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Camp David strategy of the United States on the ground of the Middle East conflict

Abbasova A.Z.

Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan

(The faculty of History, 2nd year student of master degree)

E-mail: aytan_abbasova@mail.ruAcademic leader: M.B.Fataliyev, PhD, professor of BSU

World War II that gave the new direction to mutual cooperation and international security among states, and which formed one of the most essential pages of the world history simultaneously shaped good conditions to determine major powerful states on the map of the new world. So, after this war the main leaders of the Anti Hitler coalition that established against Axis block the USA and the USSR began to conduct the policy, which was directed to preserve previous dominating positions and to strengthen these positions by obtaining new areas of influence.

This tendency in the foreign policy of the United States and the USSR not only rotated the allies of the war into serious rivals, but also stimulated of the beginning of the phase that based on the ideological war, and which came into the history under the name of Cold war.

For the United States it was always important to gain the regions that were geo strategic and essential areas of the world, in order to become the main power of the mankind, possess the opportunity of influence to the world politics, and dictate the policy, which replied to its interests as well. The one of such important regions was the Middle East, situated in the intersection of Europe, Asia and Africa, and which played the role of transition for the USA.

The Middle East, which area is crossed by the shortest seaway from Western Europe to the Indian Ocean trough Suez Canal and enriched by oil resources, first of all attracted the USA because of its geo strategic advantages and privileges. And namely this cause made the United States do its best to influence to the Middle East and be interested in all issues, related to this region as well. In order to realize its aims, the USA had to establish the column in the region and this column was the state of Israel.

So, the US administration, which recognized Jews state on the same day of its establishment, on May 15, 1948 [1, p.361], utilized the Arab-Israeli conflict on its behalf, and aided to new created state in military, economic and political spheres. This strategy was reflected in 70s policy of the USA in isolation of Geneva Conference, held for regulation of the Middle East conflict after Yom Kippur War (1973), and signing of separate agreements between Israel and Arab states, as well as confirmed the basis of the US-Israel political relations at the second half of 70s

The ground of the US policy in the Middle East at the second half of 70s of XX century was its Camp-David strategy. So, the election of Jimmy Carter as the president of the USA in 1976 ballots, his constructive activity about this region made an impression that, contrary to previous republican administration, Carter administration would base on mutual understanding with USSR. The declaration, composed by Soviet foreign minister A.A. Gromyko, J. Carter and secretary of state S. Bens during the meetings, held in Washington and New York in September, 1977, and which stressed the vitality of restarting of Geneva Conference in December of the current year could prove this idea. But new administration that pursued Fords obstructionist policy about the Middle East conflict didnt want to restore the conference in reality, and did its best to solve the conflict on the basis of separate agreements. This goal of the United States was mentioned in the official document signed in October, 1977 with Israeli government. The one of the major principles of the document were consisted of signing of separate treaties between Israel-Jordan, Israel-Egypt, Israel-Syria in order to regulate the conflict. And these, of course, would make a chance to America to dictate its interests in the Middle East easily.

Not only the United States and Israels, but also Egypts being the target of criticism by international world about Geneva Conference and separate agreements were not casual. So that, as the official of the USA on Middle East problems, H. Kissinger mentioned, the president of Egypt at that time began the discussions with Israel about the separate agreement, appealed to the US government to mediate in signing Egypt-Israeli treaty as well. And these steps caused to the competent and acute disagreements of other states.

The United States that brought the one of the major states, related to the Middle East Egypt to its side, began to the tactic of separate regulation which, first of all implied the signing of treaty with Egypt as initial stage, and then with Jordan and Syria as well, since November, 1977. By choosing this policy Carter administration returned to the Middle East policy of Republican government, which based on relatively regulation. Main difference was in that, previous administration demanded to give back the invaded regions step-by-step diplomacy, but Carter administration did its best to drive out the participants of the conflict from the system of general regulation. So, on August 8, 1978 the US president made speech with initiative to hold meeting of Egypt and Israeli presidents in the official residence at Camp David [5, p.216].

Consequently, the historical discussions began on September 5, 1978. The basis of the process, continued till September 17 without participation of Syria, Jordan, PLO and the USSR were consisted of the signing of the document, related to Gaza strip and West Bank of the river of Jordan, and the escape of Egypt from the isolation in the Middle East region. [2, p.196-197]. During the negotiations there were signed two documents Framework for the conclusion of a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel and Framework for peace of the Middle East. Differing from the second document, the first one, which reflected the main principles of peace treaty, would be signed on March 26, 1979, had pro Israel position and strengthened the US-Israel dictate in the region as well. This document defended and accepted the resolutions of UN Security Council 242 and 338 in words, but not in reality. There was no mention of withdrawing of Israeli troops from the conquered West Bank, Gaza Strip and Golan Heights, as well as about an independent state or the PLO, but implied the establishment of a transition regime in Gaza and West bank under the subordination of Israel for five years, after which the final status of the area would be negotiated. [4, p.852-853].

At the result of the meeting, held at Camp David, on March, 1979 there were signed the treaties between Egypt-Israel, USA-Egypt, and USA-Israel-Egypt in Washington, in which was agreed step-by-step departure of Israeli troops from Sinai peninsula and determined accurate frontiers between Israel and Egypt. Simultaneously, the agreement gave Israel a right of utilizing of Suez Canal. [3, p. 408].

In conclusion, its important to mention that, the US administration, which achieved essential success in Camp David strategy by making sign this peace treaty, ensured the security of states in the region, strengthened its positions about the Middle East conflict, as well as provided the durability of the US-Israel political relations.

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4. Nistor I.I. Handel und Wandel in der Moldau bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts. -Cernui. 1912. -304 c.

5. Xenopol A.D. Istoria romnilor din Dacia traian. -Bucureti. t. II. -1986. -502 c.

1920-1930- .

( . )

..

- , . ,

e-mail: vasiliy.bel@mail.ru

, 1917 , . , . 1920-1930- , . , , , . , , - . , , , ( ).

. , - . , , . . , , 1917 . , , , . , , . . - .

1 1932 17 . , , , 5 . , 42%. , 84,86% . :

24%

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11,9%

/ 1,6%

27%

2,5% [1].

, . , , . , . , [2, . 304]. , . . , , , , , . 1920-1930- . - . 1929-1935 . . 1929 , . , [3, . 15]. . , , 1920-1930- .

, : , , , , . , , [1].

, , , . , , , , , , . . . , , , . , .

25% . - : , , [4].

, , . . . , , . 25 . , - , [5, . 71]. , . , . , , , .

, , . . , . , . . , . , , , . , - , . . , . , . , : -, -, , , , -, - . , , . , . , .

. 30- . , , . , 2,5 5000 , 150 . 3 : .. , 2 . 16 1930 , , [6]. .

, 30- , . 1935 , , . , , , , . . , , , . - , 1920- , .

1. . . 633 .1 . 154. . 2

2. .. // -: . 2009. 310.

3. .. . . 1928-1935. . 1993. 144.

4. . . 122. . 16. . 84. . 4

5. . 1883.

6. . . 633 . 1 . 88. . 26

( XIX - .)

..

, .,

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. .: .. , ...,

. 5 : , , , . 65 , 25 (5 ) 15 . , , , , , . [1. C.762]

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, . 1862 - . , . 25 . . . . , , . , . , . . . 1863 . , , 1917 . . , . , . 3 , . 3-5 . . [2. .49 ]

1865 , 1867 , 1869 , 1870 , , , . [1. .770 ] : - .

1 1867 , : . III . , ; ; 2- , - . [3. .361 ] 1897 , .

XIX . , . . . . 8 10 . , , , . , , . [1. .779 ]

, , , . . , 1917 180 10 . , II , . , , ( , , ). , 36 , . 1375 , 10% . 1914-1915 . 154 , 8767 . - , ( 1876 .) , . [4. .153 ] , , . , , - .

. . 80- . XIX , . , 1882 . . , , . [5. .544-545 ]

. , 1913 . . , . , .

, . , 1913 . . [5. .545-546 ]

25 . , , , 1903 . , 1917 . 7 , 4- : ( ) , , , , .

1902 ., . 1904 . , . . [5. .549-550 ]

XIX , . , , . , , - .

1. : 2 . .. I. XIX . : , 2006. 828 .

2. . : - , 1984. 49 .

3. .. . , , . II XIX . : +, 2002. 448 .

4. . 2 . .. .II. I . : , 2008. 832 .

5. .., .. XIX-XX . , 2005. -

I ..

, . ,

e-mail: blagoder_1@mail.ru , , , , . , . , , ("").

. . . , . , , . . (1692-1695 .) , (. , . , . , . .) . , , . "", " , " ", , , , - " [1, . 9]. , , I.

, , . , . I , . .. (1719-1722 .): " 3 , . , 2 " [2, . 428]. , , 5 . . . "" .. . : "20 30 , " [3, . 397].

, . , .. : "8 ", , , , , ; "14 , 1 , " [4, . 276]. , , , . " " . , . I .

- , . , . , , " " [5, . 140]. , , 1723 . .. , , 1737 . , . , , , , , , , . .

I , , . , , , , , .

"", , . I . " ". , , " ". , , , . , . , " " , , . " , , , - " [6, . 21].

1720 . . " ", , : , , , . , , .

, . ( ) , . . , I . "15 () " [7, . 51]. . , 1695 . " , , " [7, . 50]. , .. " " , , , , , , "" . " , .. 1728 , , " [8, . 175].

- , , , . , , , , - , . , , , , ", , , , , -" (3, . 399(.

1. / . , . . - .: , 1959. - 59.

2. .. // - XVII . .1. - .: , 1969. - . 428-451.

3. .. : XIII-XVIII . - .: , 2003. - 544.

4. I - // - XVIII . (1700-1725 .). - .: . , 1978.

5. .. XVIII . - . - , 1947. - 248.

6. . . 1644-1911 . - . - .: - "", 2007. - 30.

7. .. XVIII . // - : . - .: " ", 2006. - . 49-68.

8. ( XVI-XIX .) / . . .. . - .: "", 2003. - 215.

20-30-

..

, .,

e-mail: bondarenko25@yandex.ru. .: .. , . . .,

1920-1930- , . - , . . 1921 IX .[1] - . 1920- - 1930- . , , . .

20- , - . 1920- , , , , , -. . , , .

1940- . . 1925 1936 , () 0,3 % 21,2 %; 1925 (5,2 %). . 1925 1936 16,3 % 51,7 % - .

. 1925 59,9 %, 45,4 %, 28,2 % 40,4 % . , 1936 (7,9 %). 1940 27,7 %. 66,7 % (1925) 37,3 % (1940).[2]

. 414 92 1924-1925 , , , , . . . . 1936 .. : . 41,4 % . (24,6 %), , , , , , 33 %. 46,4 % (.. 7-).[3]

20 1928 . 8 1932 . , :

) - ;

) ;

) - ;

) ;

) .

1934 - . , .. (, ), .[4]

1936. 3- 3- : , .. 300 . .

. . , 1921 14 , 1921 4 . 1922 2 , .[5] .. . 1926-1927 13 .

, , . 1935 - 1 1936 - : 8 , 7 , 3 , 5 , - 3 .

1936 . - - , , . - 1937 20 - .[6] - , - . , , , 1940 . .[7]

, , , , . , , , . . , . 40- .

1. , . . . . . .1. . 337.

2. : . . -2307. . 23. . 51 73; . -2306. . 70. . 1082. . 54, 55, 58. . -2306. . 70. . 9417. . 3-.

3. . . -2306. . 70. . 1082. . 52 .

4. . 1937. 8. . 36-37.

5. . . -1076. . 1. . 6. . 27.

6. . . -645. . 2 . . 83. . 1-5.

7. . . -645. . 2. . 84. . 31.

..

3 , . ,

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23 1918 . , 13 (1921 .), , . , () 1923 . .

, ( , ; - ; ), 1922 . .

. , , , , . , , , .

, , , . , , , , , , , , , , .. , 31 1925 ., () .. ( , 1937 .) .. . [2]

, 1924 . ( ), , 1927 . [3]

, , . 1924 . , , 1923 . , , , .[4]

, 1925 . () , () . , . , . [5] , 1924 . 5 8 , - 12 19 143 . [6]

, , . , , , . . , , , , , , .

, . , , . , , , , , .

, ( 20 1918 . , , ), , .. , .

. 8 . ., , , , . [7]

, . , , : ... , . [8]

, , . . . 65 1918 . . 1924 . , , 1600-1700 ., 50% - . 1925 . 1864 , 1189 ( 63,8% ), 1926 ., (1174 ) - - 850 ., 72,4%. [9]

. , , . , , .

1920- . , . , , , , . , , : 1928 . 17% , 75%, 66,4%, . [10]

1. .. : 1918-1940- . .: , 2004. . 191.

2. () 1-2 (19-20). , 1924. . 24.

3. . , 1978..73-75.

4. .. : 1918-1940- . .: , 2004. . 197.

5. (). , 1924. 9-10. . 46.

6. . .46

7. .. : 1918-1940- . .: , 2004. . 211.

8. . .211

9. . . 211

10. . . .: , 1970. . 145.

XIX XX .

( .. )

..

, . ,

e-mail: karvik07@mail.ru- , .

() XVII ., , , , , 80-90- XIX .

, - XIX XX . (.. , .. , .. , .. , .. .), , .

, , . , , , . - , , .

.. .

1870 . . [1] 1898 . 25- .. . ( ) (. ) .

.. , .. II, . .. 1895 . II . .. - 1895-1896 . , .. . , , .

.. .. . 1900- . , . .. . .. , .

.. ( , ) . , 1930 . . 1935-1936 . - . 1941 . . 1943 1945 . .. , 1940- . [2, . 95-96]

, .. , -, . [3, . 98] 1904 . II .. . , .. .

, .. , , , .

1905 . .. , . . , . , .

II .. .. .

. , , .. .. . , . , II .. . [4]

, , .. .. 1906 . , . --.

1907 1913 . .. ( - ) 18 , . .. , - .

.. , ( ) .

1919 . .. , .. .. . [2, . 95]

, .. , 1919 . . , , , , .

, , . .. , , .. .

1943 . . - 1945 . .. . [2, . 96]

.. , . .. 1955 . 84 .

1. .. // . 1993. 28 .

2. .. // : 20-50- . . . ., 2001. . 91-108.

3. . . ., 1992.

4. (). . 1463. . 1. . 231. . 3.

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- , .,,

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, , , . .

. . , . . .

. , - .. , - , , . , . , , : . [1]

11 1918 .. - . , - (22 1918 ), (28 1918 ), , (18 1919 ) .

(31 1920 ) , , - , .. - , . . - , , , , .

. , . .. - 1919 , , . 1920 . . . (, , , ) . 1920 ( ).

7 1920 . , , , . [2,.306]

: , , .. , , , - , . [3]

. . . , 5-6 . : , , . 4-5 , .

, , , . . , , , , , .. , , , , . , .

., , 24 1920 . , .

6 , , . , , 180 . 1920 300 , 8 . [4]

- . , . . . . : , , , , , , , , . [5]

.. . 1 2. , . [6]

- ; .

, . , , .

1. . .. // . 1983. 29 .

2. ( 1919 - 1920). . . , 1971. - 498 .

3. -. . 303. . 1. . 184. . 122.

4. . 1920. 7 .

5. -. . 39. . 1. . 11. . 21.

6. -. . 39. . 1. . 11. . 23.

- IX-XI .

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: , . . , . . . -.

. , . . .

, . , XI ( ): [2, .157]. , , , . : 1) 2) .

1046 , ; 1071 . 1061 .

30 , 1071 .

, . XI . . , , , , , , , . .

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, , 2012 , , . 5125 , . . , 4 , [1].

, . , . . , , , , , , , (, - ) [1].

, , , , , . , , ? , , , 26 27 . . , , .. . , . , .

, , , , .

-, , . , , ( ), 6 . , , 5125 . , , , , , () [2].

, - 11652 . ., - 11653 . ., 373 832 , 11 000 . , , 11 500 . . , . , - , , .

: (), , , , . , , , , . . , , , . , , [2]. , . , , , , . . , - ( ), , , .

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-, , , . -, .. - , , . , . , .

. , .. , . , , , , . 1920 . 1 . 215. [2]

1924. () , , , . , , . [3] . 1924 . , .

, . . .

. () . 1926 ., , (, , , , ) .

. - , . , . [4] , , , .

. , "" , - , " " " ". , , . [5, 94] , , , , , . [6,297]

, , . , . : , . , ( , , ).

1. .. 1 19 1918. . . 37.- .1965 747 .

2. . .17..1...151. .35

3. ..2..1..119..99.

4. . . . 2. . 7. . 495. . 62

5. .. // -1994 - 4- .94.

6. . (). 1919. .1959. 602 .

, XIX .

. .

, . ,

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, , . XIX ., , , . , , . XIX . . , XIX ., . , , - , , -, , , . . , , . . [1, c. 246]. , . . XIX . . . , , . , , , , 1814 . 72 [1. . 246]. , , . , .

60 . . XIX . . [2, c. 426], , 1804 . 97 , .

, . . . , , [5, c. 125]. . .-, , : , , , [6, c. 135].

. . [7, c. 59]. , .

, , , [8]. . . . , 90 . XVIII . 200 [8, c. 289]. , , 1803 . . 22 [8, c. 289].

, , . . . [9, c. 228], , XIX ., 1804 1814 . . , , , 1820 . . , , .

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, , [12], , 1809 . - [12, c. 96]. , .

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, , : , . . , [3, .28]. , . , , , . , 1831. , 7 (4 3 ). . 1832. 7 ( ) . 1832. , 1833. . , , , [4. . 91. . 34. .8, 48, 50 52; . 99. .327. .46 47, 52; . 75. .281. .62 64; .103. .47-. .61, 62].

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, , , - .

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- , , .

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, 1908 . 1909 . .

1909 , . . 26 1909 . .

1910 . - , , , 150 . . : , , , , , , , , . , 1910 . , [8].

1910 . , . , , . 2234 . , , [4].

1910 . . , . , . . : [2].

- 19 1911 . , 1914 . , . , , , , . , .

.

1917 . , , .

, . 1917 . - I . - , [3].

. - . . [2].

1918 . , . , [2]. .

.

1917 . . , . . - .

. , , , . ( ), . ( ), . , , . , . , : , [5].

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. . 1917 . [1].

, , , .

26 -27 1918 . . , ( ), . ( ), , , . . , , .

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XX

.

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A contradictory role of womanhood in the British culture

Mikhayliuk Maria

East-Ukrainian National Vladimir Dahls University, Lugansk, Ukraine

(Juridical Department, 2 year)

e-mail mihailyuk_maria@mail.ru

Scientific supervisor: Bekresheva L.A.Since early times women were regarded as a creative source of human life. Even the name of Eve is translated as life. Historically, however, they considered to be not only intellectually inferior to men and also a major source of temptation and evil. This view of things was spread by Christianity fundamental source for human mentality in Middle Age. According to Christian doctrine women were accused of fatal curiosity which led to eating of forbidden fruit and expulsion first people from eternal paradise. On the one hand, woman gave the life to all living, but on the other hand, she was the mother for all hoodoos. However that position suited the forming feudal system blessing the exploitation as the main form of managing the economy. A woman was made do large un-paid domestic work which was the basis of feudal system.

The starting point in this direction could be the story about the creation of first man and woman. The Bible tells us that Lord shaped the man out of dust from the ground and blew the breath of life into his nostrils [6, Ge. 2:7]. Eve was created by God from the rib of Adam, i.e. in the second turn; moreover, the problem about the breathing of life was out of the question. It could explain the fact that the question about a womans soul was under discussion for a long time. Thus, the Bible was the background for gender inequality in the countries influenced by Christianity. Being the Holy Book, the Bible was equal the Book of Laws to be followed by the society [1].

However, the Pre-Christian culture in Britain demonstrated respectful attitude to women. Celtic cosmogony theory claims that female persons were equal to male ones; both of them being originated at the same time from trees (an ash-tree and an alder). Moreover, Celtic womanhood performed important social duties in early Britain. We could find a lot of evidences about that in Celtic folklore.

Wise women were considered to be very important members of Celtic community. Among them there were female prophets and warriors, even senior officers, who trained young men in using arms. Universal military service was abolished for British women only in the 7th century at the urgent request of Christian priests [3].

Military function of Celtic women is worth special attention. It is interesting to know that the divinity of war was a female person in Celtic mythology. Feminine trainer officers were usual thing on British islands. Furthermore, they were famous for their perfect professional qualities and skills. The old Celtic legends tell us about Scathach, the woman warrior, who taught young men to war-craft. She lived on a distant isle in the east of Scotland. It was hard to reach Scathach's island and to become her pupil. In fact, it was she who gave Cuchulainn, the famous hero of the Celtic legends, all her war craft and everything she knew. As a result, no living man could defeat that hero [3].

Finally, high position of Celtic women was proved by the fact that some of them were crowned as tribal chiefs and called queens. The most renowned British female monarch of that time was Boudicca, leader of the Iceni (1st century AD). According to above-mentioned military leadership tradition, she took over the leadership of bloody revolt against the Roman occupants after their punitive expedition to intimidate the natives. In this connection, Tacitus, the Roman historian, pointed out that the Celts did not distinguish between the sexes when dealing with leadership [2].

The aforesaid data testifies that women in Celtic world were not only discriminated but honored and promoted. They were mens partners and equally contributed into family and community life. In the course of time the situation changed under the influence of Christian religion and other cultures customs which spread over Britain after several invasions to British Isles, but the principal changes were accomplished with strengthening of the Christian Church position in the region.

The author hopes that the comparative analysis light and dark pages of the womanhood in the Britains culture will be useful for those interested in history itself and in the question of todays gender problems solving.

Literature used1. Alexeeva J. The history of gender inequality in the English-speaking countries. // . VII - Science looks ahead 2007. , 2007. . 59.

2. Zaitseva S. D. Early Britain. M., 1975. 208 p.

3. . , . / . . . . . ., 2004. 349 .

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