Biological Molecules Containing Metal Ions

Chlorophyll a(a magnesium complex)

Vitamin B-12(a cobalt complex)

Billones Lecture Notes

Nobel Prizes awarded in areas of chemistry (1991-1995)

1991

Richard Robert Ernst (Switzerland, *1933-08-14)

Development of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance

spectroscopy (NMR)

1992

Rudolph A. Marcus (USA, *1923)

Theories of electron transfer

1993

Kary Banks Mullis (USA, *1944)

Invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Michael Smith (Canada, *1932)

Development of site specific mutagenesis

1994

George A. Olah (USA, *1927)

Carbocations

1995

Paul Crutzen (Netherlands, *1933)

Mario Molina (Mexico, *1943)

Frank Sherwood Rowland (USA, *1927)

for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the

formation and decomposition of ozone

Billones Lecture Notes

Nobel Prizes awarded in areas of chemistry (1996-2000)

1996

Robert F. Curl, Jr. (USA, *1933)

Sir Harold W. Kroto (United Kingdom, *1939)

Richard E. Smalley (USA, *1943)

for their discovery of fullerenes

1997

Paul D. Boyer (USA, *1918)

John E. Walker (United Kingdom, *1941)

for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine

triphosphate (ATP)

Jens C. Skou (Denmark, *1918)

for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase

1998

Walter Kohn (USA, *1923)

John A. Pople (United Kingdom/USA, 1925 - 2004)

to Walter Kohn for his development of the density-functional theory and to John Pople for his

development of computational methods in quantum chemistry (GAUSSIAN computer programs)

1999

Ahmed H. Zewail (USA, Egypt, *1946)

for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy

2000

Alan J. Heeger (USA, *1936)

Alan G. MacDiarmid (USA, *1927)

Hideki Shirakawa (Japan, *1936)

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

Billones Lecture Notes

2009

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath

"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"

2008

Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien "for the

discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"

2007

Gerhard Ertl "for his studies of chemical processes on solid

surfaces"

2006

Roger D. Kornberg "for his studies of the molecular basis of

eukaryotic transcription"

Nobel Prizes awarded in areas of chemistry (2000-2005)2001

William S. Knowles (USA, *1917)

Ryoji Noyori (Japan, *1938)

for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions

K. Barry Sharpless (USA, *1941)

for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions

2002

John B. Fenn (USA, *1917)

Koichi Tanaka (Japan, *1959)

for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological

macromolecules

Kurt Wthrich (Switzerland, *1938)

for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional

structure of biological macromolecules in solution

2003

Peter Agre (USA, *1949)

for the discovery of water channels in cell membranes

Roderick MacKinnon (USA)

for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels in cell membranes

2004

Aaron Ciechanover (Israel, *1947)

Avram Hershko (Israel, *1937)

Irwin Rose (USA, *1926)

for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

2005

Yves Chauvin (France),

Robert H. Grubbs (USA)

Richard R. Schrock (USA)

for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis.

Billones Lecture Notes

Overview of the Development of Inorganic

Chemistry in the 20th century

Manhattan Project: fission bomb

Ziegler-Natta catalystfor polymerization of ethylene

Billones Lecture Notes

Fullerene Compounds: The great discovery in the 90s

Billones Lecture Notes