Unit-V1. What is a Cloud Computing?• Cloud is a metaphor for the Internet• Cloud Computing is a distributed computing paradigm

that focuses on providing a wide range of users with distributed access to virtualized hardware and/or software infrastructure over the Internet.

• Cloud computing is on demand.• Cloud Computing architecture contains 2 main sections

are front end i.e. computer with user and back end is data centre and virtualization software.

• Components are clients ,services, application, platform, storage and Infrastructure.

• The cloud lets users contract for services at three levels:

2

• Cloud Computing: Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software and information are provided as a service to computers and other devices on-demand.

• The architectural service layers of Cloud computing is

1. Software as a Service – SaaS2. Platform as a Service- Paas3. Infrastructure as a Services - Iaas

• Virtualization: – Increase use of hardware resources– Reduces management and resource cost– Improves business flexibility– Improves security and reduce downtime

• Data Centre: Physical hard drive storage aggregates into storage pools from which logical storage is created.

4

1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service: – Delivers storage and computing power– Grids of virtualized servers, storage & networks. – Examples include Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud(EC2) and Simple

Storage Service(S3) and Joyent.2. Platform-as-a-Service:

– Computing platform is provided as service– Supplies tools and development environment– Customers interact with platform through API– The abstraction of applications from traditional limits of hardware

allowing developers to focus on application development and not worry about operating systems, infrastructure scaling, load balancing and so on.

– Examples include Force.com and Microsoft's Azure investments.3. Software-as-a-Service:

– Application is offered is service– Managed by the provider – Applications with a Web-based interface accessed via Web Services and

Web 2.0. – Examples include Google Apps, SalesForce.com and social network

applications such as FaceBook.5

7

• Cloud Solutions1. Google Apps2. Microsoft Online3. Salesforce.com4. Zimbra5. SecureMX

8

• Cloud Architecture• Cloud Architectures are designs of software

applications that use Internet-accessible on-demand services.

• Applications built on Cloud Architectures are such that the underlying computing infrastructure is used only when it is needed, draw the necessary resources on-demand, perform a specific job, then relinquish the unneeded resources and often dispose themselves after the job is done.

• While in operation the application scales up or down elastically based on resource needs.

9

Cloud computing sample architecture

Cloud computing architecture

Cloud storage

• With cloud storage, data is stored on multiple third-party servers, rather than on the dedicated servers.

• When storing data, the user sees a virtual server—that is, it appears as if the data is stored in a particular place with a specific name.

• In reality, the user’s data could be stored on any one or more of the computers used to create the cloud.

• Data stored in the cloud is secure from accidental erasure or hardware crashes, because it is duplicated across multiple physical machines.

Characteristics• On-demand service: Get computing capabilities as

needed automatically

– Broad Network Access: Services available over the net using desktop, laptop, PDA, mobile phone

– Resource pooling: Provider resources pooled to server multiple clients

– Rapid Elasticity: Ability to quickly scale in/out service

– Measured Service: control, optimize services based on metering

• SERVICES• AaaS - Architecture as a Service • BaaS - Business as a Service • CaaS - Computing as a Service• DaaS - Data as a Service • DBaaS -Database as a Service• EaaS - Ethernet as a Service • FaaS - Frameworks as a Service • GaaS - Globalization or Governance as a Service• HaaS - Hardware as a Service • IaaS - Infrastructure or Integration as a Service• IDaaS - Identity as a Service • LaaS - Lending as a Service • MaaS - Mashups as a Service • OaaS - Organization or Operations as a Service• SaaS - Software as a Service• StaaS - Storage as a Service• PaaS - Platform as a Service • TaaS - Technology or Testing as a Service• VaaS - Voice as a Service

• COMPANIES OFFERINGS CLOUD SERVICES• 3Tera Grid-based Platform For Cloud Apps• Akamai Application Performance Services• Amazon.com Amazon Web Services• AretiInternet Virtual Hosting• Bungee Labs Virtual Labs-as-a-Service software• CohesiveFT Cloud Platform• Elastra Hosted Elastic Computing• EMC Storage Cloud – Decho(Mozy, Pi) + Cloud Infrastructure & Services

Division• Enki Computing Utility• Flexiscale Utility Computing on Demand• Fortress ITX DynamicGrid• Google Search Services• HP Adaptive Infrastructure as a Service• iCloud Desktop Cloud• IBM Computing Cloud, Advanced UIs, Deep Capacity on

Demand• Joyent Accelerator for Applications• Layered Technology GridLayer• Microsoft CRM, email and IM Services• Mosso Hosting Cloud• Salesforce.com Force.com• Terremark Infinistructure• XCalibre FlexiScale

Cloud deployment Models• Public

– External cloud describes in such a way resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web services.

– Owned and operated by third parties.

• Private– On-premise Private Cloud– Externally hosted Private Cloud

• Hybrid– Service providers can utilize 3rd party Cloud Providers in a full

or partial manner.– Increases flexibility of computing.

• Community.

• Users select a task or service (either starting an application or opening a document).

• User’s request goes to the system management, which finds the correct resources and then calls the system’s appropriate provisioning services.

• These services > Carve out the necessary resources in the cloud > Launch the appropriate web application > Opens the requested document.• Web application is launched System’s monitoring

functions track the usage of the cloud so that resources are apportioned and attributed to the proper user(s).

• User is charged according to the amount of utilities and resources used.

Implementation/usage

Implementation/usage

Service Consumers

Service Catalog,ComponentLibrary

CloudAdministrator

DatacenterInfrastructure

Monitor & ManageServices & Resources

Component Vendors /Software Publishers

Publish & UpdateComponents,Service Templates

AccessServices

IT Cloud

Fig: Providers perspective

Encrypted task

US$0.01c cpu / hr

Cloud Computing providors

Process request →← Process result

Users selects Green Button from within

Application

Or Set up an Account

InterGrid Aggregates demand and buys at the

best rate from Cloud Computing Providers

Fig: Users perspective

Cloud Components• Cloud Computing will require persons with different

expertise, experiences and backgrounds.• Clients• Services• Application• Platform• Storage• Infrastructure• The Client – The End User • The Service – the Functions in Cloud Computing• Front end is USER computer• Back end is cloud and Interface is Internet 22

1.The Client – The End User• Everything ends with the client. The hardware components, the

application and everything else developed for cloud computing will be used in the client. Without the client, nothing will be possible.

• The client could come in two forms: the hardware component or the combination of software and hardware components. Although it’s a common conception that cloud computing solely relies on the cloud (internet), there are certain systems that requires pre-installed applications to ensure smooth transition. The hardware on the other hand will be the platform where everything has to be launched.

• Optimization is based on two fronts: the local hardware capacity and the software security. Through optimized hardware with security, the application will launch seamlessly.

23

2. The Service – the Functions in Cloud Computing

• Cloud computing always has a purpose. One of the main reasons cloud computing become popular is due to the adoption of businesses as the easier way to implement business processes. Cloud computing is all about processes and the services launched through cloud computing always has to deal with processes with an expected output.

24

Cloud Computing infrastructure Models• There are 3 types of clouds

1. Public cloud2. Private cloud3. Hybrid cloud

25

Software for Cloud• Cloud computing OS is

– Windows Azure– eyeOS– Cloud– vSphere4– Google chrome OS– CloudSlim is a cloud computing simulator

26

Advantages• Extremely cost efficient• Device and location independency• Scalability• Unlimited storage capacity• Flexibility• Reduced s/w maintenance• Increased data reliability• Agility• Improved document format compatability

27

Disadvantages • Requires constant internet connection• Doesn’t work with well low speed connection• Can be slow• Data store might not be secure• Stored data can be lost

28

• Cloud Computing enables a shift from the computer to the user, from applications to tasks, and from isolated data to data that can be accessed from anywhere and shared with anyone.

• Cloud computing offers real alternatives to IT departments for improved flexibility and lower cost.

• The user no longer needs to remember where the data is. All that matters is that the data is in the cloud, and its available to user.

• Markets are developing for the delivery of software applications, platforms, and infrastructure as a service to IT departments over the “cloud”.

• Good career opportunities.

2. Why Cloud Computing• Cloud computing refers to both the applications

delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters that provide those services.

• The services themselves have long been referred to as Software as a Service (SaaS), so we use that term.

• The datacenter hardware and software is what we will call a Cloud.

• 10 reasons Why Cloud Computing is the Wave of the Future

• Software as a Subscription• Reduced Software Maintenance• Increased Reliability• Increased Scalability• Cost Reduction• Environmentally Friendly• Matches Current Computing Trends• Portability/Accessibility• Efficient Use of Computer Resources• Versionless Software

• Cloud computing consists of shared computing resources that are virtualized and accessed as a service, through an API.

• The cloud enables users in an organization to run applications by deploying them to the cloud, a virtual datacenter.

• The physical resources may reside in a number of locations inside and outside of an organization: on local hardware, in an enterprise data center, or at remote or managed service providers on a pay-to-use basis.

• Cloud computing resources are offered as a service on an as-needed basis, and delivered by IP-based connectivity, providing highly scalable, reliable on-demand services with agile management capabilities.

• Cloud Application Characteristics1. Incremental Scalability. Cloud environments allow users to access

additional compute resources on-demand in response to increased application loads.

2. Agility. As a shared resource, the cloud provides flexible, automated management to distribute the computing resources among the cloud's users.

3. Reliability and Fault-Tolerance. Cloud environments take advantage of the built-in redundancy of the large numbers of servers that make them up by enabling high levels of availability and reliability for applications that can take advantage of this.

4. Service-oriented. The cloud is a natural home for service-oriented applications, which need a way to easily scale as services get incorporated into other applications.

5. Utility-based. Users only pay for the services they use, either by subscription or transaction-based models.

6. Shared. By enabling IT resources to be consolidated, multiple users share a common infrastructure, allowing costs to be more effectively managed without sacrificing the security of each user's data.

7. SLA-driven. Clouds are managed dynamically based on service-level agreements that define policies like delivery parameters, costs, and other factors.

8. APIs. Because clouds virtualize resources as a service they must have an application programming interface (API).

• Related Technologies• cloud computing is enabled by grid computing, virtualization, utility computing,

hosting and software as a service (SaaS). Yet these technologies differ from cloud computing in the following ways:

1. Grid Computing: Originally designed for computationally intensive batch applications, grid computing was developed as a way to share computers and data. From these beginnings, modern grid computing technologies have evolved as a way to harness inexpensive servers in a data center to solve a variety of business problems. Traditionally, grids have lacked the automation, agility and simplicity characterized by cloud computing.

2. Virtualization: Virtualized infrastructures are available on-demand and capable of supporting multiple users, but lack the automation required for the self-managing, self-healing property of the cloud.

3. Hosting: Hosting services provide space on servers for use by clients as well as providing IP-based connectivity, typically in a data center. Because hosting does not enable on-demand, elastic scalability, it cannot be considered cloud computing.

4. SaaS: Although Software-as-a-Service offerings are often hosted on true clouds, SaaS is an application as a service and cloud computing is IT infrastructure as a service.

5. Utility computing: In the utility computing model, computing resources like applications, infrastructure and storage are packaged and sold as a service, with users paying only for what they consume, like electricity. In many respects, cloud computing is closely related to the utility computing model, with cloud computing being a broader concept that relates to the underlying architecture in which the services are designed.

• Benefits:1. You receive secure, managed hosting at very inexpensive costs.2. You do not need to purchase additional hardware as your space

requirements grow.3. Your server will have offsite backup in case something goes

wrong.4. If something does goes wrong, you can get the support of your

service providers.

• Disadvantages:1. 1. Additional cost of data transfer fees.2. You do not have control over the remote servers, their

software, or their security.3. Your data is at the mercy of a third-party company (you better

make sure you trust them).4. It may be difficult (or even impossible) to migrate massive

amounts of data from the provider

• What are the limitations of Cloud Computing• Cloud computing with all its benefits also has its own set of

limitations which restrict enterprises to move their applications in the cloud. Some of these limitations are:

1. Customization is nearly impossible2. Scalability problems with Sequential processing3. Data privacy issues because of the common resources4. Lack of high speed Internet connectivity5. Reliability problems related to SLAs. Alex Iskold wrote a great post on cloud

computing which also mentions about the SLAs for cloud computing and what to expect.

6. Cost surpasses traditional hosting in case of very high usage.7. New unstructured and non standard paradigm of programming8. Restrictions on the programming model 9. A good local debugging experience 10. Appropriate metrics and documentation of programming best practices11. Ensuring availability of the cloud 12. Ensuring Consistency13. Program verification

• Cloud Computing Pros: – Automatic Provisioning – Automatic Deployment – The Ability to Scale Quickly and Seamlessly – Pay as You Go

• Cloud Computing Cons: – Technology Still Evolving – The Cost of Complex Cloud Computing Hosting

• Limitations and Restrictions of Cloud Computing: – Reliability – Customization – Sequential Processing and Scalability – Cloud Computing and Privacy – Bandwidth – Cloud Computing and Hosting

• Cloud Computing Applications1. Clients would be able to access their applications and data from anywhere at any

time2. It could bring hardware costs down 3. Servers and digital storage devices take up space 4. Corporations might save money on IT support 5. Backup and recovery. 6. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) 7. Scalable Website8. Grid Computing9. Test & Development10. Social Gaming Applications11. compute and storage cloud architectures and implementations12. map-reduce and its generalizations13. programming models and tools14. novel data-intensive computing applications15. data intensive scalable computing16. distributed data intensive computing17. content distribution systems for large data18. data management within and across data centers19. models, frameworks and systems for cloud security

Cloud Computing•“A large-scale distributed computing paradigm that is driven by economies of scale, in which a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically-scalable, managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customers over the Internet.” 1

•Cloud Computing is a distributed computing paradigm that focuses on providing a wide range of users with distributed access to virtualized hardware and/or software infrastructure over the Internet.

1 I. Foster, Y. Zhau, R. Ioan, and S. Lu. “Cloud Computing and Grid Computing : 360-Degree Compared.” Grid Computing Environments Workshop, 2008.

40

41

Drivers for Cloud Computing Adoption

Scalability Users have access to a large amount of resources that scale based on user demand.

Elasticity The environment transparently manages a user’s resource utilization based on dynamically changing needs.

Virtualization Each user has a single view of the available resources, independently of how they are arranged in terms of physical devices.

Cost The pay-per-usage model allows an organization to only pay for the resources they need with basically no investment in the physical resources available in the cloud. There are no infrastructure maintenance or upgrade costs.

Mobility Users have the ability to access data and applications from around the globe.

Collaboration Users are starting to see the cloud as a way to work simultaneously on common data and information.

Barriers for Cloud Computing Adoption

Security The key concern is data privacy. Users do not have control of or know where their data is being stored.

Interoperability A universal set of standards and/or interfaces have not yet been defined, resulting in a significant risk of vendor lock-in.

Control The amount of control that the user has over the cloud environment varies greatly between vendors.

Performance All access to the cloud is done via the internet, introducing latency into every communication between the user and the environment.

Reliability Many existing cloud infrastructures leverage commodity hardware that is known to fail unexpectedly.

Berkeley: Top 10 Obstacles to Growth

1. Availability of Service2. Data Lock-in3. Data Confidentiality & Auditability4. Data Transfer Bottlenecks5. Performance Unpredictability6. Scalable Storage7. Bugs in Large Distributed Systems8. Scaling Quickly9. Reputation Fate Sharing10.Software Licensing

44

(List from Feb 2009)

3 Cloud Service Models• Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS)

– Use provider’s applications over a network– Hot Mail, Google Docs, Ghost.cc

• Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS)– Deploy customer-created applications to a cloud

• Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)– Rent processing, storage, network capacity, and other

fundamental computing resources– Amazon Web Services and Others

• To be considered “cloud” they must be deployed on top of cloud infrastructure

45

Cloud Related Service Offerings

46

Cloud Market Types Types of Offerings Examples

Software-as-a-Service

• Rich Internet application web sites• Application as Web Sites• Collaboration and email• Office Productivity• Client apps using cloud services

• Flikr• Myspace.com• Cisco WebEx office• Gmail• IBM Bluehouse

ApplicationComponents-as-a-Service

• APIs for specific service access for integration• Web-based software service than can combine to create new services, as in a mashup

• Amazon Flexible Payments Service and DevPay• Salesforce.com’s AppExchange• Yahoo! Maps API• Google Calendar API• zembly

SoftwarePlatform-as-a-Service

• Development-platform-as-a-service• Database• Message Queue• App Servicer• Blob or object data stores

• Google App Engine and BigTable• Microsoft SQL Server Data Services• Engine Yard• Salesforce.com’s Force.com

Virtual Infrastructure-as-a-Service

• Virtual servers• Logical disks• VLAN networks• Systems Management

• Akamai• Amazon EC2 and S3• CohesiveFT• Mosso (from Rackspace)• Joyent Accelerators• Nirvanix Storage Delivery Network

Physical Infrastructure

• Managed Hosting• Collocation• Internet Service Provider• Unmanaged hosting

• GoDaddy.com• Rackspace• Savvis

Adapted from Forrester Research Taxonomy

Level ofAbstraction

Examples of Cloud IaaS Environments

•Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)– Provides users with a special virtual machine (AMI) that can be deployed and run on the EC2

infrastructure

•Amazon Simple Storage Solution (S3)– Provides users with access to dynamically scalable storage resources

•IBM Computing on Demand (CoD)– Provides users with access to highly configurable servers plus value-added services such as

data storage

•Microsoft Live Mesh– Provides users with access to a distributed file system; targeted at individual use

•Microsoft Azure Services Platform– Provides users with on-demand compute and storage services as well as a development

platform based on Windows Azure

Examples of Cloud PaaS Environments•Google App Engine

– Provides users a complete development stack and allows them to run their applications on Google’s infrastructure

•Yahoo! Open Strategy (Y!OS)– Provides users with a means of developing web applications on top of the existing

Yahoo! platform, and in doing so leveraging a significant portion of the Yahoo! resources

•Force.com– From salesforce .com (SaaS leader), provides enterprise users a platform to build

and run applications and components bought from AppExchange or custom applications

•Zoho– Provides a large suite of web-based applications, mostly for enterprise use

•Akamai EdgePlatform– Provides a large distributed computing platform on which organizations can deploy

their web applications; large focus on analysis and monitoring

Government Cloud Computing Framework

49

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Software as a Service (SaaS) / Applications User/ Admin Portal

Reporting & Analytics

Service Mgmt & Provisioning

Analytic Tools

Analytic Tools

Data MgmtData Mgmt

ReportingReporting

Knowledge Mgmt

Knowledge Mgmt

Citizen EngagementCitizen Engagement

Application Integration

API’sAPI’s

Workflow Engine

Workflow Engine

EAIEAI

Mobile Device Integration

Mobile Device Integration

Data Migration Tools

Data Migration Tools

ETLETL

Wikis / BlogsWikis / Blogs

Social NetworkingSocial Networking

Agency Website Hosting

Agency Website Hosting

Email / IM Email / IM

Virtual DesktopVirtual Desktop

Office AutomationOffice Automation

Business Svcs AppsBusiness Svcs Apps

Core Mission AppsCore Mission Apps

Legacy Apps (Mainframes)Legacy Apps

(Mainframes)

Gov ProductivityGov Productivity Gov Enterprise AppsGov Enterprise Apps

DatabaseDatabase Testing ToolsTesting Tools Developer Tools

Developer Tools

DBMSDBMS Directory Services

Directory Services

Security & Data Privacy Data/Network

SecurityData/Network

Security Data PrivacyData Privacy Certification & Compliance

Certification & Compliance

Authentication & Authorization

Authentication & Authorization

Auditing & AccountingAuditing & Accounting

Service Provisioning

Service Provisioning SLA MgmtSLA Mgmt Performance

MonitoringPerformance Monitoring DR / BackupDR / Backup Operations

MgmtOperations

Mgmt

StorageStorage Virtual MachinesVirtual Machines

Web ServersWeb Servers Server HostingServer HostingNetworkNetwork

Data Center Facilities

Routers / FirewallsRouters / Firewalls LAN/WANLAN/WAN Internet

AccessInternet Access

Hosting CentersHosting Centers

User Profile Mgmt

User Profile Mgmt

Trouble Mgmt

Trouble Mgmt

Product CatalogProduct Catalog

Order MgmtOrder Mgmt

Billing / Invoice

Tracking

Billing / Invoice

Tracking

Customer / Account

Mgmt

Customer / Account

Mgmt

Clo

ud

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y C

apab

iliti

es

Cloud User Tools

Co

re C

lou

d S

ervi

ces

PRIVATE CLOUD

Operated solely for an organization.

COMMUNITY CLOUD

Shared by several organizations and supports a specific

community that has shared concerns

PUBLIC CLOUD

Made available to the general public or a large

industry group and is owned by an organization selling

cloud services.

HYBRID CLOUD

Composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that

remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or

proprietary technology that enables data and application portability

GSA Deployment Model

Cloud Definition Framework

51

CommunityCommunityCloudCloud

Private Private CloudCloud

Public CloudPublic Cloud

Hybrid Clouds

DeploymentModels

ServiceModels

EssentialCharacteristics

Common Characteristics

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Resource Pooling

Broad Network Access Rapid Elasticity

Measured Service

On Demand Self-Service

Low Cost Software

Virtualization Service Orientation

Advanced Security

Homogeneity

Massive Scale Resilient Computing

Geographic Distribution

52

• Platform-As-A-Service (PaaS)– Delivers a computing platform and/or solution stack as a service– Facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity

of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers

• Infrastructure-As-A-Service (IaaS)– The delivery of computer IaaS, typically platform virtualization – For example:

• Virtual desktops• Grid computing

• Applications-As-A-Service (AaaS) /Software-As-A-Service (SaaS) – Leverages the Cloud in software architecture– Eliminates the need to install and run the application on the customer's

own computer– Type:

• Commercial• Government

•Develops the SaaS Ecosphere•Accelerates applications development

Independent But Complementary Activities

DISA Components for the Cloud

53

CONSTRUCTIVE VIRTUAL

LIVE

Cloud

Server-side Virtual World Compute Power

Simulation in the Cloud

54

ENABLERS•Massive Computation•Global Networks•Cloud Services•Distributed Management

NEW WORLD•Soldier-centric•Desktop Equipment•Universal Access

55

Training Event Servers in the Cloud• High Compute Power in Professionally

Managed Centers– Scalable to large exercises and large numbers

of exercises– On-demand access to resources

• Power to Model – Finally put the “Reality” in “Virtual Reality”– Tighter system connections reduces lag

• Server-side Computing for LVC– Provide modeling for all types of exercises

and experiments– Reduced sim-to-sim lag time

• Heterogeneous System-of-Systems– Multi-site collaboration

56

Simulation as a Cloud Service

• Scalable Simulation Services provided to remote customers on the customers’ schedule

• Break the 1-to-1 relationship between equipment and events

• Light simulation client as an application on any military system– Browser-based– Generic Sim Engine & Tools– Flexible Game Engine

• Evolving Services at the core– Computation on Demand

[Commercial SOA Diagram]

• Benefits• Cloud computing implementation are designed

for rapid delivery of computing resources, • providing a cost-efficient model for provisioning

processes, • applications and services while making IT

management easier and • more responsive to the needs of business.

57

Benefits

• Reduced cost• Increased storage• Flexibility• Reliability• Saving Energy• Security• Scalability• Efficient computing

59