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The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

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Latin- Early settlers of RomeEtruscans- Northern Italy

Eventually take control of Rome and build it into a great city.Build it on 7 hills for protection.

509 BCE- Romans drive Etruscans out.

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Early RomansEarly Romans

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The Forum- The central The Forum- The central public square used for public square used for government meetings.government meetings.

Republic- a government Republic- a government without a kingwithout a king

Not a true democracy Not a true democracy because of elected because of elected representatives by the representatives by the people.people.

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Roman GovernmentRoman Government

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Roman governmentRoman government

Patricians- wealthy landowners that controlled the republic.Consuls- two individuals that directed the daily affairs of government and led the army.

One-year terms

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The SenateThe Senate

300 member council of patricians that made laws and served Rome.

Most powerful part of The Republic.

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The PlebeiansThe Plebeians

The common people (common farmers, artisans, merchants)Had no say in governementAllowed to take part in the assembly, but had less power than the Senate.Twelve Tables- 451 BCE

Plebeians have Roman laws written.Gives common people some protection against unfair patrician decisions.

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The Roman ArmyThe Roman Army

Superior due to its discipline and organization.Used a tight battle formation used by Greek foot soldiers.

Opponents used mob warfare.

Legion- basic army unit.

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Roman AlliancesRoman Alliances

How did Rome maintain its alliances with former enemies?

1. Granted Roman citizenship to allies.2. Allowed allies to keep local

government.3. Gave protection and maintained order

in Italy.

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The Punic WarsThe Punic Wars

264-202 BCE- Series of wars between Rome and Carthage

Carthage- North African city founded by Phoenicians.

First Punic WarRome- superior armyCarthage- superior navyRome gains Sicily- makes it a province (territory outside of Italy)

Second Punic WarHannibal invades Italy.

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HannibalHannibalCarthaginian generalInvades Italy from the north via the Alps with elephants.Battle of Cannae

Hannibal pulls back from Rome.Romans believe he is retreating and follow.Hannibal surrounds and defeats.

Scipio- Roman general attacks CarthageHannibal tries to return home.Defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama.

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Romans burn it because it represented Hannibal.Survivors sold into slavery.Becomes a Roman province along with Greece and the Mediterranean.

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Destruction of CarthageDestruction of Carthage

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Hannibal’s invasion destroyed the farms.Newly conquered lands begin to import food into Rome.

Farmer income declines.Latifundia (large estates) created.

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The Roman Republic in The Roman Republic in CrisisCrisis

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Tiberius GracchusElected to tribune promising aid to the farmers.Called for taking land and distributing it to the landless.

Limit farm size

Gaius GracchusGives grain to the poor.Opened more land to farmers.Secured more rights for the middle class.

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The Gracchus BrothersThe Gracchus Brothers

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Romans originally stayed united due to their fear of Carthage

No Carthage– nothing to fear

Senate unable to provide effective leadership.

Patricians become more concerned w/ keeping their power and wealth.

Slave revolts !

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More turmoil…More turmoil…

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SpartacusSpartacus

73 BCEProclaims war on Rome in attempt to free the slaves.2 years of successful revoltsEventually killed along with 6000 followers.

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The rise of dictatorsThe rise of dictators

Dictator- one person w/ absolute powerMilitary loyalty came from loyalty to Rome.Gaius Marius

Ensures loyalty of troops by promising loot from conquered lands.

Lucius SullaRival to MariusBloody wars over powerDefeats Marius and becomes dictator of Rome.

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First triumvirateFirst triumvirate60 BCE- Three army generals unite to rule Rome.

Pompey Crassus Julius Caesar

Caesar becomes consul and commands the Roman legions in Gaul.

Conquers Gaul (France) and England.

Pompey gets support from Senate.Orders Caesar to return home w/out the army.

Caesar invades Rome w/ army and defeats Pompey.

Becomes a “hero of the empire.”

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Julius CaesarJulius CaesarReforms Rome1. Reorganized government with him as

dictator.2. Lowered taxes.3. Makes governors responsible to him.4. Grants citizenship to conquered peoples.

March 15, 44 BCE- Caesar assassinatedStabbed in the Senate “Beware the Ides of March.”

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Mark AntonyLepidusOctavianCreated by Mark Antony.

Falls in love w/ Cleopatra, queen of Egypt.

Octavian crushes the combined fleet of Antony and Cleopatra.

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Second triumvirateSecond triumvirate

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OctavianOctavian31 BCE- creates the Roman EmpireAllows Senate to keep some power, but he would retain sole rulership.Changes name to Augustus

“honored and majestic”

Takes title of “Caesar”“first citizen”

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The Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire

Augustus gains control of the following:

MilitaryTakes complete control ofGives veterans bonuses of land.

ProvincesSupervised all the governors.

Loyalty to RomeGranted citizenship to more conquered peoples of Europe.

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Pax RomanaPax Romana

““The Roman Peace”- 27-180 ADThe Roman Peace”- 27-180 ADPeriod of peace and prosperity.Period of peace and prosperity.

Julio-Claudian dynastyJulio-Claudian dynastyNo real line of succession to the No real line of succession to the throne.throne.

First four emperors after Augustus First four emperors after Augustus that were either related to him or that were either related to him or his wife.his wife.

Not as good as Augustus.Not as good as Augustus.

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TiberiusTiberius14-37 ADAugustus’ stepsonPlots and violence become common in Roman politics.

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CaligulaCaligula

Cruel and insaneRules for 4 years

Assassinated by his imperial guard.

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ClaudiusClaudius

41-54 ADRestores order to the Roman Empire.

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NeroNeroClaudius’ stepsonBecomes Emperor at age 17.Becomes bloodthirsty and violent.

Murders own mother for criticizing his mistress.

Rome burns in 64 AD.Nero blames the Christians.

Army rebels against him, and he commits suicide.

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VespasianVespasian

The year after Nero’s death, 2 emperors are assassinated and 1 commits suicide.Chosen by military as emperor of Rome.Restores discipline in the army and the administration of the Empire.

Puts down revolts in Judaea and Gaul.

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66 AD- Jews revolt against Rome.Jerusalem captured and Holy Temple is destroyed.Masada- 1000 Jews take refuge in a mountain fortress.

2 year siege- falls to Rome in 73 AD.All the Jews inside commit suicide.

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Judean revoltJudean revolt

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Vespasian's sons rule for almost 10 years.Senate chooses Nerva as the new emperor in 96 AD.Establishes the adoptive system.

Adopts a son and declares him the heir to the throne.

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NervaNerva

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TrajanTrajan

98-117 ADAdopted son of Nerva.Spanish-bornWise and popular

Eases tax burden.

Empire reaches its greatest size.

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HadrianHadrian

117-138 ADDevoted to protecting the Empire, rather than expanding it.Creates Palestine out of Jewish territory.

Encourages non-Jews to live there.

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Last of the adopted emperors.“Good Emperors”

Many border wars with the Germanic tribes.Abandons the adoptive system and chooses his own son as the new emperor.

Commodus- unfit to ruleEnd of the Pax Romana

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Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius

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Empire stretched from Asia Minor to the Danube and Rhine Rivers to Great Britain.Roman governors

Enforced Roman law and settled provincial disputes.

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The Height of the Roman The Height of the Roman EmpireEmpire

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Roman ProsperityNew roads, drained swamps, irrigation systems for the deserts.

Roman CitizenshipBy 212 AD, virtually all free people in the Empire became Roman citizens.

The Height of the Roman The Height of the Roman EmpireEmpire