荷蘭貿易政策 (WTO之衝擊 )

中山大學 (09/11/2001)

荷蘭經濟發展改進方向企業界

科技之研發 國際競爭力之提升

產業 開放經濟 轉向服務業

政府 有效之法令 有效之公用設施與效應

荷蘭現在將全球當成一個市場，來處理他們的貨品、商業服務以及商業理念

全球化之影響使原有的國家形態及疆界開始模糊動搖

全球化之因應

出口貿易在世界名列第七位 (前有美國、德國、日本、法國、英國、意大利 )出口量佔全球百分之四． (75%—80%)出口到歐洲‧

外商公司喜歡在荷蘭設廠的理由‧ 基礎設備完善 與世界上五十餘國都簽有“稅約” 商業生態健全 政治、經濟情況穩定 生活水準高

《荷蘭為進攻歐洲設立總公司或是設立供銷中心的絕佳地點》

Enterprises by Activity and Size Class

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001*

*1000

Total 645.3 672.5 684.4 693.6 714.6

Small 586.7 613.6 624.8 632.5 640.5

Medium 52.3 52.5 53.2 54.5 54.6

Large 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.6

Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 111.1 108.9 106.6 103.8 101.2

Small 109.9 107.4 105.2 102.0 99.5

Medium 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7

Large 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Fishing 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8

Small 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Medium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Large 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Continue

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001*

Mining and Quarrying 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 Small 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Medium 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Large 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manufacturing 44.9 47.1 46.2 45.4 46.1 Small 34.2 36.6 35.7 34.8 35.4 Medium 9.3 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.2 Large 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 Small 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 Medium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Large 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Construction 51.4 58.3 62.3 63.4 69.2 Small 44.1 50.7 54.4 55.5 61.2 Medium 7.0 7.2 7.5 7.5 7.6 Large 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Continue ( 2 )

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001*

Trade, Repair of Retail Goods 160.1 166.9 163.9 164.3 164.5 Small 146.3 153.5 150.4 150.5 150.6 Medium 13.1 12.7 12.8 13.0 13.2 Large 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8

Hotels and Restaurants 37.6 39.0 40.5 39.7 40.2 Small 35.4 36.8 38.1 37.3 37.6 Medium 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 Large 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Transport, Storage, and Communication 23.6 25.3 26.4 27.6 28.9 Small 19.7 21.3 22.3 23.4 24.6 Medium 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 Large 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4

Financial Intermediation 15.3 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.2 Small 14.3 13.9 14.4 14.8 14.9 Medium 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 Large 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Continue ( 3 )1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities 103.2 110.4 121.3 128.7 139.2 Small 95.9 102.9 113.2 120.0 129.7 Medium 6.6 6.7 7.3 7.9 8.6 Large 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9

Public Administration and Defense,Social Security 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Small 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Medium 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Large 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

Education 16.6 16.6 16.5 16.4 16.8 Small 13.3 13.4 13.8 13.7 14.2 Medium 2.6 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.9 Large 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Continue ( 4 ) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Health and Social Work 40.8 41.0 40.9 41.7 42.9 Small 36.6 36.9 36.9 37.7 38.8 Medium 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 Large 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

Other Communication, Social, And Personal Services Activities 38.2 41.5 41.8 44.2 46.9 Small 35.7 38.8 39.1 41.3 43.9 Medium 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Large 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Source: Bedrijven in Nederland

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

NZ UK B US J GER NL DK

0.41

0.34 0.32 0.29

0.25 0.24 0.240.25

Rate of Adjustment of Profits

1970 – 1996Source: EIM, An international Comparison of Profit Persistence

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

1 2 3 4 5

0 50 100 150 200

1

3

5

7

9

J(158)

Dk(130)

Ger(116)

Nl(105)

B(101)

Us(90)

Uk(90)

Aus(86)

Nz(83)

The Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis has evidence that the low (and declining) growth of labor productivity in the Dutch services sector is attributable to insufficient organizational innovation, Insufficient competition and inadequate research and development in the sector.

The services sector will be forced to improve its performance by the increasing international competition in aGrowing number of services, such as the financial sector.

2.75

1.75

2.5

1

0.25

Price Level of Services ( PPP, OECD = 100 ) Growth of Labor Productivity Per Hour in the Service Sector

1991 – 1995Source: Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, Research Memorandum 158‘Sectoral Labour Productivity Growth’, 1999

J UK GER US NL

0

1

2

3

4

1 2 3 4 5

3.1 3

2.4

1.2 0.9

GER DK B NL UK

State Support to Industry as % of Added Value ( Average Per Year in the Period 1995 - 1997 )

Source: European Commission, Seventh Survey on State Aid in the European Union, 1999 / European Commission, Single Market Scoreboard, no. 4, 1999

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

1 2 3 4 5 B UK GER NL DK

1.4%

2.4% 2.4%

3.3% 3.5%

Source: European Commission, Seventh Survey on State Aid in the European Union, 1999 / European Commission, Single Market Scoreboard, no. 4, 1999

% of European Directives on Internal Market not Converted into National Regulations

0 5 10 15 20

1

3

5 Nl(12.5)

Dk(12.8)

Uk(16.2)

B(16.9)

Ger(18.1)

Price Level of Electricity for Bulk Use, Including Levies ( 4 Gwh Per Year, in Cents Per KWh )

1998Source: International Energy Price Comparisons on Basis of Standard Consumption Situation in First Half of 1998, EnergieNed, 1998

0 5 10 15 20

1

2

3

4

5 Nl(12.5)

Dk(12.8)

B(16.9)

Uk(16.2)

Ger(18.1)

Price of Gas for Large Users 1998 Including Levies ( 1.2 Million m3 Per Year ) in Cents Per m3

1998Source: International Energy Price Comparisons on Basis of Standard Consumption Situation in First Half of 1998, EnergieNed, 1998