Слово редактора …………………………………………………….................................. 3

Тимохин Д.М. Арабо-персидские источники о хорезмшахе

Джалал ад-Дин Манкбурны и его действиях в Северной

Индии (1221–1224 гг.) ……………………………………………………............... 4

Frumin Mitia. François Kauffer: at home among strangers, a stranger

at home. The fate of a cartographer in foreign service in the age

of empires …………………………………………………….......................................... 15

Филиппова Т.А. «Чужая политика». Журнал «Сатирикон» как

источник сведений о конституционных преобразованиях

в Турции и Персии в начале ХХ в. ……………………………………………. 24

Бухерт В.Г. «Настоятельнейшие нужды Памирского района».

Записка И.И. Зарубина. 1917 г. …………………………………………………. 30

Тихонов Ю.Н. Трудный путь к добрососедству. Новые архивные

документы о первых советско-афганских дипломатических

контактах в 1919–1920 гг. …………………………………………………………… 33

Валеев Р.М. О кончине Н.Ф. Катанова. Письмо Б.В. Миллера

С.Ф. Ольденбургу ………………………………………………………………………... 44

Эминов Р.Р. Первый национальный музей крымских татар ………. 48

Молодяков В.Э., Росов В.А. «Антикоминтерновский пакт»

сибирских областников с японскими депутатами (1925 г.) .….. 65

Беляков В.В. На службе египетского короля. Из воспоминаний

Анатолия Маркова (окончание) ………………………………………………… 69

Бухерт В.Г. У истоков отечественной африканистики.

Неопубликованная лекция Г.А. Нерсесова ……………………………… 76

Подалко П.Э. «Китайский фактор» в системе обучения

российских ученых-востоковедов и дипломатов ……………………. 86

* * *

Святослав Игоревич Потабенко (1923–2011) ………………………......... 94

Наши авторы ………………………………………………………….................................. 96

Восточный архивИздается с 1998 г.

Журнал зарегистрирован в Федеральнойслужбе по надзору в сфере массовыхкоммуникаций, связи и охраны культурногонаследияСвидетельство ПИ № ФС77-32098 от 30 мая 2008 г.

Индекс 65049 в подписном каталоге «Пресса России».

Редакционный советВ.В. Наумкин – председатель В.И. Шеремет – зам. председателяВ.М. АлпатовД.Д. ВасильевВ.С. МясниковР.Г. ПихояМ.Р. РыженковТ.А. ФилипповаА.Н. ХохловТ.Л. Шаумян

РедколлегияВ.И. Шеремет – главный редакторВ.В. Беляков – зам. главного редактораН.К. Чарыева – ответственный секретарьД.Д. ВасильевИ.В. ЗайцевА.Ш. КадырбаевМ.Т. Кожекина

Художественное оформление

С.И. Потабенко

ВерсткаГ.М. Абишева

Журнал издается Институтомвостоковедения РАНАдрес редакции: 103031, Москва,Рождественка, д. 12, комн. 213E-mail: orientalarchive@yandex.ru

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© Авторы© Институт востоковедения РАН

Восточный Архив№ 2 (24), 2011

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Editor’s notes ……………………………………………………............................................................................................................... 3

Timokhin, Dmitriy. The Arab-Persian sources on Khorezmshah Djalal ad-Din Mankburny and

his operations in the Northern India in 1221–1224 …............................................................................................ 4

Frumin, Mitia. Franзois Kauffer: at home among strangers, a stranger at home. The fate

of a cartographer in foreign service in the age of empires …................................................................................... 15

Filippova, Tatiana. “Satiricon” Russian magazine on constitutional reforms in Turkey and Persia

at the beginning of the XX century …........................................................................................................................ 24

Buhert, Vladimir. On pressing needs of the Pamir region in 1917 …....................................................................... 30

Tikhonov, Yury. New archive documents on first Soviet-Afghan diplomatic contacts in 1919–1920 .………. 33

Valeev, Ramil. Death of professor Katanov. Letter from professor Miller to professor Oldenburg …………… 44

Eminov, Rustem. First national museum of Crimean Tatars ……………….................................................................. 48

Molodyakov, Vassiliy, Rosov, Vladimir. Anti-Communist treaty of Russian emigrants

from Siberia with Japanese deputies (1925) ….......................................................................................................... 65

Beliakov, Vladimir. At Royal Service in Egypt. From memories of a Russian emigrant

Anatoly Markov (the final part) ….............................................................................................................................. 69

Buhert, Vladimir. First Russian explorers of Africa. Unpublished lecture of professor Nersesov ..……………… 76

Podalko, Peter. “Chinese factor” in education of Russian experts on Japan ......................................................... 86

* * *

Obituary. Dr. Svyatoslav Potabenko (1923–2011) …................................................................................................... 94

Contributors ……………………………………………………................................................................................................................ 96

Oriental ArchiveNo. 2 (24), 2011

CONTENTS

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1 Jackson P. The Delhi Sultanate. Cambridge,1999; Idem. Jalal ad-Din, the Mongols and theKhwarezmian Conquest Panjab and Sind // Journalof Persian Studies. 1990. 3–4.

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2 (24), 2011 15

François Kauffer is known as the man whoin 1786 conducted the first triangulation of theBosphorus and determined the exact location ofmost prominent landmarks of Istanbul. Startingfrom the map1 published by Jean-BaptisteLechevalier in 18022, Kauffer’s works servedas a basis for numerous “scientific”, i.e. meas-ured maps of the city.

The most complete biography of FrançoisKauffer was compiled by Dr. Frédéric Hitzel.Its latest extended and updated version waspublished in 20003. To summarize the mostimportant known facts: François Kauffer, engi-neer of Ponts-et-Chaussées, was skilled in bothreconnaissance and map construction. In 1776he took part in the journey of Count Marie-Gabriel de Choiseul-Gouffier to Greece. Based

on his own survey, François Kauffer later pro-duced several maps for the first volume ofChoiseul-Gouffier’s “Voyage pittoresque de laGrèce”4. In 1784 Choiseul-Gouffier was ap-pointed French ambassador to the OttomanPorte. Kauffer went to Istanbul with him and ateam of French engineers, military and navalexperts who had been invited to assist in themodernization of the Ottoman military. As acartographer François Kauffer personally con-ducted and was involved in numerous projectsof triangulations, reconnaissance and mapcompilation, including areas of the Bosphorus,the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, and theentrance to the Black Sea. In addition FrançoisKauffer also proved to be an able engineer andlandscape designer.

Mitia Frumin

FRANÇOIS KAUFFER: AT HOME AMONG STRANGERS,

A STRANGER AT HOME

The fate of a cartographer in foreign service in the age of empires

2 (24), 201116

Kauffer’s successful career had been jeop-ardized by the drastic changes caused by theFrench Revolution of 1789. Being a royalistand a loyal subordinate to Choiseul-Gouffier,Kauffer followed his master into opposition tothe new regime. He was even arrested andspent several weeks in French prison in 1792,when he tried to deliver in Paris a letter on be-half of Choiseul-Gouffier from the Grand Vi-zier in Istanbul. After his release from this de-tention, François Kauffer at once returned toIstanbul, only to witness the departure ofChoiseul-Gouffier to self-imposed exile inSt. Petersburg and the arrival of the new Frenchambassador. In this situation François Kauffermade the decision to enter into the service ofthe Ottoman Empire.

From the end of 1792 François Kaufferserved the Ottoman Porte as military engineerand cartographer. He took part in the inspectionand strengthening of Turkish fortresses on thenorthern and western shores of the Black Sea,in the vicinity of the new5 Russian-Turkishborder (Akkerman, Kilia). Together with JohnSpencer Smith6, François Kauffer fortified theBosphorus defenses. In addition to engineeringand designing, Kauffer compiled several mapsfor Sultan Selim III. Among them are mapsrepresenting different aspects of Napoleon’sinvasion of Egypt, as well as a detailed map ofthe Mediterranean.

His rapid and unexpected death frompneumonia in February of 1801 brought to anend the brilliant career of one of the mostprominent Western engineers and cartographersin the Ottoman service at the end of eighteenthcentury. However, in light of recently revealeddocuments, the question has to be asked: didFrançois Kauffer truly serve the OttomanPorte? Or did he serve only the Ottoman Porte?

The Russian track

A document held in the Archive of ForeignPolicy of the Russian Empire (hereafter:AVPRI7) had been sent in the summer of 17998

by Vasiliy Stepanovich Tomara, Russian Am-bassador in Istanbul, to Vice-Chancellor Fyo-

dor Rostopchin. The letter includes the follow-ing excerpt:

“In accordance with His Imperial Maj-esty’s9 order of June 19th… I herewith submita list of various plans which will be deliveredby me to Admiral Count Kushelev10. None ofthese plans could have been obtained by anyother means except through the services of en-gineer Kauffer. His Imperial Majesty’s opinionof Kauffer is known to Your Highness11. Inaddition I have to admit that when first ap-proached, he [Kauffer] expressed total readi-ness to serve His Imperial Majesty and onlyregretted that, due to the tremendous amount ofwork involved, it will be impossible neither tosupply all the plans mentioned in the list untilthe end of next winter, nor to copy them. I haveaccepted his proposition and ordered him tostart to work. I shall send them [the plans hesupplies] by portions to His Highness CountKushelev. Exploiting this officer [Kauffer] inthis way obliges me to request for him to begiven an annual stipend. Taking into accounthis state of affairs, I believe that 3000 piastreswill be enough. And then, as a consequence ofofficer rank that already being given to himtogether with guarantees should he leave theOttoman service, it will be possible to use himfor all work accordingly to his skill, which he isalready fulfilling, considering himself to be aRussian officer and not a foreigner expectingrewards”12.

This letter was followed by the list of theproposed maps, written in French13:

“Etat des Cartes générales et particulièresqui se trouvent dans les portefeuilles du Fr.

Kauffer Ingénieur au Service de la PorteOttomane depuis 1792. Levées, corrigées etaugmentées dans le cours de ses voyages

Savoir1. Une Carte en grand de la ville de

Constantinople, levée trigonométriquement,avec tous les monuments publics, lesprincipales rues, les établissements militaires,son Port et les villages qui l’environnement ;elle présente les plus grands détails.

2. Un plan particulier de l’Arsenal et dubassin.

2 (24), 2011 17

3. Une Carte en grand du Bosphore, ou duCanal de Constantinople, avec les sondes, lescourants, les forts pour sa défense et lesvillages kiosks en amphithéâtre de les bords,avec les détails Nautiques et topographiquessur ce Canal et une reconnaissance d’une partiedes Cotes d’Europe et d’Asie adjacentes.

4. Carte générale de la Mer Noire corrigéeet augmentée de beaucoup de détails.

5-6. Une Carte particulière de la Coted’Europe de cette Iler, à partir du Canal de ci-dessus, jusqu au Niester fl.

7. […] d’Inada.8. […] golfe de Bourgas.9. […] Jeny Limani Mesfevria, Varna.10. […] Kavarna sous Ghélégna.11. […] Karaherman […] Danube.12. […] Kilei […] d’Ackerman.13. […] Embouchures du Niester.Cartes particulières des Lieux situés sur la

Cote d’Asie :14. […] d’Anapa.15. […] Sogoudjak.16. […] Ghélindjik17. […] d’Amassera.18. […] ville château et Rade de Sinope.19. […] Roumélie.20. […] Dardanelles.21. […] Priam, Tenedos, Metelin.22. […]23. […] golfe de Macri, Rhodes.24. La carte itinéraire et manuscrite du

voyage en Perse […] par le Beauchampastronome en 1781 termine 178914.

Indépendamment des Cartes de ci-dessusmentionnées, l’Ingénieur passe des Cartes etdes plans particuliers des environs de toutesles forteresses et de différents projets qui neseront pas exécutés principalement sur leDniester et sur le Danube, ce travail ne peutêtre compris, dans celui qu’il ottre[?] ici, quin’a pour objet que l’avantage de la Navigationet du Commerce en général”. (See the mapabove.)

The map shows the geographical distribu-tion of the principal place names mentioned inthe above-quoted list. As seen from the map,François Kauffer’s proposition to the Russiansincluded the supply of information regarding

the most important Turkish fortresses and har-bors on both the western and eastern sides ofthe Black Sea, as well as strategic data concern-ing the Straits. Besides the first-hand informa-tion gathered by him personally, FrançoisKauffer also offered maps available to himwhich had been produced by others. There is nodoubt that Kauffer’s position granted him ac-cess to a variety of cartographic materials. Dur-ing his work as an employee in the French Em-bassy and later, in the Ottoman service, Kaufferwas involved in several map compilation pro-jects and most probably possessed his ownvaluable primary materials as well.

When and why?

From Vasiliy Tomara’s letter we can learnthat prior to summer of 1799:

– Kauffer did something so important, thathis deeds were not only reported to the RussianEmperor Paul I, but even received some kind ofpersonal acknowledgment by the Emperor.

– Kauffer had been given the rank of aRussian officer.

– Kauffer did not demand any payment forproviding the maps. Payment was asked on hisbehalf by Vasiliy Tomara, and not per map, buton annual basis.

In conclusion from these facts, we can af-firm that relations between Kauffer and theRussians had begun before he submitted any ofthe maps mentioned in his inventory. Takinginto account that the inventory lists literallyeverything he managed to do in the Ottomanservice, we can presume that most probably thebeginning of his relations with the Russianswas not directly connected to maps or money.So, how did it start?

Most probably the answer should besought in Kauffer's political views and the dras-tic developments in European affairs which hadtaken place during this period of time. Severaldecisive French victories in different militarytheatres had led to the final collapse of the FirstCoalition against Revolutionary France. Fol-lowing five years of fighting, the Treaty ofCampo Formio was signed in October 1797between the French Republic and Austria.

2 (24), 201118

French Royalist emigrants had to leave Aus-trian territory, as they had been forced to dopreviously from other parts of Southern, Cen-tral and Northern Europe, wherever direct ruleof France or its Republican satellites had beenestablished. The largest remaining counter-revolutionary emigrant armed force, the Armyof Condé, also called the Princes’ Army, in theautumn of 1797 entered the pay of the RussianEmperor and was assigned to serve in Poland.Paul I also invited Louis XVIII, proclaimed andrecognized by French royalists as their king inexile, to take asylum in Russia and live in Mi-tava Palace in Courland15, where Louis XVIIIhad arrived in March of 1798. The RussianEmpire had become the European Great Powermost friendly to the Royalist cause. Moreover itshould be noted that Kauffer's former benefac-tor, Count Choiseul-Gouffier, was not onlywarmly welcomed in St. Petersburg16, but evenappointed in 1797 to be a Director of the Rus-sian Academy of Arts.

On the other hand, traditional French-Ottoman relations seemed to be undergoing aperiod of revival. The appearance of success-ful French armies on the borders of the Otto-man Empire led the Sublime Porte to recon-sider its policy towards Revolutionary Franceand posed a dilemma to Ottoman policymak-ers: which is the lesser of two evils – to be anenemy of the French or to be their ally? In thissituation, when a rapprochement betweenTurkey and Revolutionary France looked veryprobable, Kauffer would certainly have had tomake a decision as to whom he should remainloyal.

The Russian Government’s fear was a sce-nario in which France would make an alliancewith the Ottoman Empire, their combinedforces then moving into southern Russiathrough the Straits and the Black Sea. On Feb-ruary 15th, Paul I issued special orders to theBlack Sea Fleet commanding officers AdmiralMordvinov, Vice-Admiral Lezhnev and Vice-Admiral Ushakov17, urging them to immedi-ately prepare their squadrons for a possibleoutbreak of hostility with the Ottomans, to or-ganize advanced reconnaissance cruising and towatch closely all movements of the Turkish

Navy. All orders included a postscript with thisexplanation of the situation:

“P.S. Despite the fact that the [Sublime]Porte has given us no reason for cessation ofgood relations [between us], the possession bythe French of coasts and islands near the Turk-ish border raises the possible danger that they[the French] will incite the Turks against us andforce them to take up arms against us, and thusit is only in order to protect ourselves from anysurprise attack that we are taking these precau-tionary measures…”18

In April 1798 the main body of the RussianBlack Sea Fleet took to sea. However, the en-emy’s identity was still unclear. Instructionssent from St. Petersburg at the beginning ofMay urged Vice-Admiral Fedor Ushakov to:”watch closely for all movements of the Porteand the French as well, in case they [i.e., theFrench] try to enter the Black Sea or incline thePorte toward such actions”19.

The French expeditionary forces were al-ready on their way to Egypt, when Paul I wroteto Ushakov: “As soon as you receive informa-tion that the French Squadron intends to enterthe Black Sea, seek them out at once and givethem a decisive battle”20.

In the preamble to most of these orders,“obtained reports” are often mentioned. Evi-dently the Russian Government had differentsources of intelligence, including informers inIstanbul as well.

One of the documents in the Russian StateArchive of the Military History (hereafter:RGVIA21) may be connected to this story. Thisis a letter addressed by an anonymous French-man, most probably an engineer, to the Direc-toire Exécutif of the French Republic22 anddated by Nivose month of the 6th year of thenew revolutionary calendar, i.e. somewherebetween December 21st, 1797 and January 19th,1798. In this letter the state of the defenses ofthe Ackerman fortress is described. We do notknow how this report made its way into Rus-sian hands. However it is clear that, from theRussian point of view, the fact that the Frenchwere interested in the Black Sea fortresses nearthe Russian border would be a worrying indica-tion of unfriendly intentions. The interest in

2 (24), 2011 19

areas so distant from French territory would beconsidered suspicious at any time, but espe-cially when the accumulation of large Frenchforces in Toulon was already widely known.There is no evidence that Kauffer himself hadbeen approached by Directoire Exécutif agents;however the report had been written by some-body who possessed a first-hand acquaintancewith Ackerman, and Kauffer would haveknown all such persons, especially those ofFrench origin23.

To conclude the speculations, it is not un-reasonable to presume that Kauffer's contactswith the Russians were ideologically motivatedby his Royalist political views.

What?

Despite the French invasion of Egypt andthe threat to other dependent and Ottoman terri-tories, it took Sultan Selim III24 several moremonths of consultations, as well as the guaran-tees of both Russia and Great Britain, to makeup his mind and formally join the Second Anti-French Coalition25. From the moment whenGreat Britain, Russia and Turkey had becomede-facto allies, military information had begunto be exchanged. A good example of such co-operation was the provision of a map of theFrench positions in Egypt, based on informa-tion gathered by British Captain Hood prior toOctober 1st, 1798, and compiled by Kauffer inIstanbul on October 24th. Two manuscript cop-ies of this map are preserved in the RGVIA26.

At the end of March 1799 Kauffer pre-pared a map of Corfu Island, recently capturedby the combined Russo-Ottoman squadronfrom the French. This map was most probablybased on the Ottoman Naval officers’ draw-ings; Kauffer provided translations for the writ-ten Turkish inscriptions into French and trans-ferred the map to the allies. Two copies of thisare known to be in the RGVIA. This map waslater included in the “Naval Atlas of a Voyagefrom the Archipelago to the French Shores”printed in 1799 in St. Petersburg27.

A year later another map of French posi-tions in Egypt based on intercepted informationand deserters’ reports was prepared by Kauffer,

engraved by F.T. Müller and also supplied tothe allies. There are two copies of this map inRGVIA as well. In all three cases it seems thatone of two preserved copies of each map bearssigns of additional copying from it; in otherwords the information provided was indeedused by the recipient.

Legitimately supplying maps for the al-lies probably made it easier for further con-tacts with the Russian Ambassador VasiliyTomara. Even partial examination of theRussian archives confirms that FrançoisKauffer’s generous proposition did not re-main a promise in word alone. Numerousmaps, plans and materials which undoubtedlywere compiled by François Kauffer or relatedto him are to be found in the RGVIA alone28.A list of these findings is provided in the Ap-pendix. However full, this list is still incom-plete, because Kauffer’s maps are dispersedamong different archive foundations and fur-ther scrupulous searches are needed. Anothercomplicated assignment awaiting research isthe location of various cartographic materialssupplied by Kauffer but not prepared by himpersonally and not bearing any specific markto distinguish them29.

Initial analysis of Kauffer’s materialsfound in the RGVIA shows that it can be di-vided into at least three categories:

1. Large scale plans of fortifications andmilitary technical notes.

2. Geographic maps of different scales.3. Travel diaries, journals of primary

measurements.First group. Of course, plans of fortifica-

tions were, from the military point of view,the most valuable information provided byKauffer. These plans were usually accompa-nied by explanations in French and often byvertical cross-sections of the fortifications aswell. The main language of the documents andmaps is French; however some of the planscontain original Turkish inscriptions. Planswere carefully copied for further use by theresponsible bodies. On some copies Russiantranslations of toponymes could be seen. Be-sides the Ackerman maps in this group are

2 (24), 201120

also plans of Khotin and notes on the Bospho-rus fortifications.

Second group. A good illustration of thiscategory is provided by a geographic map ofEuropean Turkey including the western coastof the Black Sea. This manuscript map, com-piled by Kauffer in 1798, was not just the mostupdated map of this region. The exclusivity ofthis work was also due to the fact that its com-piler had travelled through and made personalreconnaissance of most of the mapped territory,which helped him to properly evaluate all mate-rial available for compilation and thus producea reliable cartographic output. Interestingly, inhis signature Kauffer described himself as “In-géneur cy-devant Employe aux Ponts et Chaus-sés de France”, without mentioning his servicefor the Ottomans.

Third group. This is the most interestingand valuable group from the point of view ofthe history of cartography. It includes originalmeasurements, angles and distances, route ob-servations, road descriptions – all primary in-formation, collected in the field, upon whichKauffer later based his further cabinet work formap compilation. These “raw” data provide aunique opportunity to track the mapmakingprocess of late XVIII century from the verybeginning to the end product: initial data limita-tions can be checked, the accuracy of meas-urements verified, the cartographer’s decisionsduring generalization procedure can be betterunderstood, etc.

It is noteworthy that these materials arenot copies. These almost certainly are originalobservations. These materials are directlylinked to the maps from the inventory list;however they are barely mentioned there. It isobvious that from the military point of viewthe final cartographic output is much morevaluable than the preliminary stages of themapmaking process. Moreover some of themaps had already been compiled and drawn,some even engraved and published, so whywas it necessary for Kauffer to also providethe primary data?

The most likely answer is that Kauffernever did. These papers were probably part ofhis personal archive. It is possible that this ar-

chive as a whole was bought or taken by theRussians after Kauffer’s sudden death in Feb-ruary of 1801. Almost certainly such an acqui-sition would have been done, not in search forcartographic data, but in order to keep the storyof the Kauffer’s cooperation undisclosed. Andthe secret has been maintained for almost twohundred years.

Conclusions

Intelligence activities, today just as in thepast, result in certain maps and cartographicmaterials finding their way to places one wouldleast expect30. Such is the story of FrançoisKauffer’s heritage. He lived his life in an epochof dramatic political upheaval which drove himfrom his birthplace to seek his fortune overseas,banished him from returning home, forced himto choose between loyalties and left him to diein exile. The maps of this French engineer andcartographer in the employ of the SublimePorte are preserved not only in Istanbul orParis. The most valuable and comprehensivecollection of his cartographic works and mate-rials, which includes diaries and observationsas well as notes of the first triangulation of theBosphorus and Istanbul ever conducted, is cur-rently situated in Moscow. And this collectionawaits its researcher.

Acknowledgments

A version of this article was presented tothe 23rd International Conference on the Historyof Cartography (Copenhagen, July 2009) withkind support of the American Friends ofJ.B. Harley foundation. French version of thisarticle was published in March 201131. The au-thor wishes to express his gratitude to IrinaGarkusha, Tatyana Burmistrova from RGVIAand Natalya Borodina from AVPRI for theirinvaluable assistance in archive searches. Spe-cial thank to Alexander Halenko for fruitfuldiscussion and generous sharing, to ElisabettaMolteni for drawing the attention for importantpublished source and to Catherine Hofmann forencouraging the writing of this article. Grati-tude is also due to Lisa Sion, Emmanuelle

2 (24), 2011 21

Vagnon and Louise Armoni for helping to theauthor to overcome linguistic barriers.

Notes

1 For the importance of this map see: ElisabettaMolteni. The Medieval Harbour of Constantinoplein 18th century Cartography // Journal of Mediterra-nean Studies. Based on the paper presented at the2nd Mediterranean Maritime History Network Con-ference, Messina/Taormina, Italy 2006 (in print).

2 Jean-Baptiste Lechevalier. Voyage de laPropontide et du Pount-Euxin, avec la descriptiondes monuments anciens et modernes deConstantinople. Paris, 1802, 2 vols.

3 Un ingénieur français au service de la SublimePorte: François Kauffer (1751?–1801) //Observatoire urbain d'Istanbul, Lettre d'information,n° 6, 1994, p. 17–24 ; François Kauffer (1751?–1801), ingénieur-cartographe français au service deSelim III // The seventh book of History of Sciencesources and researches. Éd. par Ekmeleddin Ih-sanoglu & Feza Günergun. Istanbul, Research Cen-tre for Islamic History: Art and Culture, 2000,p. 233–243.

4 Choiseul-Gouffier. Voyage pittoresque de laGrèce, Paris, vol. I, 1782.

5 Established after the 1787–1791 Russo-Turkishwar.

6 Admiral Sir William was Sidney Smith’s olderbrother.

7 -.

8 The exact date of the document was shame-fully omitted by the author during his research inthe AVPRI. Fortunately it can be estimated with acertain degree of preciseness. The date “June 19th”,mentioned in the text, refers to the Julian calendar,used in Russia at that time. So, according to theGregorian calendar, the Imperial order of Paul Iwas issued on June 30th. Taking into account thetime necessary to deliver diplomatic correspon-dence from St. Petersburg to Istanbul, we can as-sume that Vasiliy Tomara’s response was writtennot earlier than the end of July – beginning of Au-gust, 1799.

9 Russian Emperor Paul I (1796–1801).10 Count Grigoriy Kushelev, Chair of Admiralty

Board, responsible for map collecting.

11 Count Fyodor Rostopchin, Russian Vice-Chancellor.

12 AVPRI 89/8, file 924, p. 49–49 back. Theoriginal letter is written in Russian. Translation wasmade by the author.

«… 19 , -

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,

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…»13 AVPRI 89/8, file 924, p. 50–51. The text of

this list, handwritten at the end of XVIII century,was copied manually by the author, who does nothimself speak French, and recently deciphered fromthe author’s records with the generous assistance ofMadam Lisa Sion. Due to lack of time during copy-ing, in certain cases only the geographic place namewas copied.

14 Pierre-Joseph Beauchamp (1752–1801),cf. Anne MEZIN, Les consuls de France au Siècledes Lumières (1715–1792). Paris, 1997, en par-ticulier note 5, p. 160.

15 Present day Jelgava, Latvia.16 Despite the sharp criticism of Russia, ex-

pressed by Choiseul-Gouffier in the first volume ofhis book Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce.

17 Veselago (ed.), Materials for the History ofthe Russian Fleet, vol. XVI, SPb, 1902, p. 214–216,

303–306. All orders dated by February 4th ofJulian calendar.

2 (24), 201122

18 Ibid, p. 215, 305. Quoted from Imperial or-der to Vice-Admiral Lezhnev.

«P.S. -

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, hereafter: RGAVMF (Russian StateNavy Archive), Fund Sbornyi, 1798, file 7, p. 88–89.Paul I is quoted instructing Admiral Ushakov, April 23(May 4), 1798: “… -

, , ,

”.(Quotation from E.V. Tarle., Admiral Ushakov naSredizemnom more, Moscow, 1948, p. 111).

20 RGAVMF, fund Sbornyi, 1798, file 7, pp. 88-89.Paul I to Admiral Ushakov, May 13 (24), 1798: “

, , , -

, ”.Quotation from E.V. Tarle, op. cit., p. 111.

21 - (GRVIA).

22 RGVIA, fund 450, list 1, file 820. (Memoiresur la forteresse d'Akerman).

23 It should not be ruled out that such kinds ofinvestigations by Directoire Exécutif agents couldhave been carried out in order to distract attentionfrom the real goals of the expedition under prepara-tion in Toulon. If this was the case, they would havedeliberately contacted people associated with theRoyalists in order to further disseminate the disin-formation.

24 Selim III, Ottoman Sultan 1789–1808.25 Although joint military operations started ear-

lier in autumn of 1798, the formal signing tookplace only on January 3rd, 1799.

26 For references of these and all other men-tioned in the text maps, see the Appendix.

27

, ., 1799. See: Bula-tov V.E.; Zaytsev A.K. The First Archipelago Expe-dition of the Russian Navy in 1769–1774, p. 42,footnote 14 (In Atlas of the Archipelago and Manu-script Charts of the First Achipelago Expedition ofthe Russian Navy in 1764–1774. Exhibition Cata-logue. Moscow, 1997).

This map of Corfu was attributed by AlexeyPostnikov as a captured French battle plan. (TheRussian Navy as Chartmaker in the Eighteenth Cen-tury // Imago Mundi. Vol. 52 (2000), p. 79–95).However, explanatory notes in Turkish on the map,mentioned by A. Postnikov, are rather evidence ofits Ottoman origin. Additional Turkish maps couldbe found in the reports of commanding officers ofthe Turkish Navy Squadron (See: Kahraman Sakul.An Ottoman Global Moment: War of Second Coali-tion in the Levant. Ph. D. thesis, Faculty of theGraduate School of Arts and Sciences of George-town University, Washington, DC, November,2009; Plans III–V).

28 The Russian State Naval Archive and the Ar-chive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire areamong suggested possible locations of Kauffer’smaps.

29 For instance, there are several «suspicious»sea charts of French origin for the eastern coast ofthe Black Sea localities, mentioned in the Kauffer’sinventory.

30 For instance, the important collection of Rus-sian maps from the beginning of the XVIII century,copied and sent to France by Joseph-Nicolas De-lisle, is preserved in Paris. See: Postnikov, Alexey V.New data on Russian geographical and cartographi-cal materials which had been carried out from Rus-sia to France by J.N. Delisle // Voprosy istoriiestestvoznaniia i tekhniki. 2005. V. 3, p. 17–38;presented also as a poster during the 21st Interna-tional Conference on the History of Cartography,Budapest, 2005.

31 Mitia Frumin. François Kauffer (1751–1801):le destin d'un cartographe français au service del'étranger. // Le Monde des Cartes, 207, Mars2011, p. 95–106.

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