1 exam prep construction planning, equipment, and...

1 Exam Prep – Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods, 7th Edition 1

1 Exam Prep

Construction Planning, Equipment, and Equipment Methods

Tabs and Highlights

These 1 Exam Prep Tabs are based on Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods, 7th

Edition.

Each Tabs sheet has five rows of tabs. Start with the first tab at the first row at the top of the page; proceed

down that row placing the tabs at the locations listed below. Place each tab in your book setting it down one

notch until you get to the bottom of a page. Then start back at the top again. After each Tab, under "Reason" is a

brief explanation of the purpose of the tab, and/or items to highlight in the section.

Special Note to our Students: If you are a 1 Exam Prep student, here is how to really get the most from these 1

Exam Prep Tabs. Follow the above instructions, but before placing the tab, find the tab's topic in the outline of

your appropriate module. Now locate and highlight several items listed in the outline just before the topic, and

just after. See how the topic fits in the outline and how it relates as a concept to the broader concept spelled out

in the outline. If you take a few minutes to do this, when you take the test key words in the test questions will

remind you of where the information is in the manual!

1 Exam Prep Tab Page # Reason

List of Abbreviation Inside cover

Machines Make 1

It Possible

6 “The future of equipment technology or innovation can be

divided into three broad categories: Level of control…,

Amplification of human energy…, Information

processing.”

7 “ The laser and the global positioning system (GPS)

guidance will become more common and reduce the need

for surveyors.”

10 Safety

12 Planning Equipment Utilization

Fundamental Concepts of 17

Equipment Economics

17 “To be successful, equipment owners must carefully

analyze and answer two separate cost questions about their

machines: ….”

20 Equation for Single Payments:”To calculate the future

value F of a single payment P after n periods at an interest

rate I, these formulas are used……”



21 Formulas for Uniform Series of Payments

28 Elements of Ownership Cost: “The most significant cash

flows affecting ownership cost are…{1-6}”

Purchase Expense: “ The cash outflow the firm

experiences in acquiring ownership of a machine is the

purchase expense.”

29 Salvage Value: “Salvage value is the cash inflow a firm

receives if a machine still has value at the time of its

disposal”

31 Straight-Line Depreciation: “The equations are…”

32 Tax Code Depreciation Schedules: Table 2.1 Tax Code

Depreciation Rates

34 Elements of Operating Costs: Operating cost is the sum

of those expenses an owner experiences by working a

machine on a project.”

35 Fuel: Table 2.2 Average fuel consumption cost – wheel

loaders.”

45 Repairs: Table 2.3 Breakdown of machine cost over

service life.”

48 Rent and Lease Considerations

Planning for Earthwork 60

Construction

60 Planning: “The goal of planning is to minimize resource

expenditures required to successfully complete the project

and to ensure that the work is accomplished in a safe

manner. Planning is necessary in order to… {1-8}.”

61 Safety

63 Earthwork Planning: “Project work elements are defined

in physical terms: volume of stripping, soil excavation,

rock excavation, embankment, waste material, etc. This is a

project material take-off or quantity survey.”

“Mass excavation involves moving a substantial volume of

material and the excavation work is a primary part of the

project.”



63 “Structural excavation is a different type of undertaking.”

65 Graphical Presentation of Earthwork:”Three kinds of

views are presented in the contract documents to show

earthwork construction features: 1. Plan view…2. Profile

view…3. Cross section view…”

67 Planimeter: “ A Planimeter is a drafting instrument that is

used to move a tracing point around the perimeter of the

plotted area.”

71 Stripping: “The upper layer of the material encountered in

an excavation is often topsoil (organic material), resulting

from decomposition of vegetative matter. Such organic

material is commonly referred to as stripping.”

75 Mass Diagram: “On a mass diagram graph, the horizontal

dimension represents the stations of a project (column1,

Table 3.1) and the vertical dimension (column 12, Table

3.1) represents the cumulative sum of excavation and

embankment from some point of beginning on the project

profile. The diagram provides information concerning…{1-

3}.

77 Balance Lines: “a balance line is a horizontal line of

specific length that intersects the mass diagram in two

places.”

84 Spread Production: “Such groups of equipment are

referred to as an equipment spread.”

85 Summary

Soil and Rock 90

91 Glossary of Terms

93 Types of Geotechnical Materials: Table 4.1 Unified soil

classification system

93 Symbol Classification

95 Soil Weight – Volume Relationships: Figure 4.1 Soil

mass weight and volume relationships

97 Soil Limits: Table 4.2: AASHTO soil classification system



99 Volumetric Measure: Table 4.3 Representative properties

of earth and rock

101 Compaction Specification and Control

102 Compaction Tests: “The laboratory compaction test that is

accepted by highway departments and other agencies is the

Proctor test.

103 Compaction Control: “Field verification test of achieved

compaction can be conducted by any of several accepted

methods: sandcone, balloon, or nuclear.”

104 Nuclear Compaction Test: “Nuclear methods are used

extensively to determine the water content and density of

soils. The instrument required for this test …can be read

directly from the digital display.”

104 “Advantages of the nuclear method when compared with

other methods include the fact that it …{1 -4}.”

105 GeoGauge: The GeoGauge is a portable instrument that

provides a simple, rapid, and precise means of directly

measuring lift stiffness and soil modules.

107 Amount of Water Required: “it is essential to determine

the amount of water required to achieve a soil water content

within the acceptable moisture range for compaction.”

111 Summary

Compaction and Stabilization 115 Compaction of Soil and Rock: “Obtaining a greater soil

Equipment unit weight is not the direct objective of compaction. The

reason for compaction is to improve soil properties to

…{1-5}.”

116 Glossary of Terms

116 Types of compacting Equipment: “Applying energy to a

soil by one or more of the following methods will cause

compaction: {1-4.}”

117 Table 5.1 Soil types versus the method of compaction



121 “Vibration has two measurements – amplitude, which is

the rate of the movement, or the number of vibrations

(oscillations) per second or minute (vpm).”

128 Roller Production Estimating: “The production formula

for a compactor is …..”

129 Dynamic Compaction: “The densification technique of

repeatedly dropping a heavy weight onto the ground

surface is commonly referred to as “dynamic compaction.”

131 Soil Stabilization: “The two primary methods of stabilizing

soil are:…{1-2}”

“Fly ash is a by-product in the production of electricity

from burning coal.”

133-134 Lime Stabilization Construction Procedures: “Lime

treatments can be characterized into three classes: …{1-3}”

134 “The basic steps in lime stabilization construction are…{1-

7}.”

138 Summary

Machine Equipment Power 140

Requirements

141 Payload: “The payload capacity of construction excavation

and hauling equipment can be expressed either

volumetrically or gravimetrically.”

144 Rolling Resistance: Table 6-1 Representative rolling

resistances for various types of wheels and crawler tracks

versus various surfaces.”

147 Total Resistance: Table 6.2 The effect of grade on the

tractive effort of vehicles.”

153 Rimpull: “Rimpull is a term that is used to designate the

tractive force between the tires of a machine‟s driving

wheels and the surface on which they travel.”

165 Summary



Dozers 171

172 Performance Characteristics of Dozers: “Dozers are

classified on the basis of running gear: …{1-2}.”

174 Table 7.1 Dozer –type utilization comparison.

182 Stripping: “Dozers are excellent machines for stripping,

which is the removal of a thin layer of covering material.”

185 Dozer Production Estimating: “The factors that control

dozer production rates are…{1-3}”

191 Dozer Production Estimating Format

199 Land-Clearing Production Estimating

203 Safety during Clearing Operations

207 Determining the Thickness and Strength of Rock

Layers

213 Summary

Scrapers 222

223 Scraper Types

233 Scraper Production Estimating Format

247 Operational Considerations

250 Summary

Excavators 253

253 Hydraulic Excavators

260 Calculating Shovel Production

268 Selecting a Hoe: “In the selection of a hoe for use on a

project the following must be considered…{1-4}.”

271 Calculating Hoe Production

274 General Information



277 Operating Specifications

279 Loader Production Rates: Table 9.10 Fixed Cycle times

for loaders

281 Calculating Wheel Loader Production

291 Summary

Trucks and Hauling 296

Equipment

302 Capacities of Trucks and Hauling Equipment: Table

10.1 Example specifications for a large off-highway truck

303 Truck Size Affects Productivity

305 Calculating Truck Production: “The following is a

format that can be used to calculate truck production.”

Number of Bucket Loads

309 Production Issues: “A number of other factors must be

considered when matching excavators and hauling units.

- Reach of the excavator

-Dumping height of the bucket

-Width of the bucket”

317 Summary

Finishing Equipment 320 General Information

322 Moldboard: “The moldboard, commonly referred to as the

blade, is the working member of the grader. A rotating

circle carries the moldboard.”

327 Tire Inflation: Table 1.1 Proper gear ranges for grader

operations

329 Grader Safety

330 Safety Rules: “Listed next are specific safety rules for

grader operations….”

330 General Information: “The gradall is a utility machine

that combines the operating features of the hoe, dragline

332 Safety



334 Summary

Drilling Rock and 337

Earth

338 Glossary of Drilling Terms

341 Drill Bits: “The bit is the essential part of a drill, as it is the

part that must engage and disintegrate the rock.”

Carbide-Insert Bits: “Carbide-insert bits are available in

four grades in order of increasing hardness.”

Table 12.1 Carbide-insert bit grades

342 Rock Drills: “Drills use three methods to cause

fragmentation of rock: (1) percussion, (2) rotary grinding,

and (3) abrasion.”

346 Drilling Methods and Production

348 Drill Penetration Rates: “The critical rock properties that

affect penetration rate are:

- Hardness

-Texture

-Tenacity

-Formation

Table 12.2 Moh‟s scale for rock hardness

350 Estimating Drilling Production

352 Table 12.8 Fixed drilling times

358 GPS and Computer Monitoring Systems

365 Microtunneling

367 Safety

368 Summary

Blasting Rock 372

374 Glossary of Blasting Terms



375 Commercial Explosives: “Commercial explosives are

compounds that denote on introduction of a suitable

initiation stimulus.

376 Table 13.1 Water resistance classes of dynamite explosives

377 “There are four main categories of commercial high

explosives: (1) dynamite, (2) slurries, (3) ANFO, and (4)

two-component explosives.”

377 Slurries: “This is generic term for both water gels and

emulsions.”

378 ANFO

401 Safety

403 Summary

Aggregate Production 407 Introduction: “Four functions are required to accomplish

the desired results: {1-4}.”

410 Jaw Crushers: Table 14.2 The major types of crushers

415 Gyratory Crushers: “Gyratories are the most efficient of

all primary-type crushers.”

419 Roll Crushers: “A roll crusher consists of a heavy cast-

iron frame equipped with either one or more hard-steel

rolls, each mounted on a separate horizontal shaft.”

425 Special Aggregate Processing Units

427 Feeders: “There are many types of feeders …{1-4}.”

431 Scalping Crushed Stone: “The term scalping, as used in

this chapter, refers to screening operation. Scalping

removes, from the main mass of stone to be processed, that

stone that is too large for the crusher opening.”

439 Summary

Asphalt Mix Production 443

And Placement

444 Glossary of Asphalt Terms

446 Structure of Asphalt Pavements



447 Flexible Pavements: “Pavements are designed to meet the

following objectives: {1-5}.”

448 Aggregates

449 “The porosity of an aggregate affects the amount of asphalt

cement required in a mix.”

Definition of Porosity (located in margin, page 449)

450 Asphalts: “Asphalt cement is a bituminous material that is

produced by distillation of petroleum crude oil.”

451 Performance Grades of Asphalt Cements

452 Table 15.1 Performance grade asphalt cement

classifications

453 Asphalt Concrete; “Asphalt cements are used as the binder

in paving mixes. The asphalt cements usually represents

less than 10% of the mix by weight. However, …and acting

as a cushioning medium.”

Definition of Hveem (located in margin, page 453)

463 Asphalt Storage and Heating: When liquid asphalt is

combined with the aggregate for mixing, the temperature of

the asphalt should be in the range of 300

466 Definition of Base course (located in margin, page 466)

468 Asphalt Pavers

471 Screed: “The “floating” screed is free to pivot about its pin

connections.”

473 Paver Production

475 Rolling Temperature

479 Safety

479 Summary



Concrete and Concrete 483

Equipment

486 Table 16.1 Recommended slumps for various types of

concrete construction

487 Aggregates

490 Concrete Mixing Techniques

504 Chutes and Drop Pipes

505 Concrete Pumps

517 Finishing and Curing Concrete

521 Pavement Joints: “Contraction joints or shrinkage joints

in transverse direction across the paving lanes are normally

saw cut into the pavement.”

“Expansion joints, when required, are generally installed

by hand methods. Expansion joints are sealed with joint

filler to prevent foreign material from entering the joint and

rendering it ineffective for its intended purpose.”

524 Shotcreting: “Shotcreting is mortor or concrete conveyed

through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity

onto surface [10].”

„There are two methods of producing shotcrete: (1) the dry-

mix process and (2) the wet- mix process.”

525 Fly Ash

528 Summary

Cranes 533

563 Rated Loads for Tower Cranes

567 Weight

Center of Gravity

574 Crane Safety Program: “The company should address {1-

7}”

576 Summary



Draglines and Clamshells 580

581 General Information: “The greatest advantage of a

dragline over machines is its long reach for digging and

dumping.”

582 Description of a Dragline

588 Calculating a Dragline Production

597 Safety

598 Summary

Piles and Pile Driving 600 Glossary of Terms

Equipment

603 Classification of Piles: Table 19.1 Pile information by

type

603 Timber Piles: “Timber piles are made from the trunks of

trees.”

604 Concrete Piles: “Concrete piles may be either precast or

cast-in-place.”

605 Definition of Prestressing (located in margin, page 605)

637 Summary

Air Compressors and Pumps 639

641 Glossary of Gas Law Terms

642 Gas Laws

644 Glossary of Air Compressor Terms

656 Glossary of Pumping Terms

Planning for Building 675

Construction

677 Site Layout

678 Bid Package

688 Steel Erection



699 Summary

Forming Systems 703 Classification: “Formwork for concrete can be classified

into two main types: conventional formwork and

industrialized formwork.”

705 Formwork and the Project Engineer

709 Definition of Wales (located in margin)

709 Definition of Ties (located in margin)

711 Material Cost

715 Table 22.2 Overall number of uses of forms and form

elements

719 Wall Forms: “Forming systems for walls can be grouped

into four main families: {1-4}”

719 Definition of Ganged forms (located in margin)

725 Table 22.6 Ratio of forming contact area to volume for

typical concrete elements.

745 Safety

747 Summary

Units with SI Names and 751

Conversion Factors (A)

English to SI 753

Conversion Factors (B)

U.S. Customary Unit 754

Equivalents (C)

Metric Unit 755

Equivalents (D)

Index 756

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