Rome: from beginning to end

Rome: early roots• Rome founded

around 750 B.C.• Two theories:

– Mythical– Physical

• Who were they?– Latins– Etruscans– Greeks

• What was borrowed to shape Roman culture?– Agriculture– Skills– Education– Architecture– Religion

Size of Rome in the early Republic

Rome: forming the Republic

• Early Kings– Etruscan: Tarquin the

Proud

• Why so irritated by Etruscan rule?

• 509 B.C. last Etruscan King

• What then begins? Think hard!!

Republic: Power in the people to elect their leaders

Patricians•Aristocrats

•Landowners•Held Power

Plebeians•Commoners•Majority of population

Senate•Aristocratic

branch•300 members•Foreign and

domestic policy

Tribunes•Protected rights

of Plebeians•Prevent unfair

practices

Executive Legislative

Judicial

President Congress Supreme Court

American System -- based on balance of powers/functionsNote: The only legitimate interest is that of the people

Roman System -- based on balance of interestsMonarchical Aristocratic Democratic

2 Consuls + other

magistrates

Senate Assembly of TribesTribune

Directed government and army Acted as judgesCould issue edictsActed as chief priest

Controlled state budget Could pass laws

Approved/rejected laws Decided on WarTribune could veto actions of magistrateActed as final court

Basis of power: possess imperium, the right to ruleneed for leadership

Basis of power: members were richest men in Rome.

Basis of power: provided most of the soldiers

Limits on power: one year termeach could veto

Limits on power: could not control armyneeded majority as soldiers.

Limits on power: Could not suggest lawsoften paid as clients by the elite

Republic: Power in the people to elect their leaders

• Consuls: Leaders (2) to make governmental and military decisions

• One year long• 10 year absence• One has veto power

over the other

Attributes of the Republic

• Twelve Tables– Victory for Plebeians– 451 B.C.– Prevent interpretation– Protection under the

law for all

• Assemblies– Were the Tribunes

worked– Appointed Consuls

• Dictator– Leader with absolute

power– Could make laws– Chosen by consuls– Elected by senate

Roman Military

• Roman Army– Required for land

owners– 10 years required for

office– Legions

• 5000 men• Smaller 80 men

groups (century)

– Group of soldiers on horseback support legions (Calvary)

Roman Warfare

• With a partner create a timeline of Rome’s rise to power through its military.

• Include the following events or people– Dominate central Italy– Punic Wars I, II, III– Hannibal– Scipio

Rome: Where is Carthage?

Rome: Punic Wars

• 264 B. C. war erupts• Carthage Mediterranean

power• Control’s Sicily, however

happily gave it up in first treaty following First Punic War

• What comes next?

Rome: Punic Wars

• Second Punic War• Hannibal: 29 year old general• Brilliant military leader• Avenge Carthages defeat• Assembled a massive army

– 50,000 infantry– 9,000 calvary– 60 Elephants

Rome: Second Punic War

Rome: Final Punic War

• Hannibal had success at Cannae

• However failed to overtake Rome

• Scipio Roman Hannibal like figure

• Wanted to put a final end to threat

• Carthage for the most part non-factor but decided to destroy Carthage

Cato the elder

Inside Check!!

• 750 BC – Rome Founded

• 600 BC Etruscan King• 509 BC Aristocrats

Rule – Republic• 264 BC Punic Wars• 133/121 BC Gracchus

Brothers killed

• 88-30 BC Roman Civil Wars

• 31 BC Battle of Actium

• 27 BC Octavian becomes Augustus Emperor of Rome

Rome: The Empire Brings Change

– Remember what the Republic was?

– Growth brought political, social, and economic changes

– Widening gap between the rich and poor

– Latifundia – Patrician estates

– Where were these from?

– Massive Latifundia cause problems

– Lost land and life to Patricians

Rome: Empire Brings Change

• Republic finally collapses

• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus – helped the poor as tribune

• Limiting estate sizes• Both were killed

ultimately for what?• Civil War or unrest

• The savage beasts have their… dens…, but the men who bear arms and expose their lives for the safety of their country, enjoy…nothing more in it but the air and light…and wander from place to place with their wives and children. – Tiberius Gracchus

Rome: A change is on its way

• During War allegiance of solders changes

• Gaius Marius & Cornelius Sulla 88-82

• Rise of Julius Caesar occurs because of void

• 60 B.C. 1st Triumvirate• Caesar, Crassus,

Pompey

Rome: A change is on the way

• Caesar was appointed Consul for one year

• He then became governor of Gaul

• Three leaders would run the empire

• Untill????• What stopped

Caesar’s rule in Gaul?

Rome: A change is on the way

• 50 B.C. Pompey has the Senate remove Caesar from Gaul

• 49 B. C. Caesar returns

• 44 B. C. Dictator for life

• Absolute Ruler• How did Caesar

create change?

• Who might be jealous?

• What might happen?• March 15, 44 B.C. • The Ides of March• “Et tu, Brute?”I

Rome: The Empire Begins

• After Caesar’s death another Civil War breaks out

• Octavian leads the charge – grand nephew

• Mark Antony, Lepidus• Second Triumvirate• Jealousy• Actium 31B.C.

• Antony and Cleopatra

Rome: The Empire• 3 Million Square miles, 60-80 million

total population• 1 million in the city of Rome• Agriculture the number one

economic resource• Roman Roads: Purpose?

Original Purpose?

Rome: The Empire

• The Transfer of Power

• The Bad Emperors– Caligula– Nero– Domitian

• The Good Emperors– Nerva– Trajan– Hadrian– Antoninus Pius– Marcus Aurelius

Rome: JULIO-CLAUDIAN EMPERORS

• AUGUSTUS27 BCE - 14 CE

• TIBERIUS14 - 37 CE

• CALIGULA37 - 41 CE

• CLAUDIUS41 - 54 CE

• NERO54 - 68 CE

• This dynasty is known as the Julio-Claudians

• Derived from two families Julian and Claudian

Rome: Augustus• Wise politician• Gave up power to receive it• Principate• Praetorian Guard• All offices had been in

existence under the Republic, but not in one persons hand

• Imperator – military• Tribunicia Potesta-

protector of the commoners• Legal power---not

dictatorship

• Not so wise Militarily • Marcus Agrippa led

much of his military campaigns

• Civil Service – Tax, postal, grain

• Biggest fault…a successor

Rome: Tiberius

• Adopted with much reluctance

• Paranoid about coups

• Distanced himself from leadership roles

• Sejanus - Praetorian Guard

• Treason Trials

• Coin in the potty• Funny how you die…

Pillow fight!!

Rome: Caligula

• Grand Nephew of Tiberius

• Ruled for only four years

• Gaius??Caligula?? Little Boots

• Hated name… punished if said

• Became increasingly nuts

• Trusted know one… not even Macro

• Killed and befriended all

• Incest… a lie?• Like to spend money!!

Bay of Naples and Chariot Race

• Be my priest please?

Rome: Claudius

• Was named by Praetorian Guard as Emperor

• A chance to restore republic…get rid of what?

• Who didn’t want this?

• Also feared assassination

• Expanded into Britain

• Wife was very scheming.. Plot to kill

• Married Agrippina, Caligulas sister

• Elevate Nero to Emperor

• The Mushroom…ouch

Rome: Nero

• First five years rather calm

• Man of the Arts• Killed wives, step

brother• What to do with

Agrippa? Exile• The great boat ride…

ouch• Murder

• Lost out with aristocrats

• Went on trip through Greece

• Distanced himself• Guard turned on him

and went after him• “Oh what an artist

the world is losing.”

The Rise of Christianity• Roman Gods were

impersonal… Boring• Christianity was a

movement born with Judaism … a personal relationship

• 63 BC • Romanize … Herod

The Rise of Christianity

• Herod - ruled with iron fist• Dies… Revolt of Romans … 6 AD Roman

Province• Zealots – Rid Judea of Romans• Another group believed that the Messiah would

appear to restore the kingdom of the Jews• Jesus 6- 4 B.C. Born in Judea• Age 30 Public Ministry• What were his teachings?

The Rise of Christianity• The Apostles• Teachings brought great fame• A threat to Romans and Jews• Blasphemy…• Pontius Pilate – Roman Governor• Sentenced to death.. Three Days Later??• Jesus the Messiah• Peter and other apostles• Paul led small group which created Christianity

The Rise of Christianity

• Jewish Rebellion over Land• Diaspora … 1800 years and

gone• Rome sees as a threat. 64 AD

Nero• Persecutions• AD 312 Constantine• Milvian Brridge• Edict of Milan• Heresy – New Testament

Nicene Creed

The Niddy Griddy

• Why did Christianity Grow?

1.______________2.______________3.______________4.______________5.______________

• What critical moment occurred in AD 312? Impact?