1 live a valency analysis. 2 the verb live has two meanings: he lives (in) london. they lived...
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The same is true of Russian zhit’:
On zhivet (v) Moskve.
Nam zhilos’ xorosho.
’He lives in Moscow.’ /We had a good life.’
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…whereas in German we have two different verbs:
Er wohnt (in) Berlin
Er lebt (ein) schönes (Leben).
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In Swedish, too, there are two verbs:
Han bor (i) Stockholm.
Han lever (i) högönsklig välmåga.
(The analysis of högönsklig could be elaborated further.)
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Now let us look into word formation. The derivative life and its equivalents are
one-place predicates.
life in London
ett liv (i) rikedom
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In Russian there are two derived nouns, one for each meaning. However, the
two-place predicate is formed not from zhit’ directly, but from prozhivat’.
zhizn’ v Moskve
prozhivanie (v) Moskve
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Actant derivatives are absent in English. In other languages they are mostly
formed from the two-place predicate. One exception are words like Lebemann,
viveur:
<Lebe>mann
<viv>eur
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In these examples leben/vivre has, of course, a restricted meaning. We could
add an extra predicate («high») to represent this.
«hoch» <Lebe>mann
«haut» <viv>eur
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In Swedish there are non-actant derivatives from the one-place predicate
leva: leverne and levnad.
<lev>erne
way (of) life
which means:
Leverne can also mean simply ’life’.
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Levnad:
<lev>nad «under (loppet av)»
which means:<life>time «during»
Cf. also: levnadslopp, Lebenslauf.
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As to the two-place predicate, derivatives occupying the first valency
position are quite common.
husets <bebo>ere
<stads><bo>r
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In German different words are used for inhabitants of houses and towns.
die Ein<wohn>er der Stadt
die <Haus><bewohn>er
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The second actant (the place) is expressed by derivatives in several
languages:
<Wohn>ung
<zhil>ishche
<bo>stad, <bo>ning, <bo>
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The last Swedish noun, bo, is formed by zero suffixation and has a restriction
(«animals») on the first valency position of the corresponding verb.
«djur» <bo>
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When other words than derivatives are used, it is necessary to insert an implicit
predicate.
the inhabitants «live» (of) the house
invånarna «bo» (i) lägenheten
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The implicit verb «live» is extracted from the meaning of either or both of the
explicit actants. More examples:
«live» flat
«live» <bee>hive
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In the last example bee- can be removed without changing the meaning. This
means that bee is moved to an implicit node. Cf.:
«live» <bee>hive
«live» hive «bee»
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The word house is rather weakly connected with «live» and therefore
sometimes need specification.
(<bo>nings)hus
(<bo>stads)hus
zhiloj dom
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In living room the verb live has a modified meaning. It can no longer be
regarded as a two-place predicate.
living «in» room
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A common type of first-actant derivatives are formed from the name of
the place (mostly proper names).
the <London>ers «live»
die <Berlin>er «wohnen»
<göteborg>are «bo»
<moskv>ichi «zhit’»
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Kennedy said: ”Ich bin ein Berliner.” Maybe he should have said:
Ich (bin <Berlin>er). «wohnen»
But ”Ich wohne in Berlin” wouldn’t have the same effect, would it?
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Much more seldom common names are used as bases for such derivatives.
<kvartir>anty «zhit’»
<gorozh>ane «zhit’»
’inhabitants of the flat’ /’inhabitants of the city’
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Certain suffixes can evoke other implicit predicates than «live». Cf.:
<lund>ensare «studera» «i»
<lunda><bo>