Sylvia Alviodita030.09.249

Estrogen deficiency osteoporosis, sexual dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, colon, and breast cancers in menopausal women.

Osteoporosis is a serious problem for postmenopausal women which increases the risk of bone fracture and worsens with age, increasing from 4% in 50–59 year age bracket to 50% in 80 years old women.

phytoestrogens (isoflavones, lignans, coumestanes, stilbenes, flavonoids) and many more novel estrogen-like compounds in plants have been immensely used to prevent menopause-related depletion in bone mineral density (BMD) and decrease for all of risks of the menopause

"Isoflavones" present in plants especially soy, may reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women as they are similar in structure to estrogens.

There are three main classes of phytoestrogens :1. Isoflavones2. Coumestans3. Lignans

isoflavones have high affinity to β-receptors. β-receptors exist in brain, bone, bladder and vascular epithelium, being important in the function of non-steroid estrogens.

Decrease the all factors ofAtherosclerosis CancerVascular diseaseOsteophorosisetc

Cardio vascular diseaseConsumption of 25-g soy protein enriched bread resulted in a decreased total serum cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic men. A soybean protein diet in subjects with Type II hyperlipoproteinemia may lower cholesterol on average by 20%. A meta-analysis of 38 published controlled clinical trials of soy protein consumption that averaged 47 g per day and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations found that consumption of soy protein was associated significantly with mean reductions in total cholesterol (9.3% decrease, 95% CI 0.35–0.85 mmol/L), LDL cholesterol (12.9% decrease, 95% CI 0.30–0.82 mmol/L), and triglycerides (10.5% decrease, 95% CI 0.003–0.29 mmol/L). The hypocholesterolemic effect appears to be significantly related to pretreatment plasma cholesterol

Osteoporosisa synthetic flavonoid, inhibits osteoclast recruitment

and function, and 600 mg/day has prevented bone loss at the distal radius in osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women randomized to receive casein, soy protein with either 1.39 mg total isoflavones/g protein (ISP), or 2.25 mg total isoflavones/g protein (ISP+) for six months demonstrated increased bone mineral content and density with ISP+ compared with controls (P< 0.005).

CancerThe incidence of hormone dependent tumors is lower in

Asia and Eastern Europe than western countries and amongst vegetarians. Breast, ovarian, prostate, and colon cancer show a negative correlation with cereal and phytoestrogen intake when comparing cancer mortality rates and food availability data between countries.

Breast CancerThe epidemiological, animal, and cell-line data suggest

that phytoestrogens may play a role in breast cancer. Prepubertal phytoestrogens may cause precocious maturation of breast terminal end buds to more differentiated lobules and subsequent breast cancer protection. In contrast, increased post-pubertal exposure, without breast maturation from significant phytoestrogen ingestion in childhood, or another stimulus for breast maturation such as full-term pregnancy, could potentially increase breast cancer risks via an agonistic estrogenic action.

Phytoestrogens appear to have physiological effects in humans, with the most supportive data being related to the effects of soy protein supplements on lipids and lipoproteins and on vascular function. Mild estrogenic effects have been seen in postmenopausal women; however, larger and longer term studies are needed to more thoroughly document clinical effects and to examine the target effects on estrogen responsive tissue such as breast and endometrium. Phytoestrogens are now available in tablet form, and this will enhance future study designs.Soy isoflavones are structurally and functionally related to 17-beta-estradiol and are known to act on both osteoblasts and osteoclasts through genomic and nongenomic pathways and have beneficial effects on BMD, bone turnover markers, and bone mechanical strength in postmenopausal women.The effect of isoflavones on bone formation is by binding on estrogen receptors on the target cell surface; hence it is believed that isoflavones may help in the treatment of patients by estrogen replacement therapy for osteoporosis. And decrease the riskof vascular disease, breast cancer, etc

REFERENCES

1. Uesugi T, Fukui Y, Yamori Y. Beneficial effects of soybean isoflavone supplementation on bone mineral metabolism and serum lipid in postmenopausal Japanese women: a four-week study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21:97–102.

2. Groeneveld FP, Bareman FP, Barensen r, et al.: Determinants of first prescription of hormone replacement therapy. A follow up study among 1689 women aged 45–60 years

3. Glazier MG, Bowman MA: A review of the evidence for the use of phytoestrogens as a replacement for traditional estrogen replacement therapy. Arch Intern Med 2001, 161:1161-1172

4. Franke AA, Halm BM, Kakazu K, Li X, Custer LJ. Phytoestrogenic isoflavonoids in epidemiologic and clinical research. Drug Test Anal. 2009;1:14–21.

5. Wei F, Miglioretti DL, Connelly MT, Andrade SE, Newton KM, Hartsfield CL, et al. Changes in women’s use of hormones after the Women’s Health Initiative estrogen and progestin trial by race, education, and income. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2005;35:106–12.

6. Doerge DR, Chang HC. Inactivation of thyroid peroxidase by soy isoflavones, in vitro and in vivo. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl J Chrom B. 2002;777:245–55.

7. Finkelstein JS, Brockwell SE, Mehta V, Greendale GA, Sowers MR, Ettinger B, et al. Bone mineral density changes during the menopause transition in a multiethnic cohort of women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:861–8.

8. Vincent A, Fitzpatrick LA. Soy isoflavones: are they useful in menopause? Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75:1174–84.

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