Howeverythingstarted?

1.Firstrevolu7oninobserva7onal

astronomy?

2.Whoisthegreatestastronomerever?

1

Galileo(15Feb1564–8Jan1642)

TheTelescopeRevolu-on

•  In1609Galileostartedthe

telescopeera

(upto30xmagnif.)2

Galileo(15Feb1564–8Jan1642)

Jupiter’smoons•  Firstobserva7onson7Jan1610

3

Galileo observed sunspots ~ at the end of 1610: rotação solar (also observed by Thomas Harriot)

SunspotsobservedbyGalileo1612-1613

FourcenturiesaPerGalileo’sdiscoverythattheSunrotates,

rota-onisnotincludedinthestandardsolarmodel

5

6

The solar lithium problem

Convective

zone (Ri - Rʘ)

R0: Li burning zone (T=2.6x106 K)

Rad

ius

(103

km)

700 600 500 400

0 1 2 3 4 5

The Li burning zone is 40 000 km below the lower edge of the convective zone. Figure taken from Rüdiger & Pipin (2001)

Age (Gyr) 2.4x10

6K:

7

3Li+

1

1H→2

4

2He)

LithiumintheSunandsolartwins

ThelowLi

abundance

observedinthe

Sun(andsolar

twins)canbe

explainingbynon-

standardstellar

evolu7onmodels

7Carlosetal.2016A&A587,A100

Connec7onbetweenstellaragesandNLTE

lithiumabundancesforourcurrentsample

(circles)andsomepreviousresults(triangles)

referencedinthetext.Tealbluecircles

indicatealpha-enhancedstarsandredsymbols

refertostarshos7ngplanets.ThemodelsofLi

de-ple7onwerenormalizedtothesolarLi

abundance.Insomecases,thelithium

abundanceerrorsaresmallerthanthepoints.

Galileo(15Feb1564–8Jan1642)

Eppursimuove…

8

GalileodiantedoSantoOficio

Astronomy

Outreach

Outreachisimportanttohavethe

supportofthepublic

10

11

WilliamHerschel’slargesttelescope

•  40foot(diameter49.5

inches:126cm)

•  Built1785-1789•  LargesttelescopeonEarthfor50years

•  DiscoveryofEnceladusandMimas(6th&7

th

moonsofSaturn)

12

Evolu-onoftelescopediameter

13Fig.1.8,Lena,3rdEd.

OPD

SOAR

?

Brazilianfacili-es

◊GMT

VLTGemini

14Rev.USPno.89SãoPaulomaio2011

Evenintheeraof

Gemini&SOAR,the

numberof

publica7onsof

BrazilianAstronomy

havedecelerated

Weneedamore

diverse

instrumenta7onto

aeendthedemands

ofBrazilian

astronomers

SOAR

GeminiN

Gem

iniS

200

100

20102000

1990

19801970ANO

NUMER

ODEAR

TIGO

S

15

•  EEUU• UK• Australia?•  Canada•  Argen7na•  Brazil•  Korea?

TurmadeAstrogsicaObservacionalnoGeminiSul,Abril2012

Gemini:2x8m

SOAR:4m

16

TurmadeAstrogsicaObservacional

noSOAR,Abril2012

•  NOAO•  UniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill

•  MichiganStateUniversity

•  Brasil

ESO

17

Astrogsica

Observacional

studentsatLa

Silla(ESO),

April2012

?

18AstrogsicaObservacionalstudentsatLa

Silla(ESO),Abril2012

ESOParanal:4x8-meter&

4x4-metertelescope

LaSIlla:2x3,6-meter

telescopes

ALMA:66telescopesof12and7meters

BrazilandESO

•  AgreementsignedbetweenBraziland

ESO,December2010

•  ApprovedbyBraziliancongress,May

2015

•  SignedbyBrazilianPresident????

19

20

ESO/ELT:largestmegatelescope.Nature452,142-145(2008)