH&&Sdawmhpmar;yGJeD;ae+yDrdk@ cyfrqdwf aer,f vdk@ u|efawmf uawmh qHk;jzwfxm;w,f? u|efawmhftwGuf eJ@ ausmif;om;awG pdwf taESmihft,Suf rjzpfapcsifbl;? 'gayr,hf vdkŒ owif;uysHŒoGm;+yD? or*~ tzGJŒ0if u|efawmhf oli,fcsif;awG u|efawmhfqDa &mufvm=u+yD; wpfckckawmhvkyfrS jzpfr,fvdk@ ajym=uw,f? u|efawmhf udk,fydkifudpP jzpfvdk@ u|efawmfuawmh bmrSajymp&m rvdkbl;? aumfrwDu ajymr,f? ausmif; xkwfw,f qdkwm emrnfavmuf ygyJ?

101

1 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 1 tvif;tdrfr*✻✼✽✾✿ ❀❁❂❃❄❅❆ ❀❇❈❁✾❄❉❆

ynmoifESpf +yD;oGm;+yD? ighudk Oya' pmar;yGJ rajzEdkifatmifvnf; rwm;Edkifygbl; vdk@ ajym+yD;u|efawmhf oli,fcsif;awGudk ESpfodrhfzdk@ }udK;pm; ygao;w,f?

u|efawmfwdk@ tpnf;ta0; vkyfaewkef; rSmyJ udkatmifqef; vnf; ausmif;xkwfcHvd kuf&+yD qd kwJ h owif;ud k ausmif;om; wpfa,mufu o,fvmw,f?'Dowif;rSefvm; qdkwm pHkprf;zkd@ wuUodkvf aumfrwD 0ifvl}uD; OD;bvGif qD oli,fcsif;wpfa,muf udk v$wfvdkufw,f? rSefw,f wJh? u|efawmfwdk@ ocifvli,f EdkifiHa&; orm;awGtaeeJ@ acsmufcsD;acsmufcsuf avmufyJ jzpfae=uwm? 'gayr,hfvdk@ wu,fwrf; =uawmhu|efawmfwdk@u wu,fudk yifyifyef;yef; vkyfae=u&wm? u|efawmfwdk@awG odyfqif;&Jw,f?odyfyifyef;w,f? wcsdKŒae@awG rSmqdk xrif;pm;p&m r&Sdvdk@ vufzuf&nf wpfcGuf/ ESpfcGufaomufaomuf+yD; toufquf =u&w,f? ygwD tpnf;t¶Hk; udpPudk u|efawmfpdwfr0ifpm;bl;?

ocif atmifqef;eJ@ ocif oef;xGef;wdk@u e,fvSnhf a[majymaewkef;u|efawmfu &efykHaiG&Sm xGuf&wmudk aysmfw,f? vkyfazmfudkifzufawG usGefawmhfqD c%c%a&mufvm=uw,f? u|efawmfu b maiG &Smol qdkawmh 'DaiGeJ@ xrif;pm;=u&rSmr[kwfvm;? tJudkatmifqef; uawmh xrif;qm aewmawmif aiGvmawmif;wm/ xrif;0,fausG;cdkif;wmrsdK; rvkyfbl;? olu wpfaxmihfaxmihfrSm xdkif+yD; pmtkyfxJ tm¶Hkepf0ifaewm? bmrS r+iD;+iLbJ &J&J0Hh0Hh &ifqdkifw,f? olu yHkpH wpfrsdK;eJ@ avhusihf xm;+yD;ol@pGrf;&nfudk wnfaqmufw,f? ygwD XmecsKyfrSm &SdwJh ocifatmifqef; tcef;u ¶_yfyGaewm uawmh emrnf}uD;yJ? bmrS rjyKjyif xm;wJh tdyf,m ay:rSmyJ jzpfovdk tdyfwm?ol@tcef;xJ a&mufvmol awGudk *sydk; awGu wdkufxkwfvdk@ xGufajy; =u&w,f?ocifatmifqef; wpfa,mufyJ tJ'D *sydk;awG eJ@ aeEdkif/ tdyfEdkifwm?

wpfcgawmh e,fu a&mufaewJh ocifawG/ ocifrawG &Sdaew,f? XmecsKyfuaumifav;awGu tJ'D e,fud k,fpm;vS,f awGud k ocifatmifqef; tcef;rSmae&may;=uw,f? bmvdk@vJ qdkawmh olwdk@u p}uFefvrf;rSm rtdyfcsif=ubl;? tJ'Dwkef;uocifatmifqef; u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfaewm? {nhfonfawGu taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; tcef;xJ tdyf&vdk@ aysmfae=uw,f? *syd k;awG ppfyG J rcif;cifawmhaeEdkifao;wmaygh? oef;acgifvnf; a&mufa&m *sydk;awG&JŒ xdk;ppfudk cHppf rvkyfEdkif=uawmhbl;?bmajym aumif;rvJ? u|efawmfwdk@ {nhfonfawmf}uD; awG[m tdyf&mcif;awG/ apmifawGudkuref;uwef; o,f+yD; p}uFefav;rSmyJ tdyf=u&&Smw,f? EdkifiHa&; qdkwm ocifatmifqef;&JŒb0yJav? xrif;qm wmwdk@/ qif;&Jwmwdk@ qdkwm ol@twGuf bmrS ta&;r}uD;bl;?tao;tr$m; udpPyJ? tck Akdvfvusfm jzpfvmwJh ocifvSazu wcgwav xrif;[if;aumif;aumif;awG wrf;ww,f? oDcsif; aumif;aumif;av; awGudk em;qmw,f?

102

1 0 21 0 21 0 21 0 21 0 2 tvif;tdrfr*❊❋●❍■ ❏❑▲▼◆❖P ❏◗❘❑❍◆❙P

ocifatmifqef; uawmh tJ'gawGudk vHk;0 rwrf;wbl;?² olu vlaysmh r[kwfbl;? oHr%dvdkrmausmol/ ol@pGrf;&nfeJ@ olawmfvSef a&; vkyfaewm?

om,m0wD nDvmcHrSm ocifatmifqef;u u|efawmfwdk@ yef;wdkif jzpfwJhvGwfvyfa&; udk a=unmwJh qHk;jzwfcsuf wpfckudk atmifatmifjrifjrif csrSwfvdkufw,f//u|efawmfwdk@ acgif;aqmif awG[m wpfEdkifiHvHk; oGm;=u+yD; jynfolawG&JŒ tqHk;tjzwfcH,l=uw,f? 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_ a=umihfrkd@vdk@ udkvdkeD e,fcsJŒ tpdk;& &JŒ a'gow}uD; wkH@jyefr_ udkcH=u&w,f? ocif atmifqef;u ZvGefrSm EkdifiHa&; w&m;a[mw,f? [oFmw &JrSL;}uD;u EkdifiHawmfudk t=unftndK ysufatmif vkyfwJh Oya'eJ@ ocif atmifqef;udk csufcsif;zrf;0&rf; xkwfvdkufw,f? u|efawmf udkvnf; r=umcifrSm tJonfvdkrsdK; zrf;0&rf; xkwfr,hfoabm &Sdw,f? u|efawmfwdk@awG udkausmf+idrf; tdrfrSm aqG;aEG; =u+yD;awmh wpfckckawmhvkyfrS jzpfawmhr,f qdkwmudk qHk;jzwf vdkuf=uw,f? ocif atmifqef; u tnHhcHwm rsdK;udkjyif;jyif;xefxef qe@fusifw,f? axmifus oGm;&ifawmh tcsdefjzKef; aeovdk jzpfoGm;rSmyJqdkwJh tjrif &Sdw,f? u|efawmfwdk@ awGu pnf;pnf;vHk;vkH; pkpkpnf;pnf; &Sd=u+yD; wdkufyGJta&muf csDwufoihfw,f?

olu EdkifiHwGif;u xGuf+yD; ajratmuf oGm;csifw,f? u|efawmfwdk@ tvkyfudktultnD ay;zk@d EdkifiHjcm;rSm rdwfaqG &Smcsifw,f? u|efawmfuawmh tJ'Davmuf}uD;&Snf&Snfa0;a0; rjrifwwfbl;? u|efawmf Oya'udk csdK;azmuf&if axmifusrSmyJ qdkwJh tawG;yJ&Sdwm? tJ'D ae@wkef;u u|efawmfwkd@awG t=um}uD; aqG;aEG;=uw,f? u|efawmhf tjrifudkocifatmifqef; vufcHvmatmif u|efawmf rvkyfEdkifcJhbl;? 'ga=umihfrdk@ ol ajratmufoGm;wmudk ulnDzdk@ u|efawmf oabmwl vdkufw,f? oleJ@ u|efawmf &Jpcef; a&SŒu jynfvrf;ay:rSm &yfaewmudk owd& aeygao;w,f? ol@udk zrf;rSmeJ@ ywfoufwJh ta=umif;udk ajymqdkaecJh=uwm vdk@ xifw,f? tJ'Daemufawmh u|efawmfwdk@ cGJcGm vdkuf=uw,f? u|efawmfutdrfjyef / armifqef;=u,f tzrf;cH+yD; aemufae@rSmyJ axmifxJ toGif;cH vdkuf&w,f?axmifuswJh ESpfESpf uawmh tcsdefawG jzKef;ypf vdkufwmygyJ? axmifusp vawG uawmhodyf rqdk;vSao;bl;? ig axmifus&JwJh owœd&SdwJh aumifyJ qdk+yD; udk,hfudk,fudk,f ESpfodrhfEdkifcJhw,f? 'gayr,hfvdk@ tcsdefawG =umvmwm eJ@trSs cHjyif;p&mawG ay:vmw,f?pdwfysufp&m awG jzpfvmw,f? udkatmifqef;&JŒ ynm^m%f/ &ihfusufr_eJ@ tajrmftjrif}uD;r_ awGudk u|efawmf oabmayguf vmygw,f? ESpf+cdKufvmw,f? atmifEdkifa&; twGufol tygt0if u|efawmfwdk@ oli,fcsif;awG eJ@twl vufwGJ+yD; tvkyfvkyf zdk@yJ wrf;w

ae&w,f? OD;Ekbmomjyefol - armifqef;=u,f (armfeDwm*sme,frS)

rl&if; - Aung San’s Stering Qualities by U Nu

103

1 0 31 0 31 0 31 0 31 0 3 tvif;tdrfr*❚❯❱❲❳ ❨❩❬❭❪❫❴ ❨❵❛❩❲❪❜❴

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Armhatmifqef;

armifxif

aysmfarGŒ&m jzpfvdrfhrnf [k u|efawmf cef@rSef;rd.? ta=umif;aomf rlum; u|efawmf arG;zGm;&matmuft&yf jrpf0u|ef;ay: a'o [lonfrSm yifv,f/ jrpf/ acsmif;/ vrkyif/ vwmjyifwdk@ESifhom ¶_arSsmfcif; udk wefqm qifxm; av&m rnfonfh t&yfudk =unfh=unfh ywf0ef;usif=oumo avmu}uD;onf pdrf;vJhaom awmwef;wnf; [laom rsOf;ajzmifh wpfck ay: YtkyfI aeaom rdk;ukyf puf0dkif; wpfckrSsom jzpfI +iD;aiGŒzG,f&m jzpfaoma=umifhwnf;?

odk@aomf aumif;uifrS rdk;ukyf puf0dkif;ESifh ajr}uD;rS awmwef; uav;wdk@ ESpfOD;om;qHkrd=uonfh yHkyrmvdk ol. b0 oHo&m ESifh u|efawmf. b0 oHo&m wdk@onf (1932)ckESpf wpf0dkuf qDavmufu wuUodkvf or*~ qHyifnSyfqdkif Y zl;pm qHkpnf; rd=uavonf?,if;odk@vSsif olESifh u|efawmfrS ausmif;om;}uD; t&G,fodk@ a&muf=urSyif taqG cifyGef;jzpfavaoma=umifh u|efawmfwdk@ ESpfOD;om;udk }uD;azmf [lI ac:Edkifayonf? odk@aomfESpfOD;om;rSm wpfOD; ESihf wpfOD; cifrif &if;ESD; vmavav wpfOD;ay: wpfOD; +rHKaphaph EkdifavavjzpfI wpfcgw&H u|efawmf udk,fwdkifu yifvSsif ol. &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqG [kwfygavp

104

1 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 4 tvif;tdrfr*❝❞❡❢❣ ❤✐❥❦❧♠♥ ❤♦♣✐❢❧q♥

[k oHo, jzpfrdonf?odk@aomf vl&Sif;aom tcsdefwGif ESpfa,mufcsif; qHk=uaomtcg u|efawmf .

oHo,wdk@rSm a&S;a[mif; aESmif;jzpf wdk@udk tjrpf tjywf ajymum cifrif &if;ESD;r_udk jyaomAdkvfcsKyf. pum;rsm; xJwGif t&nfaysmfI usvmawmhonf? xkdodk@aom tcgrsm;wGifu|efawmfh pdwfxJwGif }uD;rS aygif;=u&onfh ausmif;aezufcsif; jzpfapumrl oif; pdwfrajymif; yguvm; [k awG;awmum wdwfwdwf csD;usL;rdonf? ol u|efawmfwdk@ tay:pdwf rajymif;avav u|efawmfwdk@u olŒudk trsKd;om; acgif;aqmif tjzpfESifh ydkI od'<dwif&av jzpfonf?

u|efawmfonf ae@&uf twdtus wdk@udk aumif;pGmrrSwfrd? a&S;aESmif; tpDtpOfwdk@udkvnf; owdr&? odk@aomf jzpfysufcJhaom ta=umif;csif; wdk@um; rae@urS jzpfcJh ovdkvdk?twdwf umvonf u|efawmfh a&SŒwGif txift&Sm; ZmwfpHkcif;vsuf jyaeonf? (1931-32) wpfck avmufu atmifqef; qdkol ausmif;om; wpfOD;onf &efukef wuUodkvf.t&dyf tm0goudk cdkvH_vmonf [k u|efawmf =um;&onf? odk@aomf olŒudk u|efawmfrawGŒzl;ao;?

atmifqef; zdkoD zwfoD EdkifyHk owif;um; ar$;p jyKvm+yD? odk@aomf u|efawmfhtzdk@ xkdudpP onf rxl;qef;? atmifqef;xuf zdkoD zwfoD Edkifaom wufxG ESifh u|efawmfzufrdonfhaemuf atmifqef; qdkonfrSm wufxG xuf "cG"rus [k u|efawmf wpfxpfcs,Hk=unfonf? odk@aomf wpfae@aomtcg wufxG xufyif wpfrsKd;wpfzHk xl;qef;aomowW0guav; wpfckonf wuUodkvf ausmif;odk@ rv_yfr,Suf a&mufvmonf? xdkowW0grSmtjcm;r[kwf/ odef;wif ac: ndKjr jzpfonf?

ndKjr. nDtpfudk wpfpkrSm u|efawmf ESifh todcsnf; vdkvdkyif jzpfonf? ol.tpfudk udkpdk;wifh rSm bdvyf oGm;cgeD; oxHk ausmif;aqmif&Sd u|efawmfh tcef; xJwGifu|efawmfh abmif;bDESifh vnfpnf;udk ausrGatmif 0wfqifI arsmufu ucJhol jzpf.?ol. tpfudk wufxG qdkonf rSmvnf; u|efawmfh pm;yGJudk rpdef!Gef@ aq;ayghvdyf ESifh aqmifhIxdk;cJhol jzpf.? olwdk@ nDtpfudk wpfpk u|efawmfhudk TrSs nSOf; cJh+yD;onfhaemuf tm;r&ao;aoma=umifh ayvm; rod?

tpfudk vkyfol wdk@u nDi,f armifodef;wif udk u|efawmfhxH ac:vmjyefonf?xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfh tcef;rSm aq;ayghvdyf jymyHk twd jzpfcJh& avonf? xdkrSsESifh r+yD;ao;/ndKjronf wpfae@aomf ol. oli,fcsif; atmifqef;udk awGŒ&atmif u|efawmfhtm;wuUodkvf or*~ qHyifnSyfqdkif odk@ ac:avonf? ¶_avmh? Tolum; atmifqef; yifwnf;?

yg;¶dk; aigaig/ ar;¶dk; cdkifcdkif/ rsufarSmif ukyfukyf/ qHyif pkwfzGm;/ ¶_um; odk;odk;?atmifqef; aeaom tcef;onf wuUodkvf qHyifnSyfqdkif aemufqG,f tcef; jzpfonf?

105

1 0 51 0 51 0 51 0 51 0 5 tvif;tdrfr*rst✉✈ ✇①②③④⑤⑥ ✇⑧⑨①✉④⑩⑥

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atmifqef; onf &Syftusô q,fhoHk;cGJ q,fhav; avmufudk 0wfEkdifol jzpfonf?odk@aomf olŒudk,f ay:u &SyftusôrSm tenf;qHk; q,fhajcmuf avmuf &Sdvdrfhrnf? &SdayrSmy?ol 0wfxm;aom tusôu olŒtusôrS r[kwfbJ? ol 0wfxm;aom tusôrSm jymESrf;ESrf;ta&mif ",lwDpD" &Syftusô jzpf.? vHkcsnfrSm b,fvdk vHkcsnf[k rrSwfrd? u|efawmfrSwfrdoa&GŒ rSm olŒ vHkcsnfonf iSm;0wf xm;aom vHkcsnf jzpf&rnf [k awG;awm rdonfudkom rSwfrdygonf? vHkcsnfonf vnf;aumif;/ ,lwDpD &Syfonf vnf;aumif;/ qHyifiSufodkufonf vnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfhpdwfudk xl;jcm;atmif rqGJaqmif EdkifcJh? vlxl;[lIvnf; rxifjrifrd? "cG"pm [lIvnf; r,lq?

ol. r&,f r+yHK; +rHKpdpd trlt&mESifh ¶_odk;odk; cspf &awmhrnfh yHkvdkvdk/ tjrifuyf&awmhrnfh a,mifa,mif? odk@aomf ol. jzLpifaom raem"mwf a=umifh tjrifuyf p&m[k u|efawmf oabm rxm;Edkif? ndKjrESifh awGŒpu ndKjrudk cifrifrd ovdk atmifqef;tm;cifrifrdonf? xkd@aemufum; u|efawmf onf wuUodkvfrS vGifh cJh&ayonf? odk@&mwGifwufxG /ndKjr/ udk0ef ponf wdk@ESifhum; ausmif;aepOfu uJhodk@yif qufoG,fvsuf&Sdayonf?

T tawm twGif; atmifqef;ESifh ar;ac:/ ajymxl;/ trSwfrxif cJhonf ursm;ayonf? odk@aomf tdk;a0r*~Zif;/ wuUodkvf r*~Zif; /*EWavmu r*~Zif; wdk@wGifta&;tom; csif; qHkrd=uonf? xkdpOfu ndKjr onf yk'fr ig;&m wpfzuf wpfcsuf +cH&Haomaqmif;yg; rsm;udk a&;wwfonf? xkd@a=umifh wpfae@aomf atmifqef;onf ndKjr. '%fudkr+idKrjiif cH,l& &Smavonf?

u|efawmf onf wuUodkvf rS te,fe,fodk@ &Gufrygaom avSuJhodk@ vGifhaepOfwpfenf; tm;jzifh t&m&Sd avmuwGif tuefcH&aom abmvHk; uJhodk@ vdrfhaepOf ndKjruol. aqmif;yg;a=umifh atmifqef;onf acgif;aqmif yDyD '%f cH,lvdkufa=umif; pma&;om;ta=umif;=um; avonf? acgif;aqmif tppf[lonf aemufvdkuf. wm0efudk ,l&J&onfjzpf.? Ttcsuf wpfcsuf ESifhyif atmifqef;onf u|ef awmf wdk@. vli,f v_yf&Sm;r_ udkacgif;aqmif Edkif&rnfrSm xif&Sm; ayonf? odk@aomf xdkpOfu u|efawmf wdk@onf tem*wfudkvSrf;I rjrif Edkif=uao;? atmifqef;u vli,f rsm;udk acgif;aqmif Edkif+yD qdkygawmh?acgif;aqmif+yD; bmvkyfrvJ?

106

1 0 61 0 61 0 61 0 61 0 6 tvif;tdrfr*❶❷❸❹❺ ❻❼❽❾❿➀➁ ❻➂➃❼❹❿➄➁

atmifqef;ESifh u|efawmf awGŒrdonfh tcgwdkif; "bmvkyf=urvJ"[k u|efawmfar;=unfhrdonf? olu +yHK;jyonf? xdkt+yHK;onf ol. tajzyif jzpf[ef wlonf? odk@aomfu|efawmf tuif;ryg;? r&dyfrdcJh? u|efawmfwdk@ pmayorm; wpfpkrSm tawG;tac: tm;jzifhawmfvSef ae=uolrsm; jzpf.? odk@aomf vufawGŒ oabmudk bmrSs em;rvnf? EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ wpf&yf taejzifh vufcH.? odk@aomf taqmufttHk cdkif+rJaeaom +AdwdoSstkyfcsKyfa&; "uGefu&pf" tkwfcHk udk tb,fyHk tjrpfu vSef=u& rnfenf;?

wuUodkvf ausmif;wGif aepOfu xdk jy\emudk rajzwwf? avmuvlŒabmifwnf; [laom wuUodkvf 0,f usifvnf &aomtcgrS tajzudk a&;aw;aw;jrifrd.? u|efawmfhtzdk@ tkyfcsKyfa&; qdkif&m t&m&Sd wpfOD; taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@udk udk,fawGŒ qnf;yl;cGifh &&SdcJhayonf? A[kokw udk vufawGŒ &Sm=unfhonf wGifrS+AdwdoSs tkyfcsKyfa&; tajccH wdk@udk jynfol vlxk. xifjrifcsuf ESifh qENt& wdkufzsufEdkifa=umif; awGŒcJh&ayonf?

xdkenf; t&rSm atmifqef;/ armifEk/A[def;/ oef;xGef; paom vli,facgif;aqmifwdk@u EkdifiHa&; t& }udK;yrf;pOf u|efawmfwdk@ uJhodk@aom jynfhtapcH rsm;upnf;vHk; nD!GwfpGmjzifh AsL¶dkua&pD tajccH wdk@udk 'Drdkua&pD tajccHrsm;jzifh ESJ@ay;&ef enf;vrf;jzpfavonf? txl;ojzifh xkdpOfu [oFmw ta&;ydkif OD;umpd onf ol}uD; vufpGJusrf;wpftkyfjzifh jrefrmEkdifiH tkyfcsKyfa&; wdk;wuf aumif;rGefvmatmif vkyfaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk u|efawmfwdk@ uJhodk@ vli,f t&m&Sdrsm;tm; vrf;!$ef cJhayonf? te,fe,fodk@a&mufcJhapumrl u|efawmfwdk@ acwfESifh wpfacwfwnf; ay:ayguf vmaom vGwfvyfa&;Adokumwdk@. owif;udk warSsmfarSsmf aecJhI ocif baomif;/ ocifEk/ ocif Apdef/ ocifxGef;tkyf/ ocif oef;xGef;/ ocif A[def;/ ocif odef;az/ ocif odef;armif/ ocif pdk;/ ocifAaqG paom trd jrefrmjynf . tzl;tanSmifh rsm;onf &Jabmf yDyD nDnD !Gwf!Gwfcspfcspf cifcif pcef; oGm;=urnfh ae@udk u|efawmf onf vifr& bl;ao;aom tysKd}uD; .pdwful;jzifh pdwful; cJhavonf? odk@aomf pdwful;onf pdwful;wnf;? vufawGŒ vkyfief;onfpdwful; ESifh wjcm;pD jzpf.?

odk@ygvsufESifh pdwf. qGJaqmif&m odk@ yg+yD;vSsif wpfae@ aomtcgwGif tkyfpkol}uD;pnf;a0;yGJ wpfckY ol}uD;acwf ukefI wdkif;ol jynfom;wdk@u a&G;aumuf wifajrSmufaomaus;&Gm acgif;aqmif acwfodk@ a&muf&rnfrSm rvGJwnf; [k EkdifiHa&; qefqef w&m;udka[mrdygonf? u|efawmf ,ck jyefajymif;I awG;vdkufonfh tcg unifil/ tifyif/ xl (tif;)/uyfcdk/ oufu,fwef;/ anmifusKd;/ aemufrD;/ a&vJ/ wayukvm;/ uwkuUr/ rJZvD/ zuf&J/wef;vGJ&Gmr/ uif;awmifh}uD;/ azmif;um;/ y'if;u|ef;/ iarmufacsmif; paom +rdKŒe,f toD;oD;wdk@. aus;&Gm tkyfpk toD;oD; wdk@wGif u|efawmfESifh zl;pmqHk cJh&onfh ol}uD;rif; wdk@udk

107

1 0 71 0 71 0 71 0 71 0 7 tvif;tdrfr*➅➆➇➈➉ ➊➋➌➍➎➏➐ ➊➑➒➋➈➎➓➐

vmrnfh acwfajymif; acwfvGJrsm; twGuf toifhjyif&ef tcsdefwef+yD jzpfa=umif;/ &Gmol}uD;vufpGJ usrf;u !$ef;qdk xm;aom aus;&Gm jyKjyifa&; vkyfief;ESifh wm0efrsm;udk vnf;ausjyGefatmifaqmif&GufI wdkif;oljynfom; wdk@. acgif;aqmif jzpfatmif }udK;pm;oifha=umif; a[m=um; rdonfudk owd&rd ygao;onf?

EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; jyif;xef vmavav u|efawmfvnf; tem*wfudk woD}uD;ajrSmfI =unfhrd avav? odk@aomf xdkpOfu u|efawmfhudk u|efawmf oem;rd cJhao;.?ta=umif;aomf wpfrlum; u|efawmf ajymorSsudk ol}uD;rif;rsm; oabmrayguf=uaoma=umifh wnf;? odk@aomf ,ae@ tzdk@um; ?wdk@onf oabmayguf onfh wrvGef[dkb0odk@ a&mufukef=u+yD jzpfwef&monf? xkdacwfrlum; olwdk@ oabm raygufwdkif;u|efawmfhrSm pdwfyifyef; &ayonf?

wpfae@aomf pdwf cyfysufysuf ESifhrdk@ Xmeqdkif&m pmar;yGJ atmifvdkvnf;atmifap/ ratmif vdkvnf; usap/ pmar;yGJ ajz&if; &efukef+rdKŒ Yvnf; vnfywf&if; qdkovdku|efawmfonf &efukef+rdKŒodk@ xGufvm cJhavonf? &efukefodk@ a&mufvSsif wuUodkvfausmif;om; b0u aomufcJhzl;aom vufzuf&nfqdkif odk@ t&if 0ifrdonf? xdkvufzuf&nfqdkifum; paumhaps;wGif &Sdonf? xkdqdkifwGif u|efawmf vufzuf&nfaomufaepOf atmifqef; onf rvSrf;rurf; rS 0ifvmonf? Tta=umif;udk u|efawmfwpfcgu a&;om;cJhzl;+yD? ,ck 'kwd,rRd xyfrH a&;om;aomtcg atmifqef;onf uwHk;qHawmuf ruswus qHyif wdkwdk nSyfxm;onf udk awGŒ&I tawmfyif oyfoyf&yf&yf&Sdayonf [k csD;rGrf; rdawmhonf?

u|efawmfonf olŒtm; &$ef;&$ef;pm;pm; =unfhrdonf? olu rwkefrv_yf? pum;udkav;vHk; jynfhatmif ajymvdkonfh vuQ%m r&Sd? u|efawmfh &ifwGif;Yum; xkdacwf vli,fpkwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_ wdk@udk ca&aph wGif;us ar;=unfh vdk.? odk@aomf xdkae&monf ar;oifhaomae&m r[kwf? atmifqef;um; }uD;us,f eufeJaom t}uH wpfckudk awG;awm aeonfhyrm &Sd.? xkd@a=umifh rar;xdkufonf udkyif ar;rdjyef.? atmifqef;um; +yHK;+zJ+zJESifh? c¶krSmtqH/ vlrSm t}uH [laom aqmifyk'fudk u|efawmfhtm; ay;.?

u|efawmfonf ae@&uf rsm;udk rrSwfrd/ a&S;aESmif; tpDtpOf wdk@udkvnf; rrSwfrd?odk@aomf ta=umif;csif;w tjzpftysuf wdk@onf twdwf umvwnf; [laom wif;wdrft=um; xJrS u|efawmfhtm; ,ae@wdkif udk,fxif jyvsuf &Sdonf? u|efawmfonf &efukefrStjyef [oFmwudk 0if.? xkdtcsdefwGif [oFmw+rdKŒ &yfuGuf wpfckY rD;avmif+yD;p jzpf.?usGefawmf a&mufcsdefwGif ta&;ydkif OD;umpdESifh [oFmwodk@ ajymif;vm ump &mZ0wf0efrpPwm aZAD;,m; wdk@onf rD;avmifajrudk oGm;a&muf =unfh¶_aecsdef jzpf.?

u|efawmfum; OD;umpdudk 0ifI E_wfquf&ef rD;avmifajr odk@ oGm;cJh.? OD;umpdESifh

108

1 0 81 0 81 0 81 0 81 0 8 tvif;tdrfr*➔→➣↔↕ ➙➛➜➝➞➟➠ ➙➡➢➛↔➞➤➠

awGŒ&.? OD;umpdu u|efawmfhtm; rpPwm aZAD;,m;ESifh rdwfquf ay;.? xdkrS wpfzef rdrd¶Hk;xdkif&m a'oodk@ xGufcJhjyefonf? rsm;r=umrDyif [oFmw &mZ0wf0ef rpPwm aZAD;,m;qdkolrSm atmifqef;tm; qkaiG ig;usyf xkwfcJhzl;ol jzpfonf[k =um;&avonf? qkaiGig;usyf qdkonfrSm &,fp&m? odk@aomf usGefawmf r&,fEkdifyg? tb,fha=umifh rod?"aeao;oy +cHKxJu" [laom pdwfrsKd; ay:vmygonf? rpPwm aZAD;,m; tay: pdwfckaompdwfrsKd; r[kwfyg? odk@aomf tkyfcsKyfol vlrsKd;}uD; u tkyfcsKyfcH&ol vlrsKd;uav; wpfrsKd;udkapmfum;jcif; jzpfonf [lIum; pdwfxJwGif "aw;" rdonfudk 0efcHvdkygonf?

rcHcsifaom pdwf/ t¶H_; ray;vdkaom pdwf/ rSefonf [k ,lq rdonfESifh wpf+ydKifeufZGwfxkd; vkyfvdkaom pdwf/ ig rSm;vSsif ighaqmf/ ol rSm;vSsif olŒ aqmfrnf [laom pdwf?xdkpdwf wdk@a=umifh u|efawmfonf &cdkifjynfodk@ vGifh cJhjyefygonf? xkd@a=umifh atmifqef;ESifh u|efawmfrSm r,fwpf&Gm armif wpf+rdKŒ rSsru olu ajrmuf 0if¶dk;pGef; a&mufaecsdef0,fu|efawmfu awmif 0if¶dk;pGef;odk@ a&mufaebd ouJhodk@ &Sdjyefygonf? odk@ygaomf jim;vnf;olŒ owif;udk em;pGifhrdonf?

xdkpOfu ykvdyfXmerS jrefrm wpfjynfvHk; twGuf EkdifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk t+rdKŒ+rdKŒodk@ vSsKdŒ0Sufpm taejzifh ay;ydk@ avh&Sdonf? xdk vSsKdŒ0Suf tpD&ifcHpm rsm;wGifa&eHajr ocifwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_udk zwf&onf? odk@aomf &efukef+rdKŒ&Sd 'dk@Arm tpnf;t¶Hk;owif;rsm;rSm +idrfoufaeonf? &efukefY +idrfouf onfESifh trSs t&yf&yf Yum; txl;x=uG v_yf&Sm;aeonf?

odk@yg vsufESifh atmifqef;. v_yf&Sm;r_udk tpD&ifcHpm xJY rawGŒ&acs? ,if;odk@rawGŒ&jcif; rSm rqef;yg? ta=umif; rlum; atmifqef; azmrdkqm odk@ a&mufae+yD [laomyg;pyf owif; onf &cdkifjynf Y acsmifus vSaom awmifukwf+rdKŒ odk@ a&mufvmaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdktcsdefY taemufEdkifiH ppfowif; wdk@onf xdwfvef@zG,f yifjzpfawmhonf? xkd@a=umifh a&SŒa&; aemufa&; udk =unfhI usGefawmf cGifh,lonf?

(1941) ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae@ yg;vf[mbm udk AHk;usI (12) em&D cef@rSst=um wGif u|efawmfvnf; cGifh& aoma=umifh tvkyfudk tjcm;ol wpfOD;tm; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGm ESifh v$Jay; cJhavonf? (1941) ckESpf/ 'DZifbm (20) &ufae@ rS (26) &ufae@txd u|efawmf wdk@ om;trd om;tz wpfawG awmifukwf rS yef;awmif; odk@ ajcvsifavSsmuf cJh=uygonf? wpfnwGif a&ay: }uD; Y pcef; csonf? xkdpcef; a&mufvSsifyif tdyf&may:odk@ ypfvSJ vdkufygonf? u|efawmf wpfidkufavmuf tdyfarmus oGm;pOf tdyfruf xJwGifocif xGef;tkyf. toHudk =um;&ygonf? ol. toHrSm &cdkif ¶dk;r awmifwef; wpfckvHk;[def;oGm; ygonf?

tcsdefrSm n (9) em&D ausmfausmfyif &SdOD;rnf? awm}uD; rsufrnf; xJwGif xHk;pH

109

1 0 91 0 91 0 91 0 91 0 9 tvif;tdrfr*➥➦➧➨➩ ➫➭➯➲➳➵➸ ➫➺➻➭➨➳➼➸

twdkif; qdkvSsif orifu a[mufI acs (*sD) u awmufoH =um;&zdk@ &Sdonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf qiftkyfrsm; 0g;ydk;0g; udk pm;onfh toH =um;&zdk@ &Sdonf? odk@wnf; r[kwf usm;[def;oHudk =um;&zdk@ &Sdonf? odk@aomf "&Jabmfwdk@"[laom toHonf yJhwifoH xyfoGm;onf?=uufoD; arG;nif;udk xaponf? u|efawmf onf tdyf&mrS aigufueJ xvdkufonf?bmoHygvdrfh? cs,f&Dyef; yGifh&m a'orS jzpfaom wdkusKd+rdKŒrS toHv$ifh vdkufonfh ocifxGef;tkyf. toH x=uavmh =uG=u avmh cs=uavmh? awm}uD; rsufrnf; xJY a&'D,dk udktpGrf;ukef toHzGifh xm;onf? a&'D,dk zGifhol rSm yD'AvsL'D Xme [k ac:aom jynfolŒ vkyfief;XmerS tdkAmqD,m wpfOD; jzpfonf?

awm}uD; awmif}uD; xJwGif +AdwdoSs Oa&my pufuGif; rSm w'*F rSs vGwfaomae&mudk ususee a&G;cs,f I awmfvSefa&; w&m; wdk@udk tm;& yg;& emol rSm +AdwdoSstkyfcsKyfa&; puf ,Eœ&m; xJrS ao;i,faom 0uftl wpfacsmif; jzpfayonf? ao;i,faom0uftlrdk@ ravmufav; ravmufpm; [k rxif ygESifh? ol. pdwf"mwfudk =unfhyg?

trSefrSm u|efawmf onf xdk tdkAmqD,m udk aumif;pGm rodyg? olŒudkawmifukwf+rdKŒ Y awGŒ&onf qdk¶HkrSs awGŒvdkuf&onf xif.? odk@aomf jyefI awGŒqHk &onfwdkifatmif oluvnf; u|efawmfhudk rSwfrd csifrS rSwfrdrnf? u|efawmf uvnf; olŒudk rSwfrdcsifrS rSwfrdrnf? xkdnu a&ay: }uD; Y pcef;cs csdefrSm ntcsdef jzpfI arSmifESifh rnf;rnf;awmpcef; xJwGif olESifhvnf; vlcsif; rqHk Edkifyg? odk@ygvsuf ESifh olŒ pdwf"mwfudk rnfodk@=unfh& rnfenf;?

Todk@ apm'u wufvdkol &SdvSsif wufxdkuf ayonf? u|efawmfum; xdktdkAmqD,m u awm}uD; rsufrnf; xJY a&'D,dk tpGrf;ukef zGifhI em;axmifjcif; t"dym,fudk udk,fcsif;pm =unfhrd aoma=umifh ,if;odk@ ajymrdjcif; jzpfyg.? ,cktcg t&m&Sdudk EkdifiHa&;orm; tcsKdŒ wdk@u rsKd;cspf yk*~dKvf r[kwf ovdkvdk qufqH avh&Sdonf? u|Efkyfwdk@ uvnf;EdkifiHa&; orm; wdkif; trsKd;udk cspfonf [k r,lq? odk@aomf xkd tdkAmqD,m . tjzpfYol. &ifwGif; odk@ 0if=unfh vSsif jrefrm EdkifiHawmf vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf ocif atmifqef;udk rnfrSs pdwfapm aea=umif; txift&Sm; awGŒ& ayvdrfhrnf?

xkdpOfu rsKd;cspf jynfcspf om;&wem wdk@onf ocif atmifqef; . ya,m*a=umifh xkdrSsavmuf pdwf rmefzDvsuf &Sd=u+yD? u|efawmfonf ocif xGef;tkyf .toHv$ifhcsuf udk tptqHk; em;axmif =unfhonf? vGwfvyfa&; Armh wyfrawmf xJwGifocif atmifqef; yg0ifvsuf &Sdonf udk od&av+yD? u|efawmf. idkufjrnf; aom OD;aESmufxJwGif +AdwdoSs ppfonfawmfwdk@ atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGm oGm;aom ajcoHrsm; ¶_yf,Sufcwfvm+yD;vSsif u|efawmf vnf; ESpf+cdKufpGm tdyfaysmfoGm; ygonf?

u|efawmf. ae&if; Xmeudk jyefI a&mufoGm; tcsdef Yum; vGwfvyfa&; Armh

110

1 1 01 1 01 1 01 1 01 1 0 tvif;tdrfr*➽➾➚➪➶ ➹➘➴➷➬➮➱ ➹✃❐➘➪➬❒➱

wyfrawmf owif;/ atmifqef; owif;/ oHk;a&mifjc,f tvH owif;/ AdkvfvSaz (Adkvfvusfm)udk }udK;rdef@ ay;aom owif; ponf wdk@onf a&'D,dk rS wpfqifh t&yf xJwGif ysHŒESH@IaecJhavonf? xkd@aemufYum; u|efawmf. ae&yfonf bDtdkifat . a&SŒajy; jzpfaombDtdkifat a&mifjcnfawmf ESifh a&m v$wfaom oHk;a&mifjc,f vufywf0wf ta&;ay:ocif topf pufpuf jzpfaom bDtdkifat twk wdk@u ae@cif; a=umifawmif tdrfa&SŒaygufrS wufI rk'drf; usifhjcif; udk cHvdkuf &ygonf?

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116

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117

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118

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119

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120

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121

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122

1 2 21 2 21 2 21 2 21 2 2 tvif;tdrfr*qrst✉ ✈✇①②③④⑤ ✈⑥⑧✇t③⑨⑤

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123

1 2 31 2 31 2 31 2 31 2 3 tvif;tdrfr*⑩❶❷❸❹ ❺❻❼❽❾❿➀ ❺➁➂❻❸❾➃➀

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124

1 2 41 2 41 2 41 2 41 2 4 tvif;tdrfr*➄➅➆➇➈ ➉➊➋➌➍➎➏ ➉➐➑➊➇➍➒➏

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125

1 2 51 2 51 2 51 2 51 2 5 tvif;tdrfr*➓➔→➣↔ ↕➙➛➜➝➞➟ ↕➠➡➙➣➝➢➟

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126

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127

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qdkwJh uAsmjzpfygw,f?* Out of the Night that covers me,

black as the pit from pole to pole, i think, whatever Gods may be for my unconquerabel soul.

* In the fell clutch of circumatance, I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeorinG of chance My head is bloody , but unbowed.

* It matters not how strait the gate, how charged with punishments the scroll. I am the master of my fate.

I am the captain of my soul.

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144

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164

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165

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BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA

Memoirs Of a Revolution

1939 - 1946

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183

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184

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185

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187

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188

1 8 81 8 81 8 81 8 81 8 8 tvif;tdrfr*❺❻❽❾❿ ➀➁➂➃➄➅➆ ➀➇➈➁❾➄➉➆

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TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU

TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10

303,HIGARI BLD

TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178

Japan.

TEL

080-5070-0080

090-6528-9292

090-8486-2161

090-7198-4763

e-mail - - - - - [email protected]

1

11111 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7) trSwf(1)

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&6 / wydk@wGJv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf?

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