欧洲历史与文明

沈阳师范大学

主讲人：孙若红

The Opening of the Atlantic

Economic Renewal and Wars of Religion,1560-1648

第三章 经济重建与宗教战争

Overview

Major Historical Events

• The Creation of the Portuguese Trading Empire

• The Discovery of America• Magellan’s First Circumnavigation

Round the World

Wares of China, India,East Indies Spice Islands

The Red SeaThe Persian Gulf

Eastern Mediterranean

Alexandria Beirut Constantinople

The Old Trade Route between Asia and Europe

Vasco da Gama and the War between Portuguese and Arab Merchants

(1498)

Da Gama’s first voyage to the world of Arab Commerce

Lisbon Portugal

Rounded Africa

Malabar Coast (the southwest coast of India

Da Gama’s Second Voyage to the World of

Arab Commerce (1502)Portuguese Merchants

The Egyptians The Turks The Venetians

war

consequences

consequences

Cities devastated Ships burned Prisoners butchered

The Portuguese Trading Empire

Goa on the West Coast of India

Fortified stations at Aden near the mouth of the Red Sea

Hormuz near the mouth of the Persian Gulf

China

1509 Malacca near modern Singapore Amboina, the heart of the Spice Islands

East Africa East Africa

Columbus’s Four Voyages to AmericaFirst voyage:1492—1493Palos Lisbon northeast coast of Cuba PalosSecond voyage: 1493—1496S. Lucar northwest coast of Cuba Cadiz Third voyage: 1498—1500Cadiz somewhere near Dominica Cadiz Fouth voyag: 1502-1504Cadiz Cental America S. Lucar

Conquests in the Americas

• Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico

• Pizarro conquered the Incas in Puru

• The conquences of the conquests Mines for precious metals were opened

The Indians were put to forced labor

The importation of African slaves

Further Explorations• Magellan’s First Circumnavigation Round the World

The Atlantic (Spain)

The Pacific (the Philippine Islands

The Indian Ocean

The Atlantic(Spain) The

Atlantic(Spain)

Further Explorations

• The division of the globe between the Spanish and Portuguese

An imaginary line: from a point in the middle of the North

Atlantic through the north pole and across

eastern Asia.

Spain claimed : all the Americas,

the Philippine Islands

Portual: all rights of trade in Africa,

Asia,

the East Indies,

Brazil

Summarization

• Da Gama’s two voyages to the Arab world of commerce

• Columbus’ four voyages to America

• The establishment of the Portuguese trading empire

• The division of the world between Spain and Portugal

7. Homework

Describe Columbus’ voyages to America

Who is Magellan? What are some of his contributions in the

discovery of the new route?