001 public speaking and presentation

8/13/2019 001 Public Speaking and Presentation

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PUBLIC SPE KING ND PRESENT TIONSTYPES OF PRESENT TIONSInformat ive Used to t each or provide new information. Rememberto always offer your own opinion about the information you arepresent ing.Persuas ive Theconvince, motivate ,to ac t .

most d i f f i c u l t type of speech. Used toor influence your audience to agree and/or

Enter ta in ing or Evocat i ve Used to grab thea t t en t ion , to amuse, or to bring people together .

CONTENT ND ORG NIZ TION

audience s

One theme should dominate your en t i re presen ta t ion This themei s not your thes i s but ra the r an overarching emotional ideaassocia ted with the subject tha t keeps both you and youraudience connected to the speech. Everything else , even yourvisuals and jokes, should revolve around th i s theme.Make no mor than f i v e po in t s Assume tha t your audience won tbe able to remember more than f ive points . Use shor t , powerful,memorable statements to in t roduce these main points .Present on l y f rac t ion o f what you knowthan your audience. Include only thoseabso lu te ly need to know.

W YS TO SUPPORT YOUR CONTENT

You should know moredeta i l s tha t people

a) Facts , f igures , and s t a t i s t i c s : Select useful fac ts andf igures careful ly , but don ' t use too many.

b) Author i ta t ive sources: Use t h e i r c r ed i b i l i t y to bols te ryours .

c) Quotations: Use famous or lesser-known quotat ions tosupport your theme.d) Narra t ives : An audience usual ly wi l l l i s t e n to a story .e) Def ini t ions : From the dic t ionary, or etymologies.f) Humor Builds af f in i ty , wakes an audience up, grabs

a t ten t ion . Be careful , though, because nothing canbackf i re more than humor. Things to avoid in jokes: makingfun of your audience, of f -co lor jokes, laughing a tyourse lf . Keep t simple, s t ra ightforward, and based onyour sk i l l s . I f you can ' t t e l l a good story or appropr ia tejoke, don ' t


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g) Current events : Help your audience i den t i fy with yourmater ia l .

h) Humanize the informat ion with personal s to r i e s andopinions.

i) A shor t brainstormnonthreatening yes-or-nothe content .

ORG NIZ TION L STRU TURE

with your l i s t en e r squest ions wi l l connect

usingthem to

Speeches usual ly fol low the fol lowing organ iza t iona l s t ruc tureeven i f one of the sec t ions i s only a few seconds long.1. INTRODUCTIONGrab the audience s a t t en t ion Es tab l i sh your c red ib i l i t y . Use as tory, a joke, or a quote. Present provocat ive s t a t i s t i c a linformat ion , a problem, or a mental image.2. TITLEHave a great t i t l e ready to engage your audience even fur ther .3. OBJECTIVEState your thes i s . Tel l the audience members what you are goingto t e l l them.4. OVERVIEWA simple, shor t agenda t ha t d e ta i l s the main poin t s you wi l lmake. Introduce important source mater ia l .5. THE BIG PICTUREProvide a synopsis of the subject or f ie ld .6. BODYThis i s where you make your argument. See Body Structures ,below)7. SUMM RYSummarize your f ive main poin ts in a manner t ha t r e l a t e s them toyour main theme. Your summary should r e f l ec t your organizat ionals t ruc ture .8. QUESTIONSQuestions from the audience


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9. CONCLUSIONAddress any ideas t ha t may have confused your audience. Re-emphasize your one main theme. Allow your audience to view yoursuppor t mater ia ls or to contact you in the fu ture to give youfeedback or ask quest ions.ODY STRUCTURES

Use one or several of these frameworks to make your argument inthe body of your presenta t ion.l.TOPICAL STRUCTUREBuild up to a l a rge r p ic tu re by looking a t var ious aspects ofone top ic .2 CHRONOLOGICAL STRUCTUREFollow a t imel ine .3. SPATIAL STRUCTURECreate a mental map to r e l a t e your ideas , perhaps ass i s ted by avisua l a id .4. THE FIVE QUESTIONSWho What? When? Where? and Why5. ORDER OF IMPORTANCEMove from the l ea s t to the most important d e ta i l s , or viceversa .6. CAUSE EFFECTGood for persuasive speeches. Show a resu l t , then expla in theprocess from cause to e f fec t .7 ELIMINATIONRemove a l l a l t e rna t ives u n t i l t h e re s only one remaining opt ion-yours8. PROBLEM SOLUTIONPose a problem and then offer a solut ion.9. THESIS ANTITHESISDescribe one poss ible thes i s , and then argue the opposi te (thean t i thes i s ) .10. LOGICAL


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1+1=2. Connect several d e ta i l s to make a l a rge r poin t .11. YARDSTICKLay out a se t of c r i t e r i a t ha t you can use to evaluate yourtop ic .12. MOTIV TION LEs tab l i sh a need for your audience and then s a t i s fy t ha t need.13. CICERO S SIX RULES OF DISCOURSESta r t . with an in t roduct ion , s t a t e the fac ts , show areas ofdisagreement or divis ion, of fe r support for a poin t of view,el iminate opposing arguments, and conclude.14. RON HOFF S STRUCTUREIntroduce an i ssue oft up with evidence,

s teps to take.ELIVERY

concern, of fe r a new poin t of view, backof f e r a resolut ion, and suggest the next

Most of what yqur so-ca l led l i s t en e r s hear i s not your words butyour tone and your body language-your del ivery. No mat ter howgood your in format ion i s , i f you don t communicate well withyour voice and body, you wi l l fa i l to engage your audience.

VOC L ND BRE THING TECHNIQUESA. Vary the pi t ch of your voice . Speak in a f ree and re laxedmanner.B. Your chest should not heave when you breathe . Place a hand onyour stomach j u s t below your r ib cage and make sure t ha t you rebreath ing from your diaphragm. Ask for feedback from others .C. Volume: On a scale of 1 to 10, t r y for 6 or 7.D. Avoid up- ta lk ing ( ra is ing the pi t ch of your voice a t the endof a sen tence) . up- ta lk ing implies a quest ion when you re r ea l lymaking a s ta tement, which diminishes your au thor i ty and weakensyour point .

NIM TIONA. Make sure you have poin ts in your presen ta t ion t ha t exc i teyou.


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B. Show your exci tement with your voice , your face, your hands,your posture , and your movement.EYE CONT CT

A. Sta r t with one person in the front-someone who supports youor from whom you ' re ge t t ing pos i t ive feedback. Then move on tosomeone next to tha t person. Then to the next person. Slowlymove around the room, l e t t i n g your eyes r e s t on each person for2-3 seconds before moving on. Deliver ing one thought per personi s a simple rule to t ry .B. Avoid: Star ing down, looking a t visua l aids too much, rac ingaround the room with your eyes, looking over people . I f you loseyour t r a i n of thought , take a breath , tu rn to your i n i t i a lsupporter , recompose, and resume.WORD SELECTIONA. Do you of ten say urn, uh, l i ke , kind of , or Do youknow what I mean? I f yes, slow down. Pract ice speaking withoutthese words. Have someone l i s t e n to you and t e l l you when youare using them. Or, l i s t e n to a recording of yourse lf .B. Use ac t ive , exc i t ing , powercons tan t ly engage your audience.

or command words to

C. Address the audience as you in the second person, and t r yto avoid I or me unless you are making a personal point .BODY L NGU GE

A. Stand up: Even for an audience of only one person.B. Use good posture: I t improves your breath ing , projec t ion, andappearance.C. Never underdress : Present the bes t vers ion of yoursel f fo rthe occasion.D. Stance: Keep your f ee t shoulder-width apar t and balanceequal ly on both fee t .E. Hands: Don' t put them in your pockets , behind your back, in as teep le , o r crossed in f ron t of you. Let them hang a t yours ides , relaxed. I t may fee l uncomfortable , but t looks the mostre laxed and al lows for easy movement. Point with an open hand a tpeople or visua l ma te r ia l s . Don' t use f ingers or a poin t ingdevice unless you need t ha t prec i s ion .F. Avoid extraneous gestur ing .


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G. Move and gesture with a purpose: For ins tance, s tep forwardtoward the audience to connect on important or emotional poin t s .PACE YOURSELFA. Pace yoursel f to speak as i f you re having a regularconversat ion.B. Use your s l ides to help pace yourse lf .C. Take pauses between main poin t s .D. Take na tura l pauses ; g ive the audience time to process .PRACTICEA. Record your voice.B. Videotape yoursel f doing a mock presen ta t ion .C. Experiment with di f fe ren t s ty les .D. Pract ice in f ront of someone.E. Pract ice again and again .F. Watch what a good speaker does and copy itTYPES DF DELIVERYA. Extemporaneous: No notes . Rely on preparat ion , prac t i ce ,organizat ion , vi sua l s , and audio mater i a l s fo r a na tura l fee l .As a ru le , t h i s i s the most e f fec t ive type of presen ta t ion .B. Impromptu:spot , take acouple of mains tay on top ic .

l f you re ca l led upon to give a speech on theshor t pause to plan a mini organizat ion and a

poin t s . Write them down and have them handy to

C. Memorized: This i s the hardes t method of speaking. I t burdensyou with the added anxie ty of fo rge t t ing your l i nes and havingto s t a r t over. Not recommended.D. Scr ip t - in -hand: Use only when the wording of your speech i sextremely sens i t ive and prec i s ion i s absolute ly necessary (e .g . ,i f you re a general , a CEO or a fore ign ambassador) . Expect tobe s t i f f , boring, and f l a t unless you re a g i f t ed publ ic readeror have prac t iced a mil l ion t imes .

Adapted from SparkCharts, wr i t ten by Rob Chris tensen and JesseHawkes. Spark Publishing, a div i s ion of Barnes Noble, 2002.)

001 public speaking and presentation

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