03 wireline services

1January 04 Wireline ServicesB Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering

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Production Technology

Wireline Services

Professor Bahman TohidiInstitute of Petroleum EngineeringHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburgh EH14 4ASScotlandTel: +44 (0)131 451 3672Fax: +44 (0)131 451 3127Email: [email protected]

January 04 Wireline ServicesB Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering

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Wireline ServicesWhat are Wireline Services? Running one or several tools on either a

single strand wire or braided cable inside the well

What are the advantages of wireline? Simple, quick and economical

compared to other means


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Wireline ServicesWhat are disadvantages of Wireline? The operator is physically very remote The uncertainty of cable stretch (i.e.,

depth) Limitation in means of monitoring and

operating the tools Requires highly skilled personnel Need a seventh sense!!??


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Wireline ServicesCapabilities offered by wireline are numerous,

such as: Isolation of the formation Operation of sliding side door Installation/retrieval of SSSV, chokes,

regulators Running/retrieval of downhole P & T gauges Installation/retrieval of valve in side pocket

mandrel


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Wireline Services Removal of wax by scraping Removal of sand and produced solids Installation of through tubing bridge plug Using electrical conductor cable,

packers can be run Checking the available depth and

diameter Fishing


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Wireline ServicesWhat are required (in addition to tool string and

cable)? Ability to lower and retrieve the tool string Monitoring tool position and cable tension Handling and alignment pulleys The ability to work with live wells A blow out preventor


99 January 04 Wireline ServicesB Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering

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Wireline A single strand wire Made of high tensile steel, to allow minimising

the wire diameter It reduces the total weight of the wire Supple enough to bend freely and repeatedly

without breaking It minimises the upward force (Pressure*Area) Friction in the stuffing box


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Wireline Normally 50% of the maximum breaking

strength is used as a working limit Limitations in H2S environment Available in 10000-25000 ft lengths Braided cables are used when higher

breaking strength is required. However, it is more difficult to have a good seal


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Monitoring EquipmentWhat do we need to monitor? Length or location in the well

Odometer, by allowing the cable to be held without slippage against a hardened wheel

Tension Using weight indicator

Change in tension could be used for depth correlation


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Alignment Pulley SystemWhy the pulley system is required? To change the direction of cable

movement from horizontal to vertical

Two pulleys are used to first change the direction by 90o to vertical upward and then by 180oto vertical downward.

The diameter of pulley is selected to provide minimum bending stress


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The ability to work with live wellsHow can few metres of tool

string be run in a live well? Swab valve Lubricator Stuffing box Wireline BOPHow can it be recovered? Swab valve Bleed-off valve


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Top pulley and

stuffing box


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BOP


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BOP


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Wireline tool stringWhat is tool string and how is it

connected to the wireline? Combination of various tools It is connected to the wireline

by a rope socket

Connection to the tool string

Rope


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Wireline tool stringWhat capabilities should be provided by

the tool string? Ability to provide weight (tension &

speed) [Stem] Ability to accommodate rapid changes

in inclination [Knuckle Joint] Ability to provide upward and

downward jolt [Jars] Ability to connect running or pulling

tools and other tools (e.g., swage, impression block, gauge cutter, blind box, etc)


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Wireline tool string-StemWhy Stem is required? To overcome frictional force

through packing elements of the stuffing box

Differential forceF=PxA=Px(d2/4)P=maximum pressureA=rope cross sectional area

Available in to 1-7/8 and 2, 3, and 5 ft length


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Wireline tool string-JarsWhy Jars are required? For running, retrieving

various tubing components In fishing operationsHow do they work? Mechanical Jars Hydraulic Jars Accelators


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Wireline tool string-Knuckle JointWhat are knuckle joints and

why are they required? Ball and socket joint Help the alignment of the

tools Where is it placed in the tool

string? Above the operating tools


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Wireline tool string-Operating Tools

What are operating tools? They are devices which are connected at the

end of wireline string for providing the require function. Some of them are:

Gauge cutter SwageImpression tool Wireline spearBlind box BailerTubing perforator Positioning toolsRunning and pulling tools


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Operating Tools-Gauge Cutter

What is gauge cutter and when is it used?

Is a specially designed hollow cylinder with sharp edge in different sizes

It is run prior to any specific wirelineoperation to determine: If the tool will have passage down the

inside of the tubing (diameter and depth) The top of individual landing nipples of

specific sizes It can be used for removing deposits

from tubing wallJanuary 04 Wireline Services

B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering2727

Operating Tools-Swage

What is swage and when is it used?

Is a conical hard metal device in different sizes

It is run if a minor obstruction is encountered in the tubing. It can be used as a mash to open the tubing or clear the obstruction


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Operating Tools-Impression Block

What is impression block and when is it used?

A lead impression block has a lead filled core at its base

It is run to get an imprint of the obstruction or physical condition of the top of the fish

Lead


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Operating Tools-Wireline Spear

What is wireline spear and when is it used?

It has several arms with upward hooks

It is used when a wireline breaks (not at the rope socket) inside the tubing

The aim is to recover the tool string or cut the wireline from top of the rope string (to expose the fishing neck)


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Operating Tools-Blind Box

What is blind box and when is it used?

It is a heavy cylindrical tool It is used for jarring down onto a

fish or obstruction


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Operating Tools-Wireline BailerWhat is wireline bailer and when is it

used? It is a hollow cylinder container with

a ball/flapper check valve at the base to contain the contents

It is used for removal of liquid, solid, debris and placing chemicals. Removal of solids may be necessary to gain access to the pulling neck of the equipment

Examples include, dump bailer, hydrostatic bailer, and sand bailers.


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Operating Tools-Tubing Perforator

Where is a tubing perforator used?

In cases where the facility to circulate between the annulus and the tubing is either non existent or inoperable

It is available for both standard and heavy weight tubings

Punch is activated by jarring


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Operating Tools-Positioning Tools

Where is a positioning tool used? The operation of a sliding door

or slide sleeve requires running a positioning tool on a tool string. The tool will engage into a recess in the inner sleeve

Jarring upwards or downwards will move the inner sleeve


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Operating Tools-Running ToolsWhen is a running tool required? It is required to run and set a

mandrel into the corresponding nipple

It is attached to the base of tool string with the mandrel attached beneath it

By jarring the mandrel is locked in place within the nipple

Further jarring will release the running tool


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Operating Tools-Pulling Tools

When is a pulling tool required? It is required to unlock and pull the

mandrel It is attached to the base of tool

string. It is run on the pulling neck of the

mandrel By jarring the mandrel is unlocked

(sometimes it is necessary to equalise the pressure across the mandrel)


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Through Tubing Production Logging

Refers to logs run after the production string casing has been cemented and the well placed on production

Measurements are made under dynamic as well as static conditions

Surface measurements are often not adequate in showing the full picture

In many wells downhole malfunctions, related to mechanical problems or communication problems may reduce the ultimate recovery


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Through Tubing Production Logging

Production logs have application in three major areas Diagnosis of mechanical problems Analysis of individual well performance in

relation to the reservoir Management of reservoir fluids


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Production Logs

Production logs can address the following questions

Mechanical condition of the well Is there casing, tubing, or packer leak? Is there internal or external corrosion damage?

Fluid movement between zones Is there flow behind casing through inadequate

cementing? Is flow from inside casing moving into thief zones?


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Production Logs

Evaluation of completion efficiency (producing wells) Are some zones not contributing? Are some zones contributing only gas, or only

water? Are contributing zones producing up to the

potential shown by other data sources? Evaluation of completion efficiency (injection

wells) Where are the injected fluids going? How much into each zone?


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Production Logs

Design and evaluation of stimulation treatment Which zones need to be stimulated? Where did the stimulation fluids go? Did the stimulation achieved the desired results?

Reservoir management What are initial fluid saturation in each zone? What fluid saturation changes have occurred, due

to production or fluid movement? Is the reservoir being depleted in the desired

manner?


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Downhole Measurements Casing Collar Locator Temperature devices Bottomhole pressure devices Gradiomanometer Spinner flowmeters Noise devices Cement Evaluation Tool Radioactive tracer and detector Pulsed neutron devices Gamma ray-neutron devices


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Production logging Production logging devices are measuring

parameters that do not give concrete answers to specific questions-but give clues indirectly related to these questions

The problem of the production logger is to put enough clues together from every sourceavailable to develop answers having an acceptable confidence level

Experience with specific devices in specific areas is an important factor in effective analysis


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Logging Devices-Collar LocatorWhat is casing collar locator

(CCL) and when is it used? It shows the location of casing

collars, where the thickness is high.

It is run with perforating guns or for setting wireline packers or plugs

In a magnetic CCL, when the unit moves through a collar, the increase in metal thickness disturbs the magnetic field and causes a blip to be recorded


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Logging Devices-Collar Locator Depth control is important in

production logging and perforation In perforation a new well, normally

a gamma ray or neutron device is run with casing collar locator (CCL)

The gamma ray or neutron log is then correlated with logs previously run in openhole to position the collars with respect to the openhole logs

Role of short joints


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Logging Devices-Temperature The thermometer uses an

electrical bridge with an exposed sensing wire as the fourth arm

Temperature is affected by heat flow and fluid expansion

Temperature log may be run under either dynamic and static conditions



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Logging Devices-Spinner Flowmeters

Based on propeller movement Rotation rate and direction are determined


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Logging Devices-Fluid Density

Gradiomanometer is based on pressure measurement at two fixed points

Good for identifying gas entry point and locating standing water levels

It can also be used to calculate water hold up


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Logging Devices-Noise Noise log is a recording at various points in the well

of the amplitude of the noise generated by moving liquid or gas


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Logging Devices-Caliper

Measures any change in the borehole due to solid deposition

Multi-arm calipers can measure metal loss due to corrosion or erosion

They can be used in openhole completions


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Combination Tool

CCL Thermometer Manometer Caliper Gradiomanometer Flow meter


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Examples: Temperature log for detecting gas leak


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Examples:Combination log


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Examples:Combination log


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Cement Evaluation Tool (CET) For identifying mud channels Consists of 8 ultra sonic

transducers arranged helically over 2 ft.

Each transducer in turn transmits a signal, then measures the signal decay rate.

Sonic decay rate is related to the compressive strength of the material surrounding the casing


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Tutorial-1 In a gas well, high pressure has been

recorded in the annulus, suggest steps taken to diagnosis the problem


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Tutorial-2 Flow behind casing is suspected,

suggest steps taken to diagnosis the problem

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Tutorial-3 Production logging shows water

production from the lower perforations, suggest steps taken prior to isolating the formation


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Tutorial-4 An obstruction has been identified in the

tubing, suggest steps taken to remove the obstruction



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