01128 manual

3700 Sagamore Parkway North . PO Box 5729 . Lafayette, IN 47903 USA . Ph: 765-423-1505 Fax: 765-423-4111 . www.lafayetteinstrument.com . E-mail: [email protected] 1

MODEL 01128 USER’S MANUAL

3700 Sagamore Parkway NorthP.O. Box 5729 • Lafayette, IN 47903 USATel: 765.423.1505 • 800.428.7545Fax: 765.423.4111E-mail: [email protected] www.lafayetteinstrument.com

Copyright © 2005 by Lafayette Instrument Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved-Rel. 2.10.05

Model 01128

LAFAYETTE SKINFOLD CALIPER II USER’S MANUAL

3700 Sagamore Parkway North . PO Box 5729 . Lafayette, IN 47903 USA . Ph: 765-423-1505 Fax: 765-423-4111 . www.lafayetteinstrument.com . E-mail: [email protected]

LAFAYETTE INSTRUMENT SKINFOLD CALIPER II


Table of Contents:2

System Description 2Technical Specifications 2The Skinny on Skinfold Calipers 3Skinfold Measurement for Women Based on the Jackson-Pollock Three Site Method 4Skinfold Measurement for Men Based on the Jackson-Pollock Three Site Method 5Table 1: Percent Fat Estimates for Women 6Table 2: Percent Fat Estimates for Men 7Interpretation 7Skinfold Measurement for School-Age Boys and Girls 9Table 3: Percentile norms, etc. for sum of triceps plus subscapular skinfolds 10Table 4: Percentile norms, etc. for sum of triceps plus subscapular skinfolds 10Table 5: Percentile norms, etc. for triceps skinfold thickness (in millimeters) for boys 11Table 6: Percentile norms, etc. for triceps skinfold thickness (in millimeters) for girls 12Engineering Drawing on the Skinfold Caliper II, Model 01128 13

Thank you for purchasing the Lafayette Skinfold Caliper II. This uniquely designed caliper provides precise measurement at an affordable price. The 0-100 mm scale is what sets this instrument apart from other clinical calipers on the market that only have a 0-60 mm scale. The 0-100 mm scale is easy to read and it allows you to accurately measure the skinfold thickness of a larger portion of the population than the other calipers. The spring-loaded arms and pivoting tips adjust automatically for parallel measurement of skinfolds, and the circular tips provide comfort to the patient. The tension spring provides constant pressure over the entire operating range, meeting the pressure requirements of 10g/mm2. The caliper is lightweight, durable, and never needs calibration.

Description:

Technical Specifications:. Size: 5” x 6” x 0.6”

. Weight: 0.4lbs

. Measurement Range: 0-100mm

. Materials: Reinforced, glass-filled Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)

3700 Sagamore Parkway North . PO Box 5729 . Lafayette, IN 47903 USA . Ph: 765-423-1505 Fax: 765-423-4111 . www.lafayetteinstrument.com . E-mail: [email protected] Sagamore Parkway North . PO Box 5729 . Lafayette, IN 47903 USA . Ph: 765-423-1505 Fax: 765-423-4111 . www.lafayetteinstrument.com . E-mail: [email protected] 3


The Skinny on Skinfold Calipers:

Skinfold Calipers are a very cost-effective means of assessing body fat composition. If each measurement is performed correctly according to the recommended guidelines, there is a +/- 3% error.

Learning how to properly take skinfold measurements is easy, but it does take practice. It is recommended that you practice on at least 50-100 patients before you can master the technique. To limit variances, it is also recommend to be as consistent as possible. Have the same person take the measurements, and try to take the measurements during the same time of the day.

When using this instrument please follow these procedures to assist you in accurately taking skinfold measurements.

1. Take all measurements from the right side of the body. You should carefully identify, measure, and mark all sites for accuracy and consistency.

2. It is better to take measurements when the skin is dry because when the skin is moist or wet, the tester may grasp extra skin (fat) and get larger values.

3. The skinfold is grasped firmly by the thumb and index finger. In grasping the skinfold, the pads at the tip of the thumb and finger are used. The fold should be lifted 1 cm above the site to be measured.

4. Grasp the caliper and release the grip so that full compression is exerted on the skinfold. Read to the nearest 1mm, 3 to 4 seconds after the grip has been released.

5. A minimum of two measurements should be taken at each site. If the repeated measurement varies by more than 1mm, a third measurement should be taken.

NOTE: If consecutive fat measurements become smaller and smaller, the fat is being compressed. The tester should go on to the next site and return to the trouble spot after finishing the other measurements. The final value will be the average of the two that seem to best represent the skinfold fat site.

Practice is necessary to grasp the same size of skinfold consistently at exactly the same location every time. If there are a number of testers, the testers should practice this method together to standardize their testing procedures to avoid inter-tester error. If this is done, inter-tester error can usually be kept to less than 1 percent fat.




Skinfold Measurement for Women Based on the Jackson-Pollock Three Site Method:

Triceps: A vertical fold on the posterior midline of the upper arm (over triceps muscle). Halfway between the acromion process (bony bump where the top of the arm joins the shoulder) and olecranon processes (bony tip of the elbow). The elbow should be extended and relaxed. Take the measurement 1 cm from the fingers.

Suprailiac: A diagonal fold in line with the natural angle of the iliac crest in the anterior axillary line above the iliac crest (just over the iliac crest or hip bone and a little forward). Take the measurement 1 cm from the fingers.

Thigh: A vertical fold on the anterior aspect of the thigh, midway between hip and knee joints. Have the patient shift their weight to the leg not being measured. Take the measurement 1 cm from the fingers.

Suprailiac

Thigh

Triceps



Skinfold Measurement for Men Based on the Jackson-Pollock Three Site Method:

Chest: A diagonal fold taken one half of the distance between the anterior auxiliary line (front of the armpit) and the nipple. Take measurement 1 cm from the fingers.

Abdominal: A vertical fold taken at the lateral distance of approximately 2 cm from the umbilicus. Take measurement 1 cm from the fingers.

Thigh: A vertical fold on the anterior aspect of the thigh, midway between hip and knee joints. Have the patient shift their weight to the leg not being measured. Take the measurement 1 cm from the fingers.

Abdominal

Chest




Table 1: Percent Fat Estimates for Women, Sum of Triceps, Suprailiac, and Thigh Skinfolds*

Age to the Last Year

Sum of Skinfolds (mm)

Under22

23to27

28to32

33to37

38to42

43to47

48to52

53to 57

Over58

23-2526-2829-3132-3435-3738-4041-4344-4647-4950-5253-5556-5859-6162-6465-6768-7071-7374-7677-7980-8283-8586-8889-9192-9495-97

98-100101-103104-106107-109110-112113-115116-118119-121122-124125-127128-130

9.711.012.313.614.816.017.218.319.520.621.722.723.724.725.726.627.528.429.330.130.931.732.533.233.934.635.335.836.437.037.538.038.539.039.439.8

9.911.212.513.815.016.317.418.619.720.821.923.024.025.025.926.927.828.729.530.431.232.032.733.434.134.835.436.136.737.237.838.338.739.239.640.0

10.211.512.814.015.316.517.718.820.021.122.123.224.225.226.227.128.028.929.830.631.432.233.033.734.435.135.736.336.937.538.038.539.039.439.940.3

10.411.713.014.315.516.717.919.120.221.322.423.424.525.526.427.428.329.230.030.931.732.533.233.934.635.335.936.637.137.738.238.839.239.740.140.5

10.712.013.314.515.817.018.219.320.521.622.623.724.735.726.727.628.529.430.331.131.932.733.534.234.935.536.236.837.438.038.539.039.539.940.440.8

10.912.313.514.816.017.218.419.620.721.822.923.925.026.026.927.928.829.730.531.432.232.933.734.435.135.836.437.137.638.238.739.339.740.240.641.0

11.212.513.815.016.317.518.719.821.022.123.124.225.226.727.228.128.029.930.831.632.433.233.934.735.436.036.737.337.938.539.039.540.040.440.941.3

11.412.714.015.316.517.718.920.121.222.323.424.425.526.427.428.429.330.231.031.932.733.434.234.935.636.336.937.538.138.739.239.740.240.741.141.5

11.713.014.315.516.818.019.220.321.522.623.624.725.726.727.728.629.530.431.332.132.933.734.435.235.936.537.237.838.438.939.540.040.540.941.441.8

*Percent fact calculated by the formula of Siri. Percent fat = ((4.95/BD) - 4.5) x 100, where BD = body density.

REFERENCEBaumgartner, T.A., Jackson, A.S. Measurement for Evaluation in Physical Education. 2nd Edition. W.C. Brown Co. Dubuque, Iowa, 1983.

FoThe following tables are provided for your use in easily determining the percent of fat of an individual. Table 1 (page 6) provides percent fat estimates for women using the sum of triceps, suprailiac, and thigh skinfolds. Table 2 (page 7) provides percent fat

charts: if the sum of three skinfolds of a 40-year-old woman was 75mm, her estimated percent fat would be 29.4% (Table 1); and if a 36-year-old man had 60mm of skinfold fat, his percent would be 18.5% (Table 2).



Table 2: Percent Fat Estimates for Men. Sum of Chest, Abdominal and Thigh Skin Folds*

Age to the Last Year

Sum of Skinfolds (mm)

Under22

23to27

28to32

33to37

38to42

43to47

48to52

53to 57

Over58

*Percent fact calculated by the formula of Siri. Percent fat = ((4.95/BD) - 4.5) x 100, where BD = body density.

8-1011-1314-1617-1920-2223-2526-2829-3132-3435-3738-4041-4344-4647-4950-5253-5556-5859-6162-6465-6768-7071-7374-7677-7980-8283-8586-8889-9192-9495-97

98-100101-103104-106107-109110-112113-115116-118119-121122-124125-127

1.32.23.24.25.16.17.08.08.99.8

10.711.612.513.414.315.116.016.917.618.519.320.120.921.722.423.224.024.725.426.126.927.528.228.929.630.230.931.532.132.7

1.82.83.84.75.76.67.68.59.4

10.411.312.213.113.914.815.716.517.418.219.019.920.721.522.223.023.824.525.326.026.727.428.128.829.530.230.831.532.132.733.3

2.33.34.35.36.27.28.19.1

10.010.911.812.713.614.515.416.217.117.918.819.620.421.222.022.823.624.425.125.926.627.328.028.729.430.130.831.432.132.733.333.9

2.93.94.85.86.87.78.79.6

10.511.512.413.314.215.115.916.817.718.519.420.221.021.822.623.424.225.025.726.527.227.928.629.330.030.731.432.032.733.333.934.5

3.44.45.46.37.38.39.2

10.211.112.012.913.814.715.616.517.418.219.119.920.821.622.423.224.024.825.526.327.127.828.529.229.930.631.332.032.633.333.934.535.1

3.94.95.96.97.98.89.8

10.711.612.613.514.415.316.217.117.918.819.720.521.322.223.023.824.625.426.126.927.628.429.129.830.531.231.932.633.233.934.535.135.8

4.55.56.47.48.49.4

10.311.312.213.114.115.015.916.817.618.519.420.221.121.922.723.624.425.225.926.727.528.229.029.730.431.131.832.533.233.834.535.135.836.4

5.06.07.08.08.99.9

10.911.812.813.714.615.516.417.318.219.120.020.821.722.523.324.125.025.826.527.328.128.829.630.331.031.732.433.133.834.535.135.736.437.0

5.56.57.58.59.5

10.511.412.413.314.315.216.117.017.918.819.720.521.422.223.123.924.725.526.327.127.928.729.430.230.931.632.333.033.734.435.135.736.437.037.6




Without a precise norm for everyone, it seems reasonable to maintain body composition proportions at their level at physical maturity. The average 18-22 year-old male is 15% body fat, and the average female of the same age group is 25% fat. The standard deviation for percent fat is ±5%. Two standard deviation units above the average (25% for men and 35% for women) is generally considered as absolute obesity. One standard deviation above the average (20% for men and 30% for women) is considered too fat. Most experts agree that the ideal standard upper limit for men should be 16% to 19%, and for women 22% to 25%.

In giving advice on weight reduction, an estimated weight loss can be calculated theoretically to get the patient down to ideal or desired weight. Using the standard of 16% for men and 23% for women, a patient’s desired weight is calculated as follows:

(Weight = actual body weight, percent fat = the estimated percent body fat)

Desired weight = (men) Desired weight = (women)

(weight-(weight * % fat))/100 (weight-(weight * % fat))/1000.84 0.77

For example, a 40-year-old male patient who is 23% fat and weighs 210 pounds would have to reduce to 192.5 pounds to attain his goal of 16% fat. A 35-year-old female who is 28% fat and weighs 145 pounds would have to reduce to 135.6 pounds to attain her desired goal of 23% fat.

The numerator of the formulas takes all the fat weight away from the total body weight, leaving the lean body mass. The denominator adds back the desired amount of fat weight to the lean body mass. If another desired weight (percent fat goal) is wanted, it is simply necessary to change the fraction value in the denominator.

This technique for estimating desirable weight is not without error, and it is suggested that two pounds be added and subtracted from the desired weight to provide a desired weight range. For the above example, this would mean 190.5 to 194.5 pounds for the male and 133.6 to 137.6 for the female.

Although these desired weight formulas are useful in working with patients and giving them objective goals for fat and weight loss, they have certain limitations. Weight loss depends on calorie intake and expenditure, but diet and exercise affect body composition differently. When weight loss comes from diet alone, both fat and lean tissue is reduced, which exercise alone will increase and/or maintain lean body mass and reduce body fat. Therefore, the accuracy of the ideal weight formulas depends on how weight and fat are lost. Periodic checks of body composition during the weight reduction program will help refine estimations.

Interpretation:



Skinfold Measurement for School-Age Boys and Girls:

The skinfold test for school age children uses two sites, the triceps and the subscapular, because they are easy to measure and correlate highly with total body fat. The triceps skinfold is measured over the triceps muscle of the right arm, halfway between the elbow and the acromion process of the scapula, with the skinfold parallel to the longitudinal axis of the upper arm. The subscapular site, also on the right side of the body, is 1 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula, in line with the natural cleavage lines of the skin. If it is possible to secure just one skinfold, use the triceps site. The tables, which follow is provided for your estimation of body fatness. Tables 3 and 4 (pages 10 and 11 respectively) list norms for both triceps plus subscapular in boys and girls respectively. Tables 5 and 6 (pages 12 and 13 respectively) list percentile norms for tricep skinfold only (Table 5 boys and Table 6 girls). **

The percentile value reflects the percentage of boys and girls in the national sample who had or exceeded that skinfold thickness. For example, for a 15-year-old girl, the 25th percentile for the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds is 23mm (Table 4, page 11). This means that the sum of skinfolds was 34mm or more in 35 percent of girls age 15. The higher the skinfold reading, the lower the percentile, thus lower percentile ranking reflect a higher degree of fatness.

Subscapular/Boy: On right side of the body, 1 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula, in line with the natural cleavage lines of the skin.

Subscapular/Girl: On right side of the body, 1 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula, in line with the natural cleavage lines of the skin.




Although we know skinfolds are related to body fatness in children, we are yet unable to determine absolute amounts of body fat with certainty. As children mature, the relation of skinfold fat to body fatness changes. Today, national percentile norms are the best frame of reference for interpreting skinfold fat results.

The criterion for the wanted degree of fatness in children falls above the 50th percentile. Children between the 50th and 25th percentile should maintain their weight at that level for the current year. Those below the 25th percentile should be strongly encouraged to reduce their weight until their skinfold fat measurement reaches a more acceptable level.

Age 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17*

Percentile

95

75

50

25

5

8

11

12

14

20

9

11

12

15

24

9

11

13

17

28

9

11

14

18

34

9

12

14

19

33

9

12

16

22

38

9

11

15

21

44

9

12

15

22

46

9

11

14

20

37

9

12

14

20

40

9

12

14

20

37

9

12

15

21

38

*The norms for age 17 can be used for age 18Source: From F. E. Johnson et al., Skinfold Thickness of Children 6-11 Years and Skinfold Thickness of Youth 12-17 Years (Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, 1972, 1974). Also presented in full in the AAHPERD Manual, 1980.

Table 4: Percentile norms for girls for sum of triceps plus subscapular skinfolds.

95

75

50

25

5

9

12

14

17

26

10

12

15

19

28

10

13

16

21

36

10

14

17

24

40

10

14

18

25

41

11

15

19

25

42

11

15

19

27

48

12

16

20

30

51

13

18

24

32

52

14

20

25

34

56

14

20

25

34

57

15

20

27

36

58

*The norms for age 17 can be used for age 18

Source: From F. E. Johnson et al., Skinfold Thickness of Children 6-11 Years and Skinfold Thickness of Youth 12-17 Years (Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, 1972, 1974). Also presented in full in the AAHPERD Manual, 1980.

Age 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17*

Percentile

Table 3: Percentile norms for boys for sum of triceps plus subscapular skinfolds.



Table 5: Percentile norms, sample sizes, means, and standard deviations for triceps skinfold thickness (in millimeters) for boys.

Percentiles

Age 5th 25th 50th 75th 95th n X s

6789

1011121314151617*

131417202022232321212020

91011121214131312111111

88889

10998888

666777776666

544555544444

575632618603576628643626617613555489

8.18.49.0

10.010.111.010.710.59.59.08.99.0

2.83.23.85.04.45.35.85.95.65.14.95.4






Table 6: Percentile norms, sample sizes, mean, and standard deviations for triceps skinfold thickness (in millimeters) for girls.

Percentiles

Age 5th 25th 50th 75th 95th n X s

6789

1011121314151617*

161720222323252627293029

111214141515161718202120

91010111212121214151616

7889999911121212

666666667788

536609613581584564547582586502535468

9.710.411.412.312.612.612.913.614.815.816.516.5

3.43.64.44.85.15.25.86.16.16.66.96.2



REFERENCE:Pollack, M.L., Schmidt, D.H., MD, Jackson, A.S., PED, Measurement of Cardio-Respiratory Fitness and Body Composition in the Critical Setting, Comprehensive Therapy, Vol. 6, No. 9, September 1980.



3700 Sagamore Parkway NorthP.O. Box 5729 • Lafayette, IN 47903 USATel: 765.423.1505 • 800.428.7545Fax: 765.423.4111E-mail: [email protected] www.lafayetteinstrument.com

Lafayette Instrument Skinfold Caliper II

Model 01128 User’s Manual

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INTERNATIONAL PAYMENT INFORMATIONThere is a $50 minimum order. Payment must be made in advance by: draft drawn on a major US bank; wire transfer to our account; charge with VISA, Master-Card; or confirmed irrevocable letter of credit. Proforma invoices will be provided upon request.

RETURNSEquipment may not be returned without first receiving a Return Goods Authorization Number (RGA).

When returning equipment for service, please call Lafayette Instrument to receive a RGA number. Your RGA number will be good for 30 days. Address the shipment to: Lafayette Instrument Company, 3700 Sagamore Parkway North, Lafayette, IN 47904, U.S.A. Shipments cannot be received at the PO Box. The items should be packed well, insured for full value,

and returned along with a cover letter explaining the malfunction. Please also state the name of the Lafayette Instrument representative authorizing the return. An estimate of repair will be given prior to completion ONLY if requested in your enclosed cover letter. We must have a hard copy of your purchase order by mail or fax, or repair work cannot commence.

WARRANTYLafayette Instrument guarantees its equipment against all defects in materials and workmanship to the ORIGI-NAL PURCHASER for a period of one (1) year from the date of shipment, unless otherwise stated. During this period, Lafayette Instrument will repair or replace, at its option, any equipment found to be defective in materials or workmanship. If a problem arises, please contact our office for prior authorization before returning the item. This warranty does not extend to damaged equipment resulting from alteration, misuse, negligence or abuse, normal wear or accident. In no event shall Lafayette Instrument be liable for incidental or consequential damages. There are no implied war-ranties or merchantability of fitness for a particular use, or of any other nature. Warranty period for repairs or used equipment purchased from Lafayette Instrument is 90 days.

DAMAGED GOODS Damaged equipment should not be returned to Lafay-ette Instrument prior to thorough inspection.

When a shipment arrives damaged, note damage on delivery bill and have the driver sign it to acknowledge the damage. Contact the delivery service, and they will file an insurance claim. When damage is not detected at the time of delivery, contact the carrier and request an inspection within 10 days of the original delivery. Please call the Lafayette Instrument Customer Service Department for a return authorization for repair or replacement of the damaged merchandise.

Lafayette Instrument Co. Europe 4 Park Road, Sileby,Loughborough, Leics., LE12 7TJ. UK.Tel: +44 (0)1509 817700Fax: +44 (0)1509 817701E-mail: [email protected]

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